1
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Ward CL, Cornejo MA, Peli Thanthri SH, Linz TH. A review of electrophoretic separations in temperature-responsive Pluronic thermal gels. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1276:341613. [PMID: 37573098 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Gel electrophoresis is a ubiquitous bioanalytical technique used in research laboratories to validate protein and nucleic acid samples. Polyacrylamide and agarose have been the gold standard gel materials for decades, but an alternative class of polymer has emerged with potentially superior performance. Pluronic thermal gels are water-soluble polymers that possess the unique ability to undergo a change in viscosity in response to changing temperature. Thermal gels can reversibly convert between low-viscosity liquids and high-viscosity solid gels using temperature as an adjustable parameter. The properties of thermal gels provide unmatched flexibility as a dynamic separations matrix to measure analytes ranging from small molecules to cells. This review article describes the physical and chemical properties of Pluronic thermal gels to provide a fundamental overview of polymer behavior. The performance of thermal gels is then reviewed to highlight their applications as a gel matrix for electrokinetic separations in capillary, microfluidic, and slab gel formats. The use of dynamic temperature-responsive gels in bioanalytical separations is an underexplored area of research but one that holds exciting potential to achieve performance unattainable with conventional static polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra L Ward
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA; Lumigen Instrument Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.
| | - Mario A Cornejo
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | | | - Thomas H Linz
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.
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2
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Farkas E, Tarr R, Gerecsei T, Saftics A, Kovács KD, Stercz B, Domokos J, Peter B, Kurunczi S, Szekacs I, Bonyár A, Bányai A, Fürjes P, Ruszkai-Szaniszló S, Varga M, Szabó B, Ostorházi E, Szabó D, Horvath R. Development and In-Depth Characterization of Bacteria Repellent and Bacteria Adhesive Antibody-Coated Surfaces Using Optical Waveguide Biosensing. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12020056. [PMID: 35200317 PMCID: PMC8869200 DOI: 10.3390/bios12020056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria repellent surfaces and antibody-based coatings for bacterial assays have shown a growing demand in the field of biosensors, and have crucial importance in the design of biomedical devices. However, in-depth investigations and comparisons of possible solutions are still missing. The optical waveguide lightmode spectroscopy (OWLS) technique offers label-free, non-invasive, in situ characterization of protein and bacterial adsorption. Moreover, it has excellent flexibility for testing various surface coatings. Here, we describe an OWLS-based method supporting the development of bacteria repellent surfaces and characterize the layer structures and affinities of different antibody-based coatings for bacterial assays. In order to test nonspecific binding blocking agents against bacteria, OWLS chips were coated with bovine serum albumin (BSA), I-block, PAcrAM-g-(PMOXA, NH2, Si), (PAcrAM-P) and PLL-g-PEG (PP) (with different coating temperatures), and subsequent Escherichia coli adhesion was monitored. We found that the best performing blocking agents could inhibit bacterial adhesion from samples with bacteria concentrations of up to 107 cells/mL. Various immobilization methods were applied to graft a wide range of selected antibodies onto the biosensor's surface. Simple physisorption, Mix&Go (AnteoBind) (MG) films, covalently immobilized protein A and avidin-biotin based surface chemistries were all fabricated and tested. The surface adsorbed mass densities of deposited antibodies were determined, and the biosensor;s kinetic data were evaluated to divine the possible orientations of the bacteria-capturing antibodies and determine the rate constants and footprints of the binding events. The development of affinity layers was supported by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) measurements in order to test the bacteria binding capabilities of the antibodies. The best performance in the biosensor measurements was achieved by employing a polyclonal antibody in combination with protein A-based immobilization and PAcrAM-P blocking of nonspecific binding. Using this setting, a surface sensitivity of 70 cells/mm2 was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eniko Farkas
- Centre for Energy Research, Nanobiosensorics Laboratory, Institute of Technical Physics and Materials Science, 1121 Budapest, Hungary; (E.F.); (R.T.); (T.G.); (A.S.); (K.D.K.); (B.P.); (S.K.); (I.S.)
| | - Robert Tarr
- Centre for Energy Research, Nanobiosensorics Laboratory, Institute of Technical Physics and Materials Science, 1121 Budapest, Hungary; (E.F.); (R.T.); (T.G.); (A.S.); (K.D.K.); (B.P.); (S.K.); (I.S.)
- Department of Electronics Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 1111 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Tamás Gerecsei
- Centre for Energy Research, Nanobiosensorics Laboratory, Institute of Technical Physics and Materials Science, 1121 Budapest, Hungary; (E.F.); (R.T.); (T.G.); (A.S.); (K.D.K.); (B.P.); (S.K.); (I.S.)
- Department of Biological Physics, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Andras Saftics
- Centre for Energy Research, Nanobiosensorics Laboratory, Institute of Technical Physics and Materials Science, 1121 Budapest, Hungary; (E.F.); (R.T.); (T.G.); (A.S.); (K.D.K.); (B.P.); (S.K.); (I.S.)
| | - Kinga Dóra Kovács
- Centre for Energy Research, Nanobiosensorics Laboratory, Institute of Technical Physics and Materials Science, 1121 Budapest, Hungary; (E.F.); (R.T.); (T.G.); (A.S.); (K.D.K.); (B.P.); (S.K.); (I.S.)
- Department of Biological Physics, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balazs Stercz
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Semmelweis University, 1089 Budapest, Hungary; (B.S.); (J.D.); (E.O.); (D.S.)
| | - Judit Domokos
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Semmelweis University, 1089 Budapest, Hungary; (B.S.); (J.D.); (E.O.); (D.S.)
| | - Beatrix Peter
- Centre for Energy Research, Nanobiosensorics Laboratory, Institute of Technical Physics and Materials Science, 1121 Budapest, Hungary; (E.F.); (R.T.); (T.G.); (A.S.); (K.D.K.); (B.P.); (S.K.); (I.S.)
| | - Sandor Kurunczi
- Centre for Energy Research, Nanobiosensorics Laboratory, Institute of Technical Physics and Materials Science, 1121 Budapest, Hungary; (E.F.); (R.T.); (T.G.); (A.S.); (K.D.K.); (B.P.); (S.K.); (I.S.)
| | - Inna Szekacs
- Centre for Energy Research, Nanobiosensorics Laboratory, Institute of Technical Physics and Materials Science, 1121 Budapest, Hungary; (E.F.); (R.T.); (T.G.); (A.S.); (K.D.K.); (B.P.); (S.K.); (I.S.)
| | - Attila Bonyár
- Department of Electronics Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 1111 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Anita Bányai
- Centre for Energy Research, Microsystems Lab, Institute of Technical Physics and Materials Science, 1121 Budapest, Hungary; (A.B.); (P.F.)
| | - Péter Fürjes
- Centre for Energy Research, Microsystems Lab, Institute of Technical Physics and Materials Science, 1121 Budapest, Hungary; (A.B.); (P.F.)
| | | | - Máté Varga
- 77 Elektronika Ltd., 1116 Budapest, Hungary; (S.R.-S.); (M.V.); (B.S.)
| | - Barnabás Szabó
- 77 Elektronika Ltd., 1116 Budapest, Hungary; (S.R.-S.); (M.V.); (B.S.)
| | - Eszter Ostorházi
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Semmelweis University, 1089 Budapest, Hungary; (B.S.); (J.D.); (E.O.); (D.S.)
| | - Dóra Szabó
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Semmelweis University, 1089 Budapest, Hungary; (B.S.); (J.D.); (E.O.); (D.S.)
| | - Robert Horvath
- Centre for Energy Research, Nanobiosensorics Laboratory, Institute of Technical Physics and Materials Science, 1121 Budapest, Hungary; (E.F.); (R.T.); (T.G.); (A.S.); (K.D.K.); (B.P.); (S.K.); (I.S.)
- Correspondence:
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3
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Lu N, Kutter JP. Recent advances in microchip enantioseparation and analysis. Electrophoresis 2020; 41:2122-2135. [PMID: 32949465 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes recent developments (over the past decade) in the field of microfluidics-based solutions for enantiomeric separation and detection. The progress in various formats of microchip electrodriven separations, such as MCE, microchip electrochromatography, and multidimensional separation techniques, is discussed. Innovations covering chiral stationary phases, surface coatings, and modification strategies to improve resolution, as well as integration with detection systems, are reported. Finally, combinations with other microfluidic functional units are also presented and highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jörg P Kutter
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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4
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Bender AT, Sullivan BP, Lillis L, Posner JD. Enzymatic and Chemical-Based Methods to Inactivate Endogenous Blood Ribonucleases for Nucleic Acid Diagnostics. J Mol Diagn 2020; 22:1030-1040. [PMID: 32450280 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2020.04.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
There are ongoing research efforts into simple and low-cost point-of-care nucleic acid amplification tests (NATs) addressing widespread diagnostic needs in resource-limited clinical settings. Nucleic acid testing for RNA targets in blood specimens typically requires sample preparation that inactivates robust blood ribonucleases (RNases) that can rapidly degrade exogenous RNA. Most NATs rely on decades-old methods that lyse pathogens and inactivate RNases with high concentrations of guanidinium salts. Herein, we investigate alternatives to standard guanidinium-based methods for RNase inactivation using an activity assay with an RNA substrate that fluoresces when cleaved. The effects of proteinase K, nonionic surfactants, SDS, dithiothreitol, and other additives on RNase activity in human serum are reported. Although proteinase K has been widely used in protocols for nuclease inactivation, it was found that high concentrations of proteinase K are unable to eliminate RNase activity in serum, unless used in concert with denaturing concentrations of SDS. It was observed that SDS must be combined with proteinase K, dithiothreitol, or both for irreversible and complete RNase inactivation in serum. This work provides an alternative chemistry for inactivating endogenous RNases for use in simple, low-cost point-of-care NATs for blood-borne pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T Bender
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Benjamin P Sullivan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | | | - Jonathan D Posner
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Family Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
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5
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Zhang T, Hong ZY, Tang SY, Li W, Inglis DW, Hosokawa Y, Yalikun Y, Li M. Focusing of sub-micrometer particles in microfluidic devices. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:35-53. [PMID: 31720655 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00785g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Sub-micrometer particles (0.10-1.0 μm) are of great significance to study, e.g., microvesicles and protein aggregates are targets for therapeutic intervention, and sub-micrometer fluorescent polystyrene (PS) particles are used as probes for diagnostic imaging. Focusing of sub-micrometer particles - precisely control over the position of sub-micrometer particles in a tightly focused stream - has a wide range of applications in the field of biology, chemistry and environment, by acting as a prerequisite step for downstream detection, manipulation and quantification. Microfluidic devices have been attracting great attention as desirable tools for sub-micrometer particle focusing, due to their small size, low reagent consumption, fast analysis and low cost. Recent advancements in fundamental knowledge and fabrication technologies have enabled microfluidic focusing of particles at sub-micrometer scale in a continuous, label-free and high-throughput manner. Microfluidic methods for the focusing of sub-micrometer particles can be classified into two main groups depending on whether an external field is applied: 1) passive methods, which utilize intrinsic fluidic properties without the need of external actuation, such as inertial, deterministic lateral displacement (DLD), viscoelastic and hydrophoretic focusing; and 2) active methods, where external fields are used, such as dielectrophoretic, thermophoretic, acoustophoretic and optical focusing. This article mainly reviews the studies on the focusing of sub-micrometer particles in microfluidic devices over the past 10 years. It aims to bridge the gap between the focusing of micrometer and nanometer scale (1.0-100 nm) particles and to improve the understanding of development progress, current advances and future prospects in microfluidic focusing techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianlong Zhang
- Division of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara 630-0192, Japan. and School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney 2122, Australia.
| | - Zhen-Yi Hong
- Division of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara 630-0192, Japan.
| | - Shi-Yang Tang
- School of Mechanical, Materials, Mechatronic and Biomedical Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong 2522, Australia
| | - Weihua Li
- School of Mechanical, Materials, Mechatronic and Biomedical Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong 2522, Australia
| | - David W Inglis
- School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney 2122, Australia.
| | - Yoichiroh Hosokawa
- Division of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara 630-0192, Japan.
| | - Yaxiaer Yalikun
- Division of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara 630-0192, Japan.
| | - Ming Li
- School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney 2122, Australia.
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6
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Buking S, Suedomi Y, Nacapricha D, Kaneta T. Characterization of Pieces of Paper That Form Reagent Containers for Use as Portable Analytical Devices. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:15249-15254. [PMID: 31552371 PMCID: PMC6751694 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b02226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Reagent-deposited pieces of paper were characterized by the use of a compact conductometer, a compact pH sensor, and a conventional spectrophotometer to assess their suitability for use as reagent containers. The pieces of paper were fabricated by wax printing to form a limited hydrophilic area to which a consistent volume of an aqueous reagent could be added. The pieces of paper without the reagent increased the conductivity of water gradually because of the release of sodium salts, whereas pH of NaOH decreased because of the acidity of the functional groups in the paper. Three reagents, sulfamic acid as an acid, Na2CO3 as a base, and BaCl2 as a metal salt, were deposited on the pieces of paper to evaluate their ability to release from the pieces of paper. Sulfamic acid and Na2CO3 were released in quantities of 58 and 73% into water after 420 s, whereas 100% of BaCl2 was released after 480 s. The conductometric titrations of NaOH, HCl, and Na2SO4, and the spectrophotometry of Fe2+ were examined using the pieces of paper that contained sulfamic acid, Na2CO3, BaCl2, and 1,10-phenanthroline. Titrations using the pieces of paper suggested that the reagents were quantitatively released into the titrant, which resulted in a linear relationship between the endpoints and the equivalent points. In 120 s of soaking time, 60-70% of the reagents were released. The spectrophotometric measurements of Fe2+ indicated that when an excess amount of the reagents was deposited onto the pieces of paper, they nonetheless sufficiently fulfilled the role of a reagent container.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supatana Buking
- Flow
Innovation-Research for Science and Technology Laboratories
(FIRST Labs) and Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in
Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Yusuke Suedomi
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Duangjai Nacapricha
- Flow
Innovation-Research for Science and Technology Laboratories
(FIRST Labs) and Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in
Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Takashi Kaneta
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
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7
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Zhu F, Nannenga BL, Hayes MA. Electrophoretic exclusion microscale sample preparation for cryo-EM structural determination of proteins. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2019; 13:054112. [PMID: 31673302 PMCID: PMC6817354 DOI: 10.1063/1.5124311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of biological samples has a long history and has provided many important insights into fundamental processes and diseases. While great strides have been made in EM data collection and data processing, sample preparation is still performed using decades-old techniques. Those sample preparation methods rely on extensive macroscale purification and concentration to achieve homogeneity suitable for high-resolution analyses. Noting that relatively few bioparticles are needed to generate high-quality protein structures, this work uses microfluidics that can accurately and precisely manipulate and deliver bioparticles to grids for imaging. The use of microfluidics enables isolation, purification, and concentration of specific target proteins at these small scales and does so in a relatively short period of time (minutes). These capabilities enable imaging of more dilute solutions and obtaining pure protein images from mixtures. In this system, spatially isolated, purified, and concentrated proteins are transferred directly onto electron microscopy grids for imaging. The processing enables imaging of more dilute solutions, as low as 5 × 10-6 g/ml, with small total amounts of protein (<400 pg, 900 amol). These levels may be achieved with mixtures and, as proof-of-principle, imaging of one protein from a mixture of two proteins is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanyi Zhu
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Box 871604, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, USA
| | - Brent L. Nannenga
- School of Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Box 876106, Tempe, Arizona 85287-6106, USA
| | - Mark A. Hayes
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Box 871604, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, USA
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8
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Majarikar V, Takehara H, Ichiki T. Adsorption Phenomena of Anionic and Cationic Nanoliposomes on the Surface of Poly(dimethylsiloxane) Microchannel. J PHOTOPOLYM SCI TEC 2019. [DOI: 10.2494/photopolymer.32.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Virendra Majarikar
- Department of Materials Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo
| | - Hiroaki Takehara
- Department of Materials Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo
- Innovation Center of NanoMedicine, Institute of Industry Promotion-Kawasaki
| | - Takanori Ichiki
- Department of Materials Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo
- Innovation Center of NanoMedicine, Institute of Industry Promotion-Kawasaki
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9
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Piendl SK, Raddatz CR, Hartner NT, Thoben C, Warias R, Zimmermann S, Belder D. 2D in Seconds: Coupling of Chip-HPLC with Ion Mobility Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2019; 91:7613-7620. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian K. Piendl
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christian-Robert Raddatz
- Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Appelstrasse 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Nora T. Hartner
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christian Thoben
- Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Appelstrasse 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Rico Warias
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stefan Zimmermann
- Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Appelstrasse 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Detlev Belder
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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10
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Atajanov A, Zhbanov A, Yang S. Sorting and manipulation of biological cells and the prospects for using optical forces. MICRO AND NANO SYSTEMS LETTERS 2018. [DOI: 10.1186/s40486-018-0064-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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11
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Nagl S. Micro free-flow isoelectric focusing with integrated optical pH sensors. Eng Life Sci 2017; 18:114-123. [PMID: 32624893 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201700035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, a new observation method for monitoring of pH gradients in microfluidic free-flow electrophoresis has emerged. It is based on the use of chip-integrated fluorescent or luminescent micro sensor layers. These are able to monitor pH gradients in miniaturized separations in real time and spatially resolved; this is particularly useful in isoelectric focusing. Here these multifunctional microdevices that feature continuous separation, monitoring, and in some instances other functionalities, are reviewed. The employed microfabrication procedures to produce these devices are discussed and the different pH sensor matrices that were integrated and their applications in the separation of different types of biomolecules. The procedures for obtaining spatially resolved information about the separated molecules and the pH at the same time and different detection modalities to achieve this such as deep UV fluorescence as well as time-resolved referenced pH sensing and the integration of a precolumn labeling step into these platforms are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Nagl
- Department of Chemistry The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Kowloon Hong Kong SAR P. R. China
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12
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Štěpánová S, Kašička V. Analysis of proteins and peptides by electromigration methods in microchips. J Sep Sci 2016; 40:228-250. [PMID: 27704694 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This review presents the developments and applications of microchip electromigration methods in the separation and analysis of peptides and proteins in the period 2011-mid-2016. The developments in sample preparation and preconcentration, microchannel material, and surface treatment are described. Separations by various microchip electromigration methods (zone electrophoresis in free and sieving media, affinity electrophoresis, isotachophoresis, isoelectric focusing, electrokinetic chromatography, and electrochromatography) are demonstrated. Advances in detection methods are reported and novel applications in the areas of proteomics and peptidomics, quality control of peptide and protein pharmaceuticals, analysis of proteins and peptides in biomatrices, and determination of physicochemical parameters are shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sille Štěpánová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Václav Kašička
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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13
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Advances in the Use of Cyclodextrins as Chiral Selectors in Capillary Electrokinetic Chromatography: Fundamentals and Applications. Chromatographia 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-016-3167-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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14
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Fang XX, Fang P, Pan JZ, Fang Q. A compact short-capillary based high-speed capillary electrophoresis bioanalyzer. Electrophoresis 2016; 37:2376-83. [PMID: 27377052 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Here, a compact high-speed CE bioanalyzer based on a short capillary has been developed. Multiple modules of picoliter scale sample injection, high-speed CE separation, sample changing, LIF detection, as well as a custom designed tablet computer for data processing, instrument controlling, and result displaying were integrated in the bioanalyzer with a total size of 23 × 17 × 19 cm (length × width × height). The high-speed CE bioanalyzer is capable of performing automated sample injection and separation for multiple samples and has been successfully applied in fast separations of amino acids, chiral amino acids, proteins and DNA fragments. For instance, baseline separation of six FITC-labeled amino acids and ultrahigh-speed separation of three amino acids could be achieved within 7 and 1 s, respectively. The separation speed and efficiency of the optimized high-speed CE system are comparable to or even better than those reported in microchip-based CE systems. We believe this bioanalyzer could provide an advanced platform for fundamental research in bioscience and clinical diagnosis, as well as in quality control for drugs, foods, and feeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xia Fang
- Department of Chemistry, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Microanalytical Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Pan Fang
- Department of Chemistry, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Microanalytical Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Zhang Pan
- Department of Chemistry, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Microanalytical Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Qun Fang
- Department of Chemistry, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Microanalytical Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China.
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15
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Ali I, Alharbi OML, Marsin Sanagi M. Nano-capillary electrophoresis for environmental analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY LETTERS 2015; 14:79-98. [PMID: 32214934 PMCID: PMC7087629 DOI: 10.1007/s10311-015-0547-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Many analytical techniques have been used to monitor environmental pollutants. But most techniques are not capable to detect pollutants at nanogram levels. Hence, under such conditions, absence of pollutants is often assumed, whereas pollutants are in fact present at low but undetectable concentrations. Detection at low levels may be done by nano-capillary electrophoresis, also named microchip electrophoresis. Here, we review the analysis of pollutants by nano-capillary electrophoresis. We present instrumentations, applications, optimizations and separation mechanisms. We discuss the analysis of metal ions, pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, explosives, viruses, bacteria and other contaminants. Detectors include ultraviolet-visible, fluorescent, conductivity, atomic absorption spectroscopy, refractive index, atomic fluorescence spectrometry, atomic emission spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma, inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, mass spectrometry, time-of-flight mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance. Detection limits ranged from nanogram to picogram levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), New Delhi, 110025 India
| | - Omar M. L. Alharbi
- Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Taibah University, P.O. Box 30002, Madinah Al-Munawarah, 41477 Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd. Marsin Sanagi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor Malaysia
- Ibnu Sina Institute for Fundamental Science Studies, Nanotechnology Research Alliance, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor Malaysia
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16
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Byrnes SA, Bishop JD, Lafleur L, Buser JR, Lutz B, Yager P. One-step purification and concentration of DNA in porous membranes for point-of-care applications. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:2647-59. [PMID: 25989457 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc00317b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of rapid, user-friendly, point-of-care (POC) diagnostic systems is paving the way for better disease diagnosis and control. Lately, there has been a strong emphasis on developing molecular-based diagnostics due to their potential for greatly increased sensitivity and specificity. One of the most critical steps in developing practical diagnostic systems is the ability to perform sample preparation, especially the purification of nucleic acids (NA), at the POC. As such, we have developed a simple-to-use, inexpensive, and disposable sample preparation system for in-membrane purification and concentration of NAs. This system couples lateral flow in a porous membrane with chitosan, a linear polysaccharide that captures NAs via anion exchange chromatography. The system can also substantially concentrate the NAs. The combination of these capabilities can be used on a wide range of sample types, which are prepared for use in downstream processes, such as qPCR, without further purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Byrnes
- University of Washington, Department of Bioengineering, 3720 15th Ave NE, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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17
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Pagaduan JV, Sahore V, Woolley AT. Applications of microfluidics and microchip electrophoresis for potential clinical biomarker analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:6911-22. [PMID: 25855148 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8622-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews advances over the last five years in microfluidics and microchip-electrophoresis techniques for detection of clinical biomarkers. The variety of advantages of miniaturization compared with conventional benchtop methods for detecting biomarkers has resulted in increased interest in developing cheap, fast, and sensitive techniques. We discuss the development of applications of microfluidics and microchip electrophoresis for analysis of different clinical samples for pathogen identification, personalized medicine, and biomarker detection. We emphasize the advantages of microfluidic techniques over conventional methods, which make them attractive future diagnostic tools. We also discuss the versatility and adaptability of this technology for analysis of a variety of biomarkers, including lipids, small molecules, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, proteins, and cells. Finally, we conclude with a discussion of aspects that need to be improved to move this technology towards routine clinical and point-of-care applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayson V Pagaduan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
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18
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García-Otero N, Barciela-Alonso MC, Domínguez-González R, Herbello-Hermelo P, Moreda-Piñeiro A, Bermejo-Barrera P. Evaluation of offgel electrophoresis, electrothermal atomic absorption spectroscopy and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy for trace metal analysis in marine plankton protein. Microchem J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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19
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Kašička V. Recent developments in capillary and microchip electroseparations of peptides (2011-2013). Electrophoresis 2013; 35:69-95. [PMID: 24255019 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The review presents a comprehensive survey of recent developments and applications of capillary and microchip electroseparation methods (zone electrophoresis, ITP, IEF, affinity electrophoresis, EKC, and electrochromatography) for analysis, isolation, purification, and physicochemical and biochemical characterization of peptides. Advances in the investigation of electromigration properties of peptides, in the methodology of their analysis, including sample preseparation, preconcentration and derivatization, adsorption suppression and EOF control, as well as in detection of peptides, are presented. New developments in particular CE and CEC modes are reported and several types of their applications to peptide analysis are described: conventional qualitative and quantitative analysis, determination in complex (bio)matrices, monitoring of chemical and enzymatical reactions and physical changes, amino acid, sequence and chiral analysis, and peptide mapping of proteins. Some micropreparative peptide separations are shown and capabilities of CE and CEC techniques to provide relevant physicochemical characteristics of peptides are demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Václav Kašička
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
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20
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Smejkal P, Breadmore MC, Guijt RM, Foret F, Bek F, Macka M. Analytical isotachophoresis of lactate in human serum using dry film photoresist microfluidic chips compatible with a commercially available field-deployable instrument platform. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 803:135-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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21
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Gitlin L, Hoera C, Meier RJ, Nagl S, Belder D. Micro flow reactor chips with integrated luminescent chemosensors for spatially resolved on-line chemical reaction monitoring. LAB ON A CHIP 2013; 13:4134-41. [PMID: 23970303 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc50387a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Real-time chemical reaction monitoring in microfluidic environments is demonstrated using luminescent chemical sensors integrated in PDMS/glass-based microscale reactors. A fabrication procedure is presented that allows for straightforward integration of thin polymer layers with optical sensing functionality in microchannels of glass-PDMS chips of only 150 μm width and of 10 to 35 μm height. Sensor layers consisting of polystyrene and an oxygen-sensitive platinum porphyrin probe with film thicknesses of about 0.5 to 4 μm were generated by combining spin coating and abrasion techniques. Optimal coating procedures were developed and evaluated. The chip-integrated sensor layers were calibrated and investigated with respect to stability, reproducibility and response times. These microchips allowed observation of dissolved oxygen concentration in the range of 0 to over 40 mg L(-1) with a detection limit of 368 μg L(-1). The sensor layers were then used for observation of a model reaction, the oxidation of sulphite to sulphate in a microfluidic chemical reactor and could observe sulphite concentrations of less than 200 μM. Real-time on-line monitoring of this chemical reaction was realized at a fluorescence microscope setup with 405 nm LED excitation and CCD camera detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid Gitlin
- Institut für Analytische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Johannisallee 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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22
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Chen HT, Fu LM, Huang HH, Shu WE, Wang YN. Particles small angle forward-scattered light measurement based on photovoltaic cell microflow cytometer. Electrophoresis 2013; 35:337-44. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Han-Taw Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; National Cheng-Kung University; Tainan Taiwan
| | - Lung-Ming Fu
- Department of Materials Engineering; National Pingtung University of Science and Technology; Pingtung Taiwan
| | - Hsing-Hui Huang
- Department of Vehicle Engineering; National Pingtung University of Science and Technology; Pingtung Taiwan
| | - Wei-En Shu
- Department of Vehicle Engineering; National Pingtung University of Science and Technology; Pingtung Taiwan
| | - Yao-Nan Wang
- Department of Vehicle Engineering; National Pingtung University of Science and Technology; Pingtung Taiwan
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23
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Poboży E, Filaber M, Koc A, Garcia-Reyes JF. Application of capillary electrophoretic chips in protein profiling of plant extracts for identification of genetic modifications of maize. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:2740-53. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Poboży
- Department of Chemistry; University of Warsaw; Warsaw; Poland
| | - Monika Filaber
- Department of Chemistry; University of Warsaw; Warsaw; Poland
| | - Anna Koc
- Department of Chemistry; University of Warsaw; Warsaw; Poland
| | - Juan F. Garcia-Reyes
- Analytical Chemistry Research Group, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry; University of Jaén; Jaén; Spain
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24
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García-Otero N, Peña-Vázquez E, Barciela-Alonso MC, Bermejo-Barrera P, Moreda-Piñeiro A. Two-Dimensional Isoelectric Focusing OFFGEL and Microfluidic Lab-on-Chip Electrophoresis for Assessing Dissolved Proteins in Seawater. Anal Chem 2013; 85:5909-16. [DOI: 10.1021/ac400669c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia García-Otero
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition
and Bromatology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Santiago de Compostela, Avenida das Ciencias, s/n.
15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Elena Peña-Vázquez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition
and Bromatology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Santiago de Compostela, Avenida das Ciencias, s/n.
15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - María Carmen Barciela-Alonso
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition
and Bromatology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Santiago de Compostela, Avenida das Ciencias, s/n.
15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Pilar Bermejo-Barrera
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition
and Bromatology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Santiago de Compostela, Avenida das Ciencias, s/n.
15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Antonio Moreda-Piñeiro
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition
and Bromatology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Santiago de Compostela, Avenida das Ciencias, s/n.
15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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25
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Smejkal P, Bottenus D, Breadmore MC, Guijt RM, Ivory CF, Foret F, Macka M. Microfluidic isotachophoresis: A review. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:1493-509. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Revised: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Petr Smejkal
- ACROSS and School of Chemistry; University of Tasmania; Hobart; Australia
| | - Danny Bottenus
- Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering; Washington State University; Pullman; WA; USA
| | | | - Rosanne M. Guijt
- ACROSS and School of Pharmacy; University of Tasmania; Hobart; Australia
| | - Cornelius F. Ivory
- Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering; Washington State University; Pullman; WA; USA
| | - František Foret
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; v.v.i., Brno; Czech Republic
| | - Mirek Macka
- ACROSS and School of Chemistry; University of Tasmania; Hobart; Australia
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26
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Nge PN, Rogers CI, Woolley AT. Advances in microfluidic materials, functions, integration, and applications. Chem Rev 2013; 113:2550-83. [PMID: 23410114 PMCID: PMC3624029 DOI: 10.1021/cr300337x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 518] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pamela N. Nge
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602
| | - Chad I. Rogers
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602
| | - Adam T. Woolley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602
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27
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28
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Malá Z, Gebauer P, Boček P. Recent progress in analytical capillary isotachophoresis. Electrophoresis 2012; 34:19-28. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Revised: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zdena Malá
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Brno; Czech Republic
| | - Petr Gebauer
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Brno; Czech Republic
| | - Petr Boček
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Brno; Czech Republic
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29
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30
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Sierra-Rodero M, Fernández-Romero JM, Gómez-Hens A. Determination of aminoglycoside antibiotics using an on-chip microfluidic device with chemiluminescence detection. Mikrochim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-012-0878-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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31
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Keebaugh MW, Mahanti P, Hayes MA. Quantitative assessment of flow and electric fields for electrophoretic focusing at a converging channel entrance with interfacial electrode. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:1924-30. [PMID: 22806456 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The electric field and flow field gradients near an electrified converging channel are amenable to separating and focusing specific classes of electrokinetic material, but the detailed local electric field and flow dynamics in this region have not been thoroughly investigated. Finite elemental analysis was used to develop a model of a buffer reservoir connected to a smaller channel to simulate the electrophoretic and flow velocities (which correspond directly to the respective electric and flow fields) at a converging entrance. A detailed PTV (Particle Tracking Velocimetry) study using charged fluorescent microspheres was performed to assess the model validity both in the absence and presence of an applied electric field. The predicted flow velocity gradient from the model agreed with the PTV data when no electric field was present. Once the additional forces that act on the large particles required for tracing (dielectrophoresis) were included, the model accurately described the velocity of the charged particles in electric fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Keebaugh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1604, USA
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32
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Kenyon SM, Weiss NG, Hayes MA. Using electrophoretic exclusion to manipulate small molecules and particles on a microdevice. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:1227-35. [PMID: 22589099 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Electrophoretic exclusion, a novel separations technique that differentiates species in bulk solution using the opposing forces of electrophoretic velocity and hydrodynamic flow, has been adapted to a microscale device. Proof-of-principle experiments indicate that the device was able to exclude small particles (1 μm polystyrene microspheres) and fluorescent dye molecules (rhodamine 123) from the entrance of a channel. Additionally, differentiation of the rhodamine 123 and polystyrene spheres was demonstrated. The current studies focus on the direct observation of the electrophoretic exclusion behavior on a microchip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy M Kenyon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
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33
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Abstract
Cells are extraordinarily complex, containing thousands of different analytes with concentrations spanning at least nine orders of magnitude. Analyzing single cells instead of tissue homogenates provides unique insights into cell-to-cell heterogeneity and aids in distinguishing normal cells from pathological ones. The high sensitivity and low sample consumption of capillary and on-chip electrophoresis, when integrated with fluorescence, electrochemical, and mass spectrometric detection methods, offer an ideal toolset for examining single cells and even subcellular organelles; however, the isolation and loading of such small samples into these devices is challenging. Recent advances have addressed this issue by interfacing a variety of enhanced mechanical, microfluidic, and optical sampling techniques to capillary and on-chip electrophoresis instruments for single-cell analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Cecala
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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34
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35
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Sueyoshi K. Recent Progress of On-line Combination of Preconcentration Device with Microchip Electrophoresis. CHROMATOGRAPHY 2012. [DOI: 10.15583/jpchrom.2012.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Sueyoshi
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University
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36
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Kutter JP. Liquid phase chromatography on microchips. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1221:72-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Revised: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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37
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Kang CM, Joo S, Bae JH, Kim YR, Kim Y, Chung TD. In-Channel Electrochemical Detection in the Middle of Microchannel under High Electric Field. Anal Chem 2011; 84:901-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ac2016322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chung Mu Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea
| | - Segyeong Joo
- Department of Medical Engineering,
Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Korea
| | - Je Hyun Bae
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea
| | - Yang-Rae Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea
| | - Yongseong Kim
- Department
of Science Education, Kyungnam University, Masan 631-701, Korea
| | - Taek Dong Chung
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea
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38
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Gubala V, Harris LF, Ricco AJ, Tan MX, Williams DE. Point of Care Diagnostics: Status and Future. Anal Chem 2011; 84:487-515. [DOI: 10.1021/ac2030199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 832] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Gubala
- Biomedical Diagnostics Institute, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Leanne F. Harris
- Biomedical Diagnostics Institute, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Antonio J. Ricco
- Biomedical Diagnostics Institute, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Ming X. Tan
- Biomedical Diagnostics Institute, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - David E. Williams
- Biomedical Diagnostics Institute, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
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39
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Kašička V. Recent developments in CE and CEC of peptides (2009-2011). Electrophoresis 2011; 33:48-73. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2011] [Revised: 09/19/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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40
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Cho SW, Kang DK, Choo JB, Demllo AJ, Chang SI. Recent advances in microfluidic technologies for biochemistry and molecular biology. BMB Rep 2011; 44:705-12. [DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2011.44.11.705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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41
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Quist J, Janssen KGH, Vulto P, Hankemeier T, van der Linden HJ. Single-Electrolyte Isotachophoresis Using a Nanochannel-Induced Depletion Zone. Anal Chem 2011; 83:7910-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ac2018348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jos Quist
- Division of Analytical Biosciences, LACDR, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Kjeld G. H. Janssen
- Division of Analytical Biosciences, LACDR, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Vulto
- Division of Analytical Biosciences, LACDR, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Hankemeier
- Division of Analytical Biosciences, LACDR, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Heiko J. van der Linden
- Division of Analytical Biosciences, LACDR, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
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42
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Dawod M, Chung DS. High-sensitivity capillary and microchip electrophoresis using electrokinetic supercharging. J Sep Sci 2011; 34:2790-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201100384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Revised: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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