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Yew M, Ren Y, Koh KS, Sun C, Snape C. A Review of State-of-the-Art Microfluidic Technologies for Environmental Applications: Detection and Remediation. GLOBAL CHALLENGES (HOBOKEN, NJ) 2019; 3:1800060. [PMID: 31565355 PMCID: PMC6383963 DOI: 10.1002/gch2.201800060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic systems have advanced beyond natural and life science applications and lab-on-a-chip uses. A growing trend of employing microfluidic technologies for environmental detection has emerged thanks to the precision, time-effectiveness, and cost-effectiveness of advanced microfluidic systems. This paper reviews state-of-the-art microfluidic technologies for environmental applications, such as on-site environmental monitoring and detection. Microdevices are extensively used in collecting environmental samples as a means to facilitate detection and quantification of targeted components with minimal quantities of samples. Likewise, microfluidic-inspired approaches for separation and treatment of contaminated water and air, such as the removal of heavy metals and waterborne pathogens from wastewater and carbon capture are also investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxine Yew
- Department of MechanicalMaterials and Manufacturing EngineeringUniversity of Nottingham Ningbo China199 Taikang East Road315100NingboChina
| | - Yong Ren
- Department of MechanicalMaterials and Manufacturing EngineeringUniversity of Nottingham Ningbo China199 Taikang East Road315100NingboChina
| | - Kai Seng Koh
- School of Engineering and Physical SciencesHeriot‐Watt University MalaysiaNo. 1 Jalan Venna P5/2, Precinct 562200PutrajayaMalaysia
| | - Chenggong Sun
- Faculty of EngineeringUniversity of NottinghamThe Energy Technologies Building, Jubilee CampusNottinghamNG7 2TUUK
| | - Colin Snape
- Faculty of EngineeringUniversity of NottinghamThe Energy Technologies Building, Jubilee CampusNottinghamNG7 2TUUK
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2
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Li F, Macdonald NP, Guijt RM, Breadmore MC. Increasing the functionalities of 3D printed microchemical devices by single material, multimaterial, and print-pause-print 3D printing. LAB ON A CHIP 2018; 19:35-49. [PMID: 30475367 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc00826d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
3D printing has emerged as a valuable approach for the fabrication of fluidic devices and may replace soft-lithography as the method of choice for rapid prototyping. The potential of this disruptive technology is much greater than this - it allows for functional integration in a single, highly automated manufacturing step in a cost and time effective manner. Integration of functionality with a 3D printer can be done through spatial configuration of a single material, inserting pre-made components mid-print in a print-pause-print approach, and/or through the precise spatial deposition of different materials with a multimaterial printer. This review provides an overview on the ways in which 3D printing has been exploited to create and use fluidic devices with different functionality, which provides a basis for critical reflection on the current deficiencies and future opportunities for integration by 3D printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Li
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia.
| | - Niall P Macdonald
- Analytical-Chemistry Group, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rosanne M Guijt
- Deakin University, Centre for Rural and Regional Futures, Private Bag 20000, 3220 Geelong, Australia
| | - Michael C Breadmore
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia.
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3
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HUANG Z, YANG M, YOU H, XIE Y. Simultaneous Determination of Inorganic Cations and Anions in Microchip Electrophoresis Using High-voltage Relays. ANAL SCI 2018; 34:801-805. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.18p022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhe HUANG
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Department of Instruments Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China
| | - Mingpeng YANG
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Department of Instruments Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China
| | - Hui YOU
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Department of Instruments Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China
| | - Yang XIE
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Department of Instruments Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China
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4
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Huang Z, Yang M, You H, Xie Y. Concurrent determination and separation of inorganic cations and anions in microchip electrophoresis with precisely controlled high-voltage. Electrophoresis 2018; 39:1802-1807. [PMID: 29676805 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
An improved method for the concurrent determination and separation of cations and anions by microchip electrophoresis with capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection (ME-C4 D) is described. Two kinds of microchip structures were designed. The first microchip has a long bent separation channel. And for the defects of the first microchip, the second microchip with a Y-type separation channel has been proposed. The background electrolyte (BGE) composed of 20 mm His/MES and 0.01 mm CTAB was optimized for inhibiting the electroosmotic flow (EOF). Due to the low electroosmotic flow, the cations and anions migrate in opposite directions and can be separated from each other. With the precisely controlled high-voltage, cations and anions can be migrated in microchannels according to our requirements and sequentially detected by a C4 D detector built in-house. Samples containing K+ , Na+ , Li+ , Cl- , F- and PO43- were analyzed simultaneously in a single run (within 140 s) by both methods. The reproducibility obtained by both methods remained below 5% for migration time and within 3.5-9.1% for peak areas. The proposed concurrent determination methods are inexpensive, simple, fast, ease of operation, high degree of integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Huang
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, P. R. China
- Department of Instruments Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Mingpeng Yang
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, P. R. China
- Department of Instruments Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Hui You
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, P. R. China
- Department of Instruments Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Yang Xie
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, P. R. China
- Department of Instruments Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, P. R. China
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5
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Lin S, Zhou X, Ge L, Ng SH, Zhou X, Chang VWC. Development of an accelerated leaching method for incineration bottom ash correlated to toxicity characteristic leaching protocol. Electrophoresis 2016; 37:2458-2461. [PMID: 27122248 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Heavy metals and some metalloids are the most significant inorganic contaminants specified in toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) in determining the safety of landfills or further utilization. As a consequence, a great deal of efforts had been made on the development of miniaturized analytical devices, such as Microchip Electrophoresis (ME) and μTAS for on-site testing of heavy metals and metalloids to prevent spreading of those pollutants or decrease the reutilization period of waste materials such as incineration bottom ash. However, the bottleneck lied in the long and tedious conventional TCLP that requires 18 h of leaching. Without accelerating the TCLP process, the on-site testing of the waste material leachates was impossible. In this study, therefore, a new accelerated leaching method (ALM) combining ultrasonic assisted leaching with tumbling was developed to reduce the total leaching time from 18 h to 30 min. After leaching, the concentrations of heavy metals and metalloids were determined with ICP-MS or ICP-optical emission spectroscopy. No statistical significance between ALM and TCLP was observed for most heavy metals (i.e., cobalt, manganese, mercury, molybdenum, nickel, silver, strontium, and tin) and metalloids (i.e., arsenic and selenium). For the heavy metals with statistical significance, correlation factors derived between ALM and TCLP were 0.56, 0.20, 0.037, and 0.019 for barium, cadmium, chromium, and lead, respectively. Combined with appropriate analytical techniques (e.g., ME), the ALM can be applied to rapidly prepare the incineration bottom ash samples as well as other environmental samples for on-site determination of heavy metals and metalloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengxuan Lin
- Residues and Resource Reclamation Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- Residues and Resource Reclamation Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Liya Ge
- Residues and Resource Reclamation Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Sum Huan Ng
- Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xiaodong Zhou
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science Technology and Research), Innovis, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Victor Wei-Chung Chang
- Residues and Resource Reclamation Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.,Division of Environmental and Water Resources Engineering, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
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6
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Zheng H, Li M, Dai J, Wang Z, Li X, Yuan H, Xiao D. Double Input Capacitively Coupled Contactless Conductivity Detector with Phase Shift. Anal Chem 2014; 86:10065-70. [DOI: 10.1021/ac501199e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zheng
- College
of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, People’s Republic of China
| | - Meng Li
- College
of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianyuan Dai
- College
of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhen Wang
- College
of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiuting Li
- College
of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongyan Yuan
- College
of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dan Xiao
- College
of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, People’s Republic of China
- College
of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People’s Republic of China
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7
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Wang H, Li YJ, Wei JF, Xu JR, Wang YH, Zheng GX. Paper-based three-dimensional microfluidic device for monitoring of heavy metals with a camera cell phone. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:2799-807. [PMID: 24618990 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-7715-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 02/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A 3D paper-based microfluidic device has been developed for colorimetric determination of selected heavy metals in water samples by stacking layers of wax patterned paper and double-sided adhesive tape. It has the capability of wicking fluids and distributing microliter volumes of samples from single inlet into affrays of detection zones without external pumps, thus a range of metal assays can be simply and inexpensively performed. We demonstrate a prototype of four sample inlets for up to four heavy metal assays each, with detection limits as follows: Cu (II) = 0.29 ppm, Ni(II) = 0.33 ppm, Cd (II) = 0.19 ppm, and Cr (VI) = 0.35 ppm, which provided quantitative data that were in agreement with values gained from atomic absorption. It has the ability to identify these four metals in mixtures and is immune to interferences from either nontoxic metal ions such as Na(I) and K(I) or components found in reservoir or beach water. With the incorporation of a portable detector, a camera mobile phone, this 3D paper-based microfluidic device should be useful as a simple, rapid, and on-site screening approach of heavy metals in aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Wang
- Environmental and Chemical Engineering College, Dalian University, No.10 Xufu Road, Economic Development Zone, Dalian, China
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8
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Kubáň P, Timerbaev AR. Inorganic analysis using CE: Advanced methodologies to face old challenges. Electrophoresis 2013; 35:225-33. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Petr Kubáň
- Department of Bioanalytical Instrumentation; CEITEC - Masaryk University; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Andrei R. Timerbaev
- Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; Moscow Russia
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9
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Thredgold LD, Khodakov DA, Ellis AV, Lenehan CE. On-chip capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection using “injected” metal electrodes. Analyst 2013; 138:4275-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c3an00870c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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10
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Kubáň P, Hauser PC. Contactless conductivity detection for analytical techniques: Developments from 2010 to 2012. Electrophoresis 2012; 34:55-69. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Revised: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Kubáň
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Brno; Czech Republic
| | - Peter C. Hauser
- Department of Chemistry; University of Basel; Basel; Switzerland
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11
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Fang X, Zhang H, Zhang F, Jing F, Mao H, Jin Q, Zhao J. Real-time monitoring of strand-displacement DNA amplification by a contactless electrochemical microsystem using interdigitated electrodes. LAB ON A CHIP 2012; 12:3190-3196. [PMID: 22773155 DOI: 10.1039/c2lc40384f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports the design and implementation of a contactless conductivity detection system which combines a thermal control cell, a data processing system and an electrochemical (EC) cell for label-free isothermal nucleic acid amplification and real-time monitoring. The EC cell consists of a microchamber and interdigitated electrodes as the contactless conductivity biosensor with a cover slip as insulation. In our work, contactless EC measurements, the effects of trehalose on amplification, and chip surface treatment are investigated. With the superior performance of the biosensor, the device can detect the amount of pure DNA at concentrations less than 0.1 pg μl(-1). The EC cell, integrated with a heater and a temperature sensor, has successfully implemented nicking-based strand-displacement amplification at an initial concentration of 2.5 μM and the yields are monitored directly (dismissing the use of probes or labels) on-line. This contactless detector carries important advantages: high anti-interference capability, long detector life, high reusability and low cost. In addition, the small size, low power consumption and portability of the detection cell give the system the potential to be highly integrated for use in field service and point of care applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information TechnologyChinese Academy of Science, China
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12
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Liu B, Zhang Y, Mayer D, Krause HJ, Jin Q, Zhao J, Offenhäusser A, Xu Y. Determination of heavy metal ions by microchip capillary electrophoresis coupled with contactless conductivity detection. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:1247-50. [PMID: 22589101 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
An integrated detection circuitry based on a lock-in amplifier was designed for contactless conductivity determination of heavy metals. Combined with a simple-structure electrophoresis microchip, the detection system is successfully utilized for the separation and determination of various heavy metals. The influences of the running buffer and detection conditions on the response of the detector have been investigated. Six millimole 2-morpholinoethanesulfonic acid + histidine were selected as buffer for its stable baseline and high sensitivity. The best signals were recorded with a frequency of 38 kHz and 20 V(pp). The results showed that Mn(2+), Cd(2+), Co(2+), and Cu(2+) can be successfully separated and detected within 100 s by our system. The detection limits for five heavy metals (Mn(2+), Pb(2+), Cd(2+), Co(2+), and Cu(2+)) were determined to range from about 0.7 to 5.4 μM. This microchip system performs a crucial step toward the realization of a simple, inexpensive, and portable analytical device for metal analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benyan Liu
- Peter Grünberg Institute, Bioelectronics (PGI-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
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Mark JJP, Scholz R, Matysik FM. Electrochemical methods in conjunction with capillary and microchip electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1267:45-64. [PMID: 22824222 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Revised: 07/01/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Electromigrative techniques such as capillary and microchip electrophoresis (CE and MCE) are inherently associated with various electrochemical phenomena. The electrolytic processes occurring in the buffer reservoirs have to be considered for a proper design of miniaturized electrophoretic systems and a suitable selection of buffer composition. In addition, the control of the electroosmotic flow plays a crucial role for the optimization of CE/MCE separations. Electroanalytical methods have significant importance in the field of detection in conjunction with CE/MCE. At present, amperometric detection and contactless conductivity detection are the predominating electrochemical detection methods for CE/MCE. This paper reviews the most recent trends in the field of electrochemical detection coupled to CE/MCE. The emphasis is on methodical developments and new applications that have been published over the past five years. A rather new way for the implementation of electrochemical methods into CE systems is the concept of electrochemically assisted injection which involves the electrochemical conversions of analytes during the injection step. This approach is particularly attractive in hyphenation to mass spectrometry (MS) as it widens the range of CE-MS applications. An overview of recent developments of electrochemically assisted injection coupled to CE is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas J P Mark
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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Lima RS, Piazzetta MHO, Gobbi AL, Rodrigues-Filho UP, Nascente PAP, Coltro WKT, Carrilho E. Contactless conductivity biosensor in microchip containing folic acid as bioreceptor. LAB ON A CHIP 2012; 12:1963-1966. [PMID: 22549415 DOI: 10.1039/c2lc40157f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We report a glass/PDMS-based microfluidic biosensor that integrates contactless conductivity transduction and folic acid, a target for tumor biomarker, as a bioreceptor. The device presents relevant advantages such as direct determination--dismiss the use of redox mediators as in faradaic electrochemical techniques--and the absence of the known drawbacks related to the electrode-solution interface. Characterizations of the functionalization processes and chemical sensor are described in this communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato S Lima
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
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Elbashir AA, Aboul-Enein HY. Recent advances in applications of capillary electrophoresis with capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection (CE-C⁴D): an update. Biomed Chromatogr 2012; 26:990-1000. [PMID: 22430262 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.2729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis with a capacitively contactless conductivity detector (CE-C⁴D) is becoming a significant useful technique for the analysis of analytes in various fields such as pharmaceutical, biomedical, food and environmental. This review is an update describing the recent developments in the application of CE with a C⁴D detector.
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Ju WJ, Fu LM, Yang RJ, Lee CL. Distillation and detection of SO2 using a microfluidic chip. LAB ON A CHIP 2012; 12:622-6. [PMID: 22159042 DOI: 10.1039/c1lc20954j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
A miniaturized distillation system is presented for separating sulfurous acid (H(2)SO(3)) into sulfur dioxide (SO(2)) and water (H(2)O). The major components of the proposed system include a microfluidic distillation chip, a power control module, and a carrier gas pressure control module. The microfluidic chip is patterned using a commercial CO(2) laser and comprises a serpentine channel, a heating zone, a buffer zone, a cooling zone, and a collection tank. In the proposed device, the H(2)SO(3) solution is injected into the microfluidic chip and is separated into SO(2) and H(2)O via an appropriate control of the distillation time and temperature. The gaseous SO(2) is then transported into the collection chamber by the carrier gas and is mixed with DI water. Finally, the SO(2) concentration is deduced from the absorbance measurements obtained using a spectrophotometer. The experimental results show that a correlation coefficient of R(2) = 0.9981 and a distillation efficiency as high as 94.6% are obtained for H(2)SO(3) solutions with SO(2) concentrations in the range of 100-500 ppm. The SO(2) concentrations of two commercial red wines are successfully detected using the developed device. Overall, the results presented in this study show that the proposed system provides a compact and reliable tool for SO(2) concentration measurement purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Jhong Ju
- Department of Engineering Science, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
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17
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Jokerst JC, Emory JM, Henry CS. Advances in microfluidics for environmental analysis. Analyst 2012; 137:24-34. [DOI: 10.1039/c1an15368d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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