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Kanemaki M, Shimizu HO, Inujima H, Miyake T, Shimizu K. Quantitative analyses of RBC movement in whole blood exposed to DC and ELF electric field. Bioelectromagnetics 2024; 45:159-170. [PMID: 38081752 DOI: 10.1002/bem.22493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
For the study of biological effects of direct current (DC) and extremely low frequency (ELF) electric fields, we have quantitatively analyzed red blood cell (RBC) movement in whole blood. Considering the inhomogeneous distribution of electric fields in vivo, five different electric field distributions were generated under a microscope. For theoretical analyses, we assumed electrophoresis and dielectrophoresis as basic motive forces and obtained the spatial distribution of blood cell velocity. The RBC velocity was measured using video image analysis. The spatial dependence of the velocity showed good agreement with that predicted by theoretical analysis. This result suggests the validity of the theoretical model based on electrophoresis and dielectrophoresis for the study of ELF electric field exposure to inhomogeneous animal and human bodies. Next, using the same measurement system, we attempted to find the electric field strength at which these effects occur. The threshold values were found to be 0.40 and 1.6 kV/m, respectively, for DC and AC electric field exposures. Furthermore, we investigated the reproducibility of the field effects in more realistic conditions of human exposure. The RBCs in microchannels were exposed to the electric field generated in capacitive coupling using electrodes separated by an air gap. Even in the new condition, similar effects were observed, which also verified the validity of the analysis described above. These results will provide useful information for the safety assessment of field exposure and for the future biomedical applications of electric fields to manipulate RBCs in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miki Kanemaki
- Graduate School of Information, Production and Systems, Waseda University, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Hisae O Shimizu
- Graduate School of Health Science, Hokkaido University of Science, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Inujima
- Graduate School of Information, Production and Systems, Waseda University, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Takeo Miyake
- Graduate School of Information, Production and Systems, Waseda University, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Koichi Shimizu
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an, China
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Lee EJ, Kamli MR, Pokharel S, Malik A, Tareq KMA, Roouf Bhat A, Park HB, Lee YS, Kim S, Yang B, Young Chung K, Choi I. Expressed sequence tags for bovine muscle satellite cells, myotube formed-cells and adipocyte-like cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79780. [PMID: 24224006 PMCID: PMC3818215 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Muscle satellite cells (MSCs) represent a devoted stem cell population that is responsible for postnatal muscle growth and skeletal muscle regeneration. An important characteristic of MSCs is that they encompass multi potential mesenchymal stem cell activity and are able to differentiate into myocytes and adipocytes. To achieve a global view of the genes differentially expressed in MSCs, myotube formed-cells (MFCs) and adipocyte-like cells (ALCs), we performed large-scale EST sequencing of normalized cDNA libraries developed from bovine MSCs. Results A total of 24,192 clones were assembled into 3,333 clusters, 5,517 singletons and 3,842contigs. Functional annotation of these unigenes revealed that a large portion of the differentially expressed genes are involved in cellular and signaling processes. Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) functional analysis of three subsets of highly expressed gene lists (MSC233, MFC258, and ALC248) highlighted some common and unique biological processes among MSC, MFC and ALC. Additionally, genes that may be specific to MSC, MFC and ALC are reported here, and the role of dimethylargininedimethylaminohydrolase2 (DDAH2) during myogenesis and hemoglobinsubunitalpha2 (HBA2) during transdifferentiation in C2C12 were assayed as a case study. DDAH2 was up-regulated during myognesis and knockdown of DDAH2 by siRNA significantly decreased myogenin (MYOG) expression corresponding with the slight change in cell morphology. In contrast, HBA2 was up-regulated during ALC formation and resulted in decreased intracellular lipid accumulation and CD36 mRNA expression upon knockdown assay. Conclusion In this study, a large number of EST sequences were generated from the MSC, MFC and ALC. Overall, the collection of ESTs generated in this study provides a starting point for the identification of novel genes involved in MFC and ALC formation, which in turn offers a fundamental resource to enable better understanding of the mechanism of muscle differentiation and transdifferentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Ju Lee
- School of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
- Bovine Genome Resources Bank, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Majid Rasool Kamli
- School of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Smritee Pokharel
- School of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Adeel Malik
- School of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - K. M. A. Tareq
- School of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Abdul Roouf Bhat
- School of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Bok Park
- Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Seok Lee
- Bovine Genome Resources Bank, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Korea
| | - SangHoon Kim
- Department of Biology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bohsuk Yang
- Hanwoo Experiment Station, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Pyeongchang, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Young Chung
- Hanwoo Experiment Station, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Pyeongchang, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (IC); (KYC)
| | - Inho Choi
- School of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
- Bovine Genome Resources Bank, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (IC); (KYC)
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Su Y, Gao L, Qin W. Interactions of hemoglobin in live red blood cells measured by the electrophoresis release test. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 869:393-402. [PMID: 22585503 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-821-4_32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Electrophoresis release test (ERT) is the starch-agarose mixed gel electrophoresis of live red blood cells (RBCs). Mixed gel electrophoresis used to be one of the classic methods to isolate proteins, and in our laboratory, this technique is usually performed to isolate hemoglobins. Recently, combined with sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS), ERT has been used to study the interactions between hemoglobin and other proteins in live RBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Su
- Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China
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Su Y, Shen J, Gao L, Tian H, Tian Z, Qin W. Molecular interactions of re-released proteins in electrophoresis of human erythrocytes. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:1402-5. [PMID: 22648807 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we found that hemoglobin (Hb) could be re-released from live erythrocytes during electrophoresis release test (ERT). The re-released Hb displays single-band and multiple-band re-release types, but its exact mechanism is not well understood. In this article, the protein components of the single-band re-released Hb were examined. First, the re-released band of erythrocytes and the corresponding band of hemolysate, which was used as control, were cut out from starch-agarose mixed gel. Next, proteins were recovered from the starch-agarose mixed gel by freeze-thaw method. After condensing in a vacuum freeze drier, the samples were loaded onto a 5-12% SDS-PAGE. After electrophoresis, three protein bands (16, 28.9, and 29.3 kDa) emerged from the erythrocytes re-released Hb single-band (R-R), but only one band (29.3 kDa) emerged from the corresponding hemolysate control band (H-R). Finally, these bands were analyzed by MALDI-TOF MS. The results showed that these proteins were beta-globin (16 kDa), carbonic anhydrase 1 (CA1, 28.9 kDa), and carbonic anhydrase 2 (CA2, 29.3 kDa). Because CA2 exists in both erythrocytes re-released band and hemolysate control band, we conclude that the single-band re-released Hb is mainly composed of HbA and CA1. Studying the possible interaction between HbA and CA1 will help us further understand the in vivo function of Hb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Su
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, China
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