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Elbashir AA, Osman A, Elawad M, Ziyada AK, Aboul-Enein HY. Application of capillary electrophoresis with capacitively contactless conductivity detection for biomedical analysis. Electrophoresis 2024; 45:400-410. [PMID: 38100198 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202300216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
The coupling of capillary electrophoresis (CE) with capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection (C4 D) has become convenient analytical method for determination of small molecules that do not possess chromogenic or fluorogenic group. The implementations of CE with C4 D in the determination of inorganic and organic ions and amino acids in biomedical field are demonstrated. Attention on background electrolyte composition, sample treatment procedures, and the utilize of multi-detection systems are described. A number of tables summarizing highly developed CE-C4 D methods and the figures of merit attained are involved. Lastly, concluding remarks and perspectives are argued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdalla A Elbashir
- Department, of Chemistry, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Hofuf, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Abdelbagi Osman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Elawad
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Omdurman Islamic University, Omdurman, Sudan
| | - Abobakr K Ziyada
- Department of General Studies, Jubail Industrial College, Jubail Industrial City, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan Y Aboul-Enein
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry Department, Division of Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
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2
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Wen Z, Van Schepdael A, Adams E. Determination of inorganic ions and carbohydrates in cardioplegia and nephroplegia solutions by ion chromatography. Electrophoresis 2024; 45:234-243. [PMID: 37847878 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202300122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
In this study, methods for analyzing inorganic ions and carbohydrates in cardioplegia and nephroplegia solutions were developed and validated using ion chromatography with both conductivity and pulsed amperometric detection. The inorganic ions such as sodium, potassium, and calcium were separated by a cation-exchange column with 27 mM methanesulfonic acid as mobile phase at 0.5 mL/min. The anion (chloride) and carbohydrates (mannitol and glucose) were analyzed by an anion-exchange column using a mobile phase of 20 mM sodium hydroxide at 1.0 mL/min. The methods showed a high sensitivity for all analytes, with quantification limits from 0.0002 to 0.06 mg/L. Good linearities between the peak areas and concentrations were found for all analytes within the selected concentration range (R2 > 0.999). Relative standard deviation values for repeatability and interday precision were 0.1%-1.0% and 0.7%-1.6%, respectively. The accuracy was validated by determining the percentage recovery, which was between 98.0% and 101.3% for all analytes, indicating good accuracy of the methods. The robustness was verified by using an experimental design. Finally, real samples were analyzed to determine the content of the analytes. All assay values were between 96.8% and 102.5%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqi Wen
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Pharmaceutical Analysis, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ann Van Schepdael
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Pharmaceutical Analysis, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Erwin Adams
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Pharmaceutical Analysis, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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3
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Moravčík O, Dvořák M, Kubáň P. Autonomous capillary electrophoresis processing and analysis of dried blood spots for high-throughput determination of uric acid. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1267:341390. [PMID: 37257961 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A new set-up for fully autonomous and high-throughput capillary electrophoresis (CE) analyses of dried blood spot (DBS) samples is presented. The DBS samples were prepared by collecting exactly 5 μL of capillary blood from a finger-prick onto a pre-punched DBS disc in a disposable plastic CE vial and by in-vial blood drying. The vials with the DBS samples were then loaded into a commercial CE instrument for a fully unmanned sample processing and analysis. A fused-silica capillary of the CE instrument was first used for the transfer of 100 μL of elution solvent to each vial, in-vial DBS elution, and in-vial eluate homogenization. The same capillary was also used for at-line injection, separation, and selective analysis of the resulting eluates. Novel CE sequences were tailor-programmed for consecutive processing and analyses of multiple DBSs, which facilitated a fully autonomous determination of uric acid with a throughput of 240 DBS samples per day (24 h). The presented analytical protocol (using 100 μm i. d./30 cm capillary; 30 mM 2-(N-morpholino)-ethanesulfonic acid, 30 mM l-histidine, and 30 μM cetyltrimethylammonium bromide background electrolyte solution; and UV detection at 292 nm) provided excellent precision at endogenous and spiked uric acid concentrations with RSD values of peak areas below 3.2%. Calibration curves were linear over the 33.3 - 1200 μM range (R2 better than 0.998), limits of detection and quantification in the original capillary blood were 10 and 33.3 μM, respectively, and were well below the uric acid clinical range (140-420 μM). The stability of uric acid in DBS samples stored at laboratory temperature for up to 2 months was also excellent demonstrating less than a 4.2% decrease in uric acid concentrations. The actual set-up might thus be highly attractive for clinical subjects and laboratories because it is minimally invasive and requires minimum intervention from laboratory staff.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondrej Moravčík
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Veveří 97, CZ-60200, Brno, Czech Republic; Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Miloš Dvořák
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Veveří 97, CZ-60200, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Kubáň
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Veveří 97, CZ-60200, Brno, Czech Republic.
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4
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Tůma P. Monitoring of biologically active substances in clinical samples by capillary and microchip electrophoresis with contactless conductivity detection: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1225:340161. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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5
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Tabani H, Nojavan S, Alexovič M, Sabo J. Recent developments in green membrane-based extraction techniques for pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 160:244-267. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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6
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Fast blood plasma separation device for point-of-care applications. Talanta 2018; 183:55-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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7
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Electrophoretic concentration and sweeping-micellar electrokinetic chromatography analysis of cationic drugs in water samples. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1401:84-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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8
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Nakamura Y, Maeda S, Nishiyama H, Ohira SI, Dasgupta PK, Toda K. Micro Ion Extractor for Single Drop Whole Blood Analysis. Anal Chem 2015; 87:6483-6. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b01681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yukihide Nakamura
- Department
of Chemistry, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Shiori Maeda
- Department
of Chemistry, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroka Nishiyama
- Department
of Chemistry, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Ohira
- Department
of Chemistry, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Purnendu K. Dasgupta
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019-0065, United States
| | - Kei Toda
- Department
of Chemistry, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
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9
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Greguš M, Foret F, Kubáň P. Single-breath analysis using a novel simple sampler and capillary electrophoresis with contactless conductometric detection. Electrophoresis 2015; 36:526-33. [PMID: 25377628 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of ionic content of exhaled breath condensate (EBC) from one single breath by CE with C(4) D is demonstrated for the first time. A miniature sampler made from a 2-mL syringe and an aluminum cooling cylinder for collection of EBC was developed. Various parameters of the sampler that influence its collection efficiency, repeatability, and effect of respiratory patterns were studied in detail. Efficient procedures for the cleanup of the miniature sampler were also developed and resulted in significant improvement of sampling repeatability. Analysis of EBC was performed by CE-C(4) D in a 60 mM MES/l-histidine BGE with 30 μM CTAB and 2 mM 18-crown-6 at pH 6 and excellent repeatability of migration times (RSD < 1.3% (n = 7)) and peak areas (RSD < 7% (n = 7)) of 12 inorganic anions, cations, and organic acids was obtained. It has been shown that the breathing pattern has a significant impact on the concentration of the analytes in the collected EBC. As the ventilatory pattern can be easily controlled during single exhalation, the developed collection system and method provides a highly reproducible and fast way of collecting EBC with applicability in point-of-care diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Greguš
- Bioanalytical Instrumentation, CEITEC, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Chemistry, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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10
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Electrokinetics for sample preparation of biological molecules in biological samples using microfluidic systems. Bioanalysis 2014; 6:1961-74. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.14.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sample preparation is the first part of every analytical method, but is often considered only after the optimization of the method. It is traditionally performed using a range of techniques requiring extensive manual handling, with solid-phase extraction, liquid–liquid extraction, protein precipitation and ultracentrfiguation, among others, being used depending on the targets and the application. In this article, we will focus on alternatives based on electrokinetics for applications including sample clean-up, concentration and derivatization of large biological molecules (DNA, peptides and proteins) of diagnostic importance, as well as small molecules as a tool for therapeutic drug monitoring. This article describes these approaches in terms of mechanisms, applicability and potential to be integrated into a lab-on-a-chip device for directly processing biological samples. Examples dealing with treated or clean samples have been excluded except where they show exceptionally high value.
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11
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Sequential Determination of Inorganic Cations and Anions in Cerebrospinal Fluid by Microchip Electrophoresis. Chromatographia 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-014-2711-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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12
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Separation of oxalate, formate and glycolate in human body fluid samples by capillary electrophoresis with contactless conductometric detection. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1325:241-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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13
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Yamini Y, Seidi S, Rezazadeh M. Electrical field-induced extraction and separation techniques: promising trends in analytical chemistry--a review. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 814:1-22. [PMID: 24528839 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2013] [Revised: 12/07/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Sample preparation is an important issue in analytical chemistry, and is often a bottleneck in chemical analysis. So, the major incentive for the recent research has been to attain faster, simpler, less expensive, and more environmentally friendly sample preparation methods. The use of auxiliary energies, such as heat, ultrasound, and microwave, is one of the strategies that have been employed in sample preparation to reach the above purposes. Application of electrical driving force is the current state-of-the-art, which presents new possibilities for simplifying and shortening the sample preparation process as well as enhancing its selectivity. The electrical driving force has scarcely been utilized in comparison with other auxiliary energies. In this review, the different roles of electrical driving force (as a powerful auxiliary energy) in various extraction techniques, including liquid-, solid-, and membrane-based methods, have been taken into consideration. Also, the references have been made available, relevant to the developments in separation techniques and Lab-on-a-Chip (LOC) systems. All aspects of electrical driving force in extraction and separation methods are too specific to be treated in this contribution. However, the main aim of this review is to provide a brief knowledge about the different fields of analytical chemistry, with an emphasis on the latest efforts put into the electrically assisted membrane-based sample preparation systems. The advantages and disadvantages of these approaches as well as the new achievements in these areas have been discussed, which might be helpful for further progress in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadollah Yamini
- Department of Chemistry, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-175, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Shahram Seidi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, K.N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Rezazadeh
- Department of Chemistry, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-175, Tehran, Iran
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14
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The potential of electrophoretic sample pretreatment techniques and new instrumentation for bioanalysis, with a focus on peptidomics and metabolomics. Bioanalysis 2013; 5:2785-801. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.13.254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This Review highlights the potential of new electromigration-based sample pretreatment techniques for bioanalysis. Sample pretreatment is a challenging part of the analytical workflow, especially in the fields of peptidomics and metabolomics, where the analytes are very diverse, both in physicochemical properties and in endogenous concentration. Electromigration-based techniques have several strengths, such as fast selective analyte concentration and that complementary information on the content of a sample can be obtained when compared with more conventional (chromatography-based) techniques. In the past decade, various new electromigration-based sample pretreatment techniques have been developed, and importantly, new instrumental setups. In this Review, we provide an introduction on electromigration and its strengths. Then, selected examples of electromigration-based sample pretreatment techniques and instrumentation are discussed, namely free-flow electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing, isotachophoresis, electrodialysis, electromembrane extraction and electroextraction. Finally, the promising perspectives of electromigration-based sample pretreatment techniques are outlined.
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15
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Kubáň P, Timerbaev AR. Inorganic analysis using CE: Advanced methodologies to face old challenges. Electrophoresis 2013; 35:225-33. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Petr Kubáň
- Department of Bioanalytical Instrumentation; CEITEC - Masaryk University; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Andrei R. Timerbaev
- Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; Moscow Russia
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16
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Kubáň P, Foret F, Bocek R. Capillary electrophoresis with contactless conductometric detection for rapid screening of formate in blood serum after methanol intoxication. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1281:142-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Revised: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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17
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Kubáň P, Boček P. Direct analysis of formate in human plasma, serum and whole blood by in-line coupling of microdialysis to capillary electrophoresis for rapid diagnosis of methanol poisoning. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 768:82-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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18
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Kubáň P, Hauser PC. Contactless conductivity detection for analytical techniques: Developments from 2010 to 2012. Electrophoresis 2012; 34:55-69. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Revised: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Kubáň
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Brno; Czech Republic
| | - Peter C. Hauser
- Department of Chemistry; University of Basel; Basel; Switzerland
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19
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Capillary electrophoresis – A new tool for ionic analysis of exhaled breath condensate. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1267:239-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.06.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Revised: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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20
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Mark JJP, Scholz R, Matysik FM. Electrochemical methods in conjunction with capillary and microchip electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1267:45-64. [PMID: 22824222 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Revised: 07/01/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Electromigrative techniques such as capillary and microchip electrophoresis (CE and MCE) are inherently associated with various electrochemical phenomena. The electrolytic processes occurring in the buffer reservoirs have to be considered for a proper design of miniaturized electrophoretic systems and a suitable selection of buffer composition. In addition, the control of the electroosmotic flow plays a crucial role for the optimization of CE/MCE separations. Electroanalytical methods have significant importance in the field of detection in conjunction with CE/MCE. At present, amperometric detection and contactless conductivity detection are the predominating electrochemical detection methods for CE/MCE. This paper reviews the most recent trends in the field of electrochemical detection coupled to CE/MCE. The emphasis is on methodical developments and new applications that have been published over the past five years. A rather new way for the implementation of electrochemical methods into CE systems is the concept of electrochemically assisted injection which involves the electrochemical conversions of analytes during the injection step. This approach is particularly attractive in hyphenation to mass spectrometry (MS) as it widens the range of CE-MS applications. An overview of recent developments of electrochemically assisted injection coupled to CE is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas J P Mark
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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21
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Abstract
AbstractCapillary electrophoresis (CE) is an attractive technique in separation science because of its high separation performance, short analysis time and low cost. Electrochemical detection (EC) is a powerful tool for CE because of its high sensitivity. In this review, developments of CE-EC from 2008 to August, 2011 are reviewed. We choose papers of innovative and novel results to demonstrate the newest and most important progress in CE-EC.
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22
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Elbashir AA, Aboul-Enein HY. Recent advances in applications of capillary electrophoresis with capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection (CE-C⁴D): an update. Biomed Chromatogr 2012; 26:990-1000. [PMID: 22430262 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.2729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis with a capacitively contactless conductivity detector (CE-C⁴D) is becoming a significant useful technique for the analysis of analytes in various fields such as pharmaceutical, biomedical, food and environmental. This review is an update describing the recent developments in the application of CE with a C⁴D detector.
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23
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Pascali JP, Bortolotti F, Tagliaro F. Recent advances in the application of CE to forensic sciences, an update over years 2009-2011. Electrophoresis 2011; 33:117-26. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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24
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Strieglerová L, Kubáň P, Boček P. Rapid and simple pretreatment of human body fluids using electromembrane extraction across supported liquid membrane for capillary electrophoretic determination of lithium. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:1182-9. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2010] [Revised: 01/03/2011] [Accepted: 01/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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25
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Use of disposable open tubular ion exchange pre-columns for in-line clean-up of serum and plasma samples prior to capillary electrophoretic analysis of inorganic cations. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:856-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.12.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2010] [Revised: 12/06/2010] [Accepted: 12/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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