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Abuawad A, Ashhab Y, Offenhäusser A, Krause HJ. DNA Sensor for the Detection of Brucella spp. Based on Magnetic Nanoparticle Markers. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17272. [PMID: 38139102 PMCID: PMC10744106 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the limitations of conventional Brucella detection methods, including safety concerns, long incubation times, and limited specificity, the development of a rapid, selective, and accurate technique for the early detection of Brucella in livestock animals is crucial to prevent the spread of the associated disease. In the present study, we introduce a magnetic nanoparticle marker-based biosensor using frequency mixing magnetic detection for point-of-care testing and quantification of Brucella DNA. Superparamagnetic nanoparticles were used as magnetically measured markers to selectively detect the target DNA hybridized with its complementary capture probes immobilized on a porous polyethylene filter. Experimental conditions like density and length of the probes, hybridization time and temperature, and magnetic binding specificity, sensitivity, and detection limit were investigated and optimized. Our sensor demonstrated a relatively fast detection time of approximately 10 min, with a detection limit of 55 copies (0.09 fM) when tested using DNA amplified from Brucella genetic material. In addition, the detection specificity was examined using gDNA from Brucella and other zoonotic bacteria that may coexist in the same niche, confirming the method's selectivity for Brucella DNA. Our proposed biosensor has the potential to be used for the early detection of Brucella bacteria in the field and can contribute to disease control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdalhalim Abuawad
- Institute of Biological Information Processing: Bioelectronics (IBI-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52428 Jülich, Germany; (A.A.)
- Faculty of Mathematics, Computer Science and Natural Sciences, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen University, 52062 Aachen, Germany
| | - Yaqoub Ashhab
- Palestine–Korea Biotechnology Center, Palestine Polytechnic University, Hebron P720, Palestine
| | - Andreas Offenhäusser
- Institute of Biological Information Processing: Bioelectronics (IBI-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52428 Jülich, Germany; (A.A.)
- Faculty of Mathematics, Computer Science and Natural Sciences, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen University, 52062 Aachen, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Krause
- Institute of Biological Information Processing: Bioelectronics (IBI-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52428 Jülich, Germany; (A.A.)
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2
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Pourshahidi AM, Achtsnicht S, Offenhäusser A, Krause HJ. Frequency Mixing Magnetic Detection Setup Employing Permanent Ring Magnets as a Static Offset Field Source. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:8776. [PMID: 36433383 PMCID: PMC9694433 DOI: 10.3390/s22228776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Frequency mixing magnetic detection (FMMD) has been explored for its applications in fields of magnetic biosensing, multiplex detection of magnetic nanoparticles (MNP) and the determination of core size distribution of MNP samples. Such applications rely on the application of a static offset magnetic field, which is generated traditionally with an electromagnet. Such a setup requires a current source, as well as passive or active cooling strategies, which directly sets a limitation based on the portability aspect that is desired for point of care (POC) monitoring applications. In this work, a measurement head is introduced that involves the utilization of two ring-shaped permanent magnets to generate a static offset magnetic field. A steel cylinder in the ring bores homogenizes the field. By variation of the distance between the ring magnets and of the thickness of the steel cylinder, the magnitude of the magnetic field at the sample position can be adjusted. Furthermore, the measurement setup is compared to the electromagnet offset module based on measured signals and temperature behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Mohammad Pourshahidi
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, Bioelectronics (IBI-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Faculty of Mathematics, Computer Science and Natural Sciences, RWTH Aachen University, 52062 Aachen, Germany
| | - Stefan Achtsnicht
- Institute of Nano-and Biotechnologies (INB), FH Aachen University of Applied Sciences, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Andreas Offenhäusser
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, Bioelectronics (IBI-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Faculty of Mathematics, Computer Science and Natural Sciences, RWTH Aachen University, 52062 Aachen, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Krause
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, Bioelectronics (IBI-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Nano-and Biotechnologies (INB), FH Aachen University of Applied Sciences, 52428 Jülich, Germany
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3
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Pourshahidi AM, Achtsnicht S, Nambipareechee MM, Offenhäusser A, Krause HJ. Multiplex Detection of Magnetic Beads Using Offset Field Dependent Frequency Mixing Magnetic Detection. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:s21175859. [PMID: 34502749 PMCID: PMC8433651 DOI: 10.3390/s21175859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic immunoassays employing Frequency Mixing Magnetic Detection (FMMD) have recently become increasingly popular for quantitative detection of various analytes. Simultaneous analysis of a sample for two or more targets is desirable in order to reduce the sample amount, save consumables, and save time. We show that different types of magnetic beads can be distinguished according to their frequency mixing response to a two-frequency magnetic excitation at different static magnetic offset fields. We recorded the offset field dependent FMMD response of two different particle types at frequencies f1 + n⋅f2, n = 1, 2, 3, 4 with f1 = 30.8 kHz and f2 = 63 Hz. Their signals were clearly distinguishable by the locations of the extremes and zeros of their responses. Binary mixtures of the two particle types were prepared with different mixing ratios. The mixture samples were analyzed by determining the best linear combination of the two pure constituents that best resembled the measured signals of the mixtures. Using a quadratic programming algorithm, the mixing ratios could be determined with an accuracy of greater than 14%. If each particle type is functionalized with a different antibody, multiplex detection of two different analytes becomes feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Mohammad Pourshahidi
- Institute of Biological Information Processing-Biolelectronics (IBI-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany; (A.M.P.); (S.A.); (M.M.N.); (A.O.)
- Faculty of Mathematics, Computer Science and Natural Sciences, RWTH Aachen University, 52062 Aachen, Germany
| | - Stefan Achtsnicht
- Institute of Biological Information Processing-Biolelectronics (IBI-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany; (A.M.P.); (S.A.); (M.M.N.); (A.O.)
- Institute of Nano- and Biotechnologies (INB), FH Aachen University of Applied Sciences, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Mrinal Murali Nambipareechee
- Institute of Biological Information Processing-Biolelectronics (IBI-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany; (A.M.P.); (S.A.); (M.M.N.); (A.O.)
| | - Andreas Offenhäusser
- Institute of Biological Information Processing-Biolelectronics (IBI-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany; (A.M.P.); (S.A.); (M.M.N.); (A.O.)
- Faculty of Mathematics, Computer Science and Natural Sciences, RWTH Aachen University, 52062 Aachen, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Krause
- Institute of Biological Information Processing-Biolelectronics (IBI-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany; (A.M.P.); (S.A.); (M.M.N.); (A.O.)
- Institute of Nano- and Biotechnologies (INB), FH Aachen University of Applied Sciences, 52428 Jülich, Germany
- Correspondence: h.-; Tel.: +49-2461-61-2955
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Li Y, Ma P, Tao Q, Krause HJ, Yang S, Ding G, Dong H, Xie X. Magnetic graphene quantum dots facilitate closed-tube one-step detection of SARS-CoV-2 with ultra-low field NMR relaxometry. Sens Actuators B Chem 2021; 337:129786. [PMID: 33753963 PMCID: PMC7959688 DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2021.129786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The rapid and sensitive diagnosis of the highly contagious severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is one of the crucial issues at the outbreak of the ongoing global pandemic that has no valid cure. Here, we propose a SARS-CoV-2 antibody conjugated magnetic graphene quantum dots (GQDs)-based magnetic relaxation switch (MRSw) that specifically recognizes the SARS-CoV-2. The probe of MRSw can be directly mixed with the test sample in a fully sealed vial without sample pretreatment, which largely reduces the testers' risk of infection during the operation. The closed-tube one-step strategy to detect SARS-CoV-2 is developed with home-made ultra-low field nuclear magnetic resonance (ULF NMR) relaxometry working at 118 μT. The magnetic GQDs-based probe shows ultra-high sensitivity in the detection of SARS-CoV-2 due to its high magnetic relaxivity, and the limit of detection is optimized to 248 Particles mL‒1. Meanwhile, the detection time in ULF NMR system is only 2 min, which can significantly improve the efficiency of detection. In short, the magnetic GQDs-based MRSw coupled with ULF NMR can realize a rapid, safe, and sensitive detection of SARS-CoV-2.
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Key Words
- AFM, atomic force microscopy
- Ab, specific antibody against SARS-CoV-2 antigen S protein
- BSA, bull serum albumin
- COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019
- ELISA, enzyme-linked immune-sorbent assay
- Fe3O4, ferrosoferric oxide
- GPG, Gd3+ loaded PEG modified GQDs
- GQDs, graphene quantum dots
- Graphene quantum dots
- HR-TEM, high resolution TEM
- LOD, limit of detection
- MNPs, magnetic nanoparticles
- MRSw, magnetic relaxation switch
- Magnetic relaxation switch
- NMR, nuclear magnetic resonance
- OSR, outer sphere relaxation theory
- PBS, phosphate buffer saline
- PEG, polyethylene glycol
- PEG6, hexaethylene glycol
- RT-PCR, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction
- S protein, spike protein
- SARS-CoV-2
- SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
- SD, standard deviation
- SQUID, superconducting quantum interface device
- Spike
- T1, longitudinal relaxation time
- TEM, transmission electron microscopy
- ULF NMR, ultra-low field NMR
- Ultra-low field nuclear magnetic resonance
- XPS, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials of Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology (SIMIT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, PR China
- CAS Center for ExcelleNce in Superconducting Electronics (CENSE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, PR China
- Joint Research Institute on Functional Materials and Electronics, Collaboration between SIMIT and FZJ, Germany
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Peixiang Ma
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunological Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, PR China
| | - Quan Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials of Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology (SIMIT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, PR China
- CAS Center for ExcelleNce in Superconducting Electronics (CENSE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, PR China
- Joint Research Institute on Functional Materials and Electronics, Collaboration between SIMIT and FZJ, Germany
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Hans-Joachim Krause
- Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich (FZJ), D-52425, Jülich, Germany
- Joint Research Institute on Functional Materials and Electronics, Collaboration between SIMIT and FZJ, Germany
| | - Siwei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials of Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology (SIMIT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, PR China
- Joint Research Institute on Functional Materials and Electronics, Collaboration between SIMIT and FZJ, Germany
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Guqiao Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials of Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology (SIMIT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, PR China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Hui Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials of Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology (SIMIT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, PR China
- CAS Center for ExcelleNce in Superconducting Electronics (CENSE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, PR China
- Joint Research Institute on Functional Materials and Electronics, Collaboration between SIMIT and FZJ, Germany
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Xiaoming Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials of Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology (SIMIT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, PR China
- CAS Center for ExcelleNce in Superconducting Electronics (CENSE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, PR China
- Joint Research Institute on Functional Materials and Electronics, Collaboration between SIMIT and FZJ, Germany
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, 100049, PR China
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5
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Li Y, Ma P, Tao Q, Krause HJ, Yang S, Ding G, Dong H, Xie X. Magnetic graphene quantum dots facilitate closed-tube one-step detection of SARS-CoV-2 with ultra-low field NMR relaxometry. Sens Actuators B Chem 2021; 337:129786. [PMID: 33753963 DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2021.129783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The rapid and sensitive diagnosis of the highly contagious severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is one of the crucial issues at the outbreak of the ongoing global pandemic that has no valid cure. Here, we propose a SARS-CoV-2 antibody conjugated magnetic graphene quantum dots (GQDs)-based magnetic relaxation switch (MRSw) that specifically recognizes the SARS-CoV-2. The probe of MRSw can be directly mixed with the test sample in a fully sealed vial without sample pretreatment, which largely reduces the testers' risk of infection during the operation. The closed-tube one-step strategy to detect SARS-CoV-2 is developed with home-made ultra-low field nuclear magnetic resonance (ULF NMR) relaxometry working at 118 μT. The magnetic GQDs-based probe shows ultra-high sensitivity in the detection of SARS-CoV-2 due to its high magnetic relaxivity, and the limit of detection is optimized to 248 Particles mL‒1. Meanwhile, the detection time in ULF NMR system is only 2 min, which can significantly improve the efficiency of detection. In short, the magnetic GQDs-based MRSw coupled with ULF NMR can realize a rapid, safe, and sensitive detection of SARS-CoV-2.
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Key Words
- AFM, atomic force microscopy
- Ab, specific antibody against SARS-CoV-2 antigen S protein
- BSA, bull serum albumin
- COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019
- ELISA, enzyme-linked immune-sorbent assay
- Fe3O4, ferrosoferric oxide
- GPG, Gd3+ loaded PEG modified GQDs
- GQDs, graphene quantum dots
- Graphene quantum dots
- HR-TEM, high resolution TEM
- LOD, limit of detection
- MNPs, magnetic nanoparticles
- MRSw, magnetic relaxation switch
- Magnetic relaxation switch
- NMR, nuclear magnetic resonance
- OSR, outer sphere relaxation theory
- PBS, phosphate buffer saline
- PEG, polyethylene glycol
- PEG6, hexaethylene glycol
- RT-PCR, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction
- S protein, spike protein
- SARS-CoV-2
- SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
- SD, standard deviation
- SQUID, superconducting quantum interface device
- Spike
- T1, longitudinal relaxation time
- TEM, transmission electron microscopy
- ULF NMR, ultra-low field NMR
- Ultra-low field nuclear magnetic resonance
- XPS, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials of Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology (SIMIT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, PR China
- CAS Center for ExcelleNce in Superconducting Electronics (CENSE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, PR China
- Joint Research Institute on Functional Materials and Electronics, Collaboration between SIMIT and FZJ, Germany
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Peixiang Ma
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunological Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, PR China
| | - Quan Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials of Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology (SIMIT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, PR China
- CAS Center for ExcelleNce in Superconducting Electronics (CENSE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, PR China
- Joint Research Institute on Functional Materials and Electronics, Collaboration between SIMIT and FZJ, Germany
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Hans-Joachim Krause
- Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich (FZJ), D-52425, Jülich, Germany
- Joint Research Institute on Functional Materials and Electronics, Collaboration between SIMIT and FZJ, Germany
| | - Siwei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials of Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology (SIMIT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, PR China
- Joint Research Institute on Functional Materials and Electronics, Collaboration between SIMIT and FZJ, Germany
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Guqiao Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials of Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology (SIMIT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, PR China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Hui Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials of Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology (SIMIT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, PR China
- CAS Center for ExcelleNce in Superconducting Electronics (CENSE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, PR China
- Joint Research Institute on Functional Materials and Electronics, Collaboration between SIMIT and FZJ, Germany
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Xiaoming Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials of Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology (SIMIT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, PR China
- CAS Center for ExcelleNce in Superconducting Electronics (CENSE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, PR China
- Joint Research Institute on Functional Materials and Electronics, Collaboration between SIMIT and FZJ, Germany
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, 100049, PR China
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Engelmann UM, Shalaby A, Shasha C, Krishnan KM, Krause HJ. Comparative Modeling of Frequency Mixing Measurements of Magnetic Nanoparticles Using Micromagnetic Simulations and Langevin Theory. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2021; 11:1257. [PMID: 34064640 PMCID: PMC8151130 DOI: 10.3390/nano11051257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Dual frequency magnetic excitation of magnetic nanoparticles (MNP) enables enhanced biosensing applications. This was studied from an experimental and theoretical perspective: nonlinear sum-frequency components of MNP exposed to dual-frequency magnetic excitation were measured as a function of static magnetic offset field. The Langevin model in thermodynamic equilibrium was fitted to the experimental data to derive parameters of the lognormal core size distribution. These parameters were subsequently used as inputs for micromagnetic Monte-Carlo (MC)-simulations. From the hysteresis loops obtained from MC-simulations, sum-frequency components were numerically demodulated and compared with both experiment and Langevin model predictions. From the latter, we derived that approximately 90% of the frequency mixing magnetic response signal is generated by the largest 10% of MNP. We therefore suggest that small particles do not contribute to the frequency mixing signal, which is supported by MC-simulation results. Both theoretical approaches describe the experimental signal shapes well, but with notable differences between experiment and micromagnetic simulations. These deviations could result from Brownian relaxations which are, albeit experimentally inhibited, included in MC-simulation, or (yet unconsidered) cluster-effects of MNP, or inaccurately derived input for MC-simulations, because the largest particles dominate the experimental signal but concurrently do not fulfill the precondition of thermodynamic equilibrium required by Langevin theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich M. Engelmann
- Department of Medical Engineering and Applied Mathematics, FH Aachen University of Applied Sciences, 52428 Jülich, Germany;
| | - Ahmed Shalaby
- Department of Medical Engineering and Applied Mathematics, FH Aachen University of Applied Sciences, 52428 Jülich, Germany;
| | - Carolyn Shasha
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; (C.S.); (K.M.K.)
| | - Kannan M. Krishnan
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; (C.S.); (K.M.K.)
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Hans-Joachim Krause
- Department of Medical Engineering and Applied Mathematics, FH Aachen University of Applied Sciences, 52428 Jülich, Germany;
- Institute of Biological Information Processing—Bioelectronics (IBI-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
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Pietschmann J, Voepel N, Voß L, Rasche S, Schubert M, Kleines M, Krause HJ, Shaw TM, Spiegel H, Schroeper F. Development of Fast and Portable Frequency Magnetic Mixing-Based Serological SARS-CoV-2-Specific Antibody Detection Assay. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:643275. [PMID: 34025604 PMCID: PMC8132704 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.643275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in China in December 2019, causing an ongoing, rapidly spreading global pandemic. Worldwide, vaccination is now expected to provide containment of the novel virus, resulting in an antibody-mediated immunity. To verify this, serological antibody assays qualitatively as well as quantitatively depicting the amount of generated antibodies are of great importance. Currently available test methods are either laboratory based or do not have the ability to indicate an estimation about the immune response. To overcome this, a novel and rapid serological magnetic immunodetection (MID) point-of-care (PoC) assay was developed, with sensitivity and specificity comparable to laboratory-based DiaSorin Liaison SARS-CoV-2 S1/S2 IgG assay. To specifically enrich human antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in immunofiltration columns (IFCs) from patient sera, a SARS-CoV-2 S1 antigen was transiently produced in plants, purified and immobilized on the IFC. Then, an IgG-specific secondary antibody could bind to the retained antibodies, which was finally labeled using superparamagnetic nanoparticles. Based on frequency magnetic mixing technology (FMMD), the magnetic particles enriched in IFC were detected using a portable FMMD device. The obtained measurement signal correlates with the amount of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies in the sera, which could be demonstrated by titer determination. In this study, a MID-based assay could be developed, giving qualitative as well as semiquantitative results of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody levels in patient's sera within 21 min of assay time with a sensitivity of 97% and a specificity of 92%, based on the analysis of 170 sera from hospitalized patients that were tested using an Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-certified chemiluminescence assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Pietschmann
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Aachen, Germany
| | - Nadja Voepel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Aachen, Germany
| | - Leonie Voß
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Aachen, Germany
| | - Stefan Rasche
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Aachen, Germany
| | - Max Schubert
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Aachen, Germany
| | - Michael Kleines
- Laboratory Diagnostic Center, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Krause
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, Bioelectronics (IBI-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | | | - Holger Spiegel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Aachen, Germany
| | - Florian Schroeper
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Aachen, Germany
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Pietschmann J, Dittmann D, Spiegel H, Krause HJ, Schröper F. A Novel Method for Antibiotic Detection in Milk Based on Competitive Magnetic Immunodetection. Foods 2020; 9:foods9121773. [PMID: 33265942 PMCID: PMC7760479 DOI: 10.3390/foods9121773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The misuse of antibiotics as well as incorrect dosage or insufficient time for detoxification can result in the presence of pharmacologically active molecules in fresh milk. Hence, in many countries, commercially available milk has to be tested with immunological, chromatographic or microbiological analytical methods to avoid consumption of antibiotic residues. Here a novel, sensitive and portable assay setup for the detection and quantification of penicillin and kanamycin in whole fat milk (WFM) based on competitive magnetic immunodetection (cMID) is described and assay accuracy determined. For this, penicillin G and kanamycin-conjugates were generated and coated onto a matrix of immunofiltration columns (IFC). Biotinylated penicillin G or kanamycin-specific antibodies were pre-incubated with antibiotics-containing samples and subsequently applied onto IFC to determine the concentration of antibiotics through the competition of antibody-binding to the antibiotic-conjugate molecules. Bound antibodies were labeled with streptavidin-coated magnetic particles and quantified using frequency magnetic mixing technology. Based on calibration measurements in WFM with detection limits of 1.33 ng·mL-1 for penicillin G and 1.0 ng·mL-1 for kanamycin, spiked WFM samples were analyzed, revealing highly accurate recovery rates and assay precision. Our results demonstrate the suitability of cMID-based competition assay for reliable and easy on-site testing of milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Pietschmann
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Forckenbeckstraße 6, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (D.D.); (H.S.); (F.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Dominik Dittmann
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Forckenbeckstraße 6, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (D.D.); (H.S.); (F.S.)
| | - Holger Spiegel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Forckenbeckstraße 6, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (D.D.); (H.S.); (F.S.)
| | - Hans-Joachim Krause
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, Bioelectronics IBI-3, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52428 Jülich, Germany; h.-
| | - Florian Schröper
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Forckenbeckstraße 6, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (D.D.); (H.S.); (F.S.)
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9
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Choi SM, Jeong JC, Kim J, Lim EG, Kim CB, Park SJ, Song DY, Krause HJ, Hong H, Kweon IS. A novel three-dimensional magnetic particle imaging system based on the frequency mixing for the point-of-care diagnostics. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11833. [PMID: 32678265 PMCID: PMC7366937 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68864-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The magnetic particle imaging (MPI) is a technology that can image the concentrations of the superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) which can be used in biomedical diagnostics and therapeutics as non-radioactive tracers. We proposed a point-of-care testing MPI system (PoCT-MPI) that can be used for preclinical use for imaging small rodents (mice) injected with SPIONs not only in laboratories, but also at emergency sites far from laboratories. In particular, we applied a frequency mixing magnetic detection method to the PoCT-MPI, and proposed a hybrid field free line generator to reduce the power consumption, size and weight of the system. The PoCT-MPI is [Formula: see text] in size and weighs less than 100 kg. It can image a three-dimensional distribution of SPIONs injected into a biosample with less than 120 Wh of power consumption. Its detection limit is [Formula: see text], 10 mg/mL, [Formula: see text] (Fe).
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Min Choi
- Artificial Intelligence Research Laboratory, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI), Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
- Division of Future Vehicle, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae-Chan Jeong
- Artificial Intelligence Research Laboratory, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinsun Kim
- Artificial Intelligence Research Laboratory, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eul-Gyoon Lim
- Artificial Intelligence Research Laboratory, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Beom Kim
- Artificial Intelligence Research Laboratory, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Jin Park
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Eulji University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Yong Song
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Eulji University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hans-Joachim Krause
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, Bioelectronics (IBI-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Hyobong Hong
- Artificial Intelligence Research Laboratory, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - In So Kweon
- Division of Future Vehicle, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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10
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Pietschmann J, Spiegel H, Krause HJ, Schillberg S, Schröper F. Sensitive Aflatoxin B1 Detection Using Nanoparticle-Based Competitive Magnetic Immunodetection. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12050337. [PMID: 32443933 PMCID: PMC7290995 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12050337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Food and crop contaminations with mycotoxins are a severe health risk for consumers and cause high economic losses worldwide. Currently, different chromatographic- and immuno-based methods are used to detect mycotoxins within different sample matrices. There is a need for novel, highly sensitive detection technologies that avoid time-consuming procedures and expensive laboratory equipment but still provide sufficient sensitivity to achieve the mandated detection limit for mycotoxin content. Here we describe a novel, highly sensitive, and portable aflatoxin B1 detection approach using competitive magnetic immunodetection (cMID). As a reference method, a competitive ELISA optimized by checkerboard titration was established. For the novel cMID procedure, immunofiltration columns, coated with aflatoxin B1-BSA conjugate were used for competitive enrichment of biotinylated aflatoxin B1-specific antibodies. Subsequently, magnetic particles functionalized with streptavidin can be applied to magnetically label retained antibodies. By means of frequency mixing technology, particles were detected and quantified corresponding to the aflatoxin content in the sample. After the optimization of assay conditions, we successfully demonstrated the new competitive magnetic detection approach with a comparable detection limit of 1.1 ng aflatoxin B1 per mL sample to the cELISA reference method. Our results indicate that the cMID is a promising method reducing the risks of processing contaminated commodities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Pietschmann
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Forckenbeckstraße 6, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (J.P.); (H.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Holger Spiegel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Forckenbeckstraße 6, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (J.P.); (H.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Hans-Joachim Krause
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, Bioelectronics IBI-3, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52428 Jülich, Germany; h.-
| | - Stefan Schillberg
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Forckenbeckstraße 6, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (J.P.); (H.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Florian Schröper
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Forckenbeckstraße 6, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (J.P.); (H.S.); (S.S.)
- Correspondence:
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11
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Kim CB, Park SJ, Jeong JC, Choi SM, Krause HJ, Song DY, Hong H. Construction of 3D-rendering imaging of an ischemic rat brain model using the planar FMMD technique. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19050. [PMID: 31836804 PMCID: PMC6910971 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55585-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Occlusion of the major cerebral artery usually results in brain hypoxic-ischemic injury, which evokes neuroinflammation and microglial activation. Activated microglia are considered a source of multiple neurotoxic factors, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), in the central nervous system (CNS). We herein present a 3D-rendering brain imaging technique in an experimental rodent model of cerebral ischemia based on 2D magnetic images of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) using the planar frequency mixing magnetic detection (p-FMMD) technique. A rat model of cerebral ischemia was established by unilateral middle cerebral artery occlusion with reperfusion (MCAO/R) injury. 2,3,5-Triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining was performed to demonstrate the irreversibly damaged ischemic brain tissues, and double immunofluorescent labeling of OX6 (activated microglial marker) and ethidium (ROS marker) was conducted to confirm ROS generation in the activated microglia in the infarcted brain region. The ischemic brain sections treated with OX6-conjugated SPIONs were scanned using our p-FMMD system, yielding 2D images on the basis of the nonlinear magnetic characteristics inherent in SPIONs. The p-FMMD signal images representing microglia activation show an infarct ratio of 44.6 ± 7.1% compared to the contralateral counterpart, which is smaller than observed by TTC (60.9 ± 4.9%) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI, 65.7 ± 2.7%). Furthermore, we developed a 3D-rendering brain imaging process based on the 2D p-FMMD signal images. The 3D reconstructed model showed a decreased ratio of coincidence of the ischemic regions compared with MRI models. In this study, we successfully conducted a feasibility test on whether our p-FMMD technology, a technique for signaling and imaging based on the nonlinearity of SPIONs, can be used to visualize the ischemic brain region in real time by detecting activated microglia in an MCAO/R animal model. Therefore, our method might allow for a different approach to analyze the pathophysiology of ischemic stroke through molecular imaging. Furthermore, we propose that this magnetic particle imaging (MPI) technique that detects the nonlinear magnetization properties of SPIONs could be applied not only to a stroke model but also to various types of pathophysiological studies as a new bioimaging tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Beom Kim
- SW Contents Research Lab., Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI), 218 Gajeong-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon, 34129, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Jin Park
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Eulji University, 77 Gyeryong-Ro, Jung-Gu, Daejeon, 34824, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Chan Jeong
- SW Contents Research Lab., Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI), 218 Gajeong-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon, 34129, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Min Choi
- SW Contents Research Lab., Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI), 218 Gajeong-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon, 34129, Republic of Korea
| | - Hans-Joachim Krause
- Institute of Complex Systems, Bioelectronics (ICS-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, 52425, Germany
| | - Dae-Yong Song
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Eulji University, 77 Gyeryong-Ro, Jung-Gu, Daejeon, 34824, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyobong Hong
- SW Contents Research Lab., Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI), 218 Gajeong-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon, 34129, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Huang X, Dong H, Tao Q, Yu M, Li Y, Rong L, Krause HJ, Offenhäusser A, Xie X. Sensor Configuration and Algorithms for Power-Line Interference Suppression in Low Field Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. Sensors (Basel) 2019; 19:E3566. [PMID: 31443310 PMCID: PMC6721142 DOI: 10.3390/s19163566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Low field (LF) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) shows potential advantages to study pure heteronuclear J-coupling and observe the fine structure of matter. Power-line harmonics interferences and fixed-frequency noise peaks might introduce discrete noise peaks into the LF-NMR spectrum in an open environment or in a conductively shielded room, which might disturb J-coupling spectra of matter recorded at LF. In this paper, we describe a multi-channel sensor configuration of superconducting quantum interference devices, and measure the multiple peaks of the 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol J-coupling spectrum. For the case of low signal to noise ratio (SNR) < 1, we suggest two noise suppression algorithms using discrete wavelet analysis (DWA), combined with either least squares method (LSM) or gradient descent (GD). The de-noising methods are based on spatial correlation of the interferences among the superconducting sensors, and are experimentally demonstrated. The DWA-LSM algorithm shows a significant effect in the noise reduction and recovers SNR > 1 for most of the signal peaks. The DWA-GD algorithm improves the SNR further, but takes more computational time. Depending on whether the accuracy or the speed of the de-noising process is more important in LF-NMR applications, the choice of algorithm should be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology (SIMIT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200050, China
- CAS Center for ExcelleNce in Superconducting Electronics (CENSE), Shanghai 200050, China
- Institute of Complex System (ICS-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich (FZJ), D-52425 Jülich, Germany
- Joint Research Institute on Functional Materials and Electronics, Collaboration between SIMIT and FZJ, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hui Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology (SIMIT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200050, China.
- CAS Center for ExcelleNce in Superconducting Electronics (CENSE), Shanghai 200050, China.
- Joint Research Institute on Functional Materials and Electronics, Collaboration between SIMIT and FZJ, D-52425 Jülich, Germany.
| | - Quan Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology (SIMIT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200050, China
- CAS Center for ExcelleNce in Superconducting Electronics (CENSE), Shanghai 200050, China
- Joint Research Institute on Functional Materials and Electronics, Collaboration between SIMIT and FZJ, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Mengmeng Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology (SIMIT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200050, China
- CAS Center for ExcelleNce in Superconducting Electronics (CENSE), Shanghai 200050, China
- Joint Research Institute on Functional Materials and Electronics, Collaboration between SIMIT and FZJ, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yongqiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology (SIMIT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200050, China
- CAS Center for ExcelleNce in Superconducting Electronics (CENSE), Shanghai 200050, China
- Joint Research Institute on Functional Materials and Electronics, Collaboration between SIMIT and FZJ, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Liangliang Rong
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology (SIMIT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200050, China
- CAS Center for ExcelleNce in Superconducting Electronics (CENSE), Shanghai 200050, China
- Joint Research Institute on Functional Materials and Electronics, Collaboration between SIMIT and FZJ, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Krause
- Institute of Complex System (ICS-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich (FZJ), D-52425 Jülich, Germany. h.-
- Joint Research Institute on Functional Materials and Electronics, Collaboration between SIMIT and FZJ, D-52425 Jülich, Germany. h.-
| | - Andreas Offenhäusser
- Institute of Complex System (ICS-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich (FZJ), D-52425 Jülich, Germany
- Joint Research Institute on Functional Materials and Electronics, Collaboration between SIMIT and FZJ, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Xiaoming Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology (SIMIT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200050, China
- CAS Center for ExcelleNce in Superconducting Electronics (CENSE), Shanghai 200050, China
- Joint Research Institute on Functional Materials and Electronics, Collaboration between SIMIT and FZJ, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
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13
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Achtsnicht S, Pourshahidi AM, Offenhäusser A, Krause HJ. Multiplex Detection of Different Magnetic Beads Using Frequency Scanning in Magnetic Frequency Mixing Technique. Sensors (Basel) 2019; 19:s19112599. [PMID: 31181672 PMCID: PMC6603599 DOI: 10.3390/s19112599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In modern bioanalytical methods, it is often desired to detect several targets in one sample within one measurement. Immunological methods including those that use superparamagnetic beads are an important group of techniques for these applications. The goal of this work is to investigate the feasibility of simultaneously detecting different superparamagnetic beads acting as markers using the magnetic frequency mixing technique. The frequency of the magnetic excitation field is scanned while the lower driving frequency is kept constant. Due to the particles’ nonlinear magnetization, mixing frequencies are generated. To record their amplitude and phase information, a direct digitization of the pickup-coil’s signal with subsequent Fast Fourier Transformation is performed. By synchronizing both magnetic fields, a stable phase information is gained. In this research, it is shown that the amplitude of the dominant mixing component is proportional to the amount of superparamagnetic beads inside a sample. Additionally, it is shown that the phase does not show this behaviour. Excitation frequency scans of different bead types were performed, showing different phases, without correlation to their diverse amplitudes. Two commercially available beads were selected and a determination of their amount in a mixture is performed as a demonstration for multiplex measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Achtsnicht
- Institute of Complex Systems Bioelectronics (ICS-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany.
- RWTH Aachen University, 52062 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Ali Mohammad Pourshahidi
- Institute of Complex Systems Bioelectronics (ICS-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany.
- RWTH Aachen University, 52062 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Andreas Offenhäusser
- Institute of Complex Systems Bioelectronics (ICS-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany.
- RWTH Aachen University, 52062 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Hans-Joachim Krause
- Institute of Complex Systems Bioelectronics (ICS-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany. h.-
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14
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Allmendinger F, Engin I, Grasdijk O, Heil W, Jungmann K, Karpuk S, Krause HJ, Niederländer B, Offenhäusser A, Repetto M, Schmidt U, Willmann L, Zimmer S. A new limit of the 129Xenon Electric Dipole Moment. EPJ Web Conf 2019. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201921902003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We report on the first preliminary result of our 129Xe EDM measurement performed by the MIXed collaboration. The aim of this report is to demonstrate the feasibility of a new method to set limits on nuclear EDMs by investigating the EDM of the diamagnetic 129Xe atoms. In our setup, hyperpolarized 3He serves as a comagnetometer needed to suppress magnetic field fluctuations. The free induction decay of the two polarized spin species is directly measured by low noise DC SQUIDs, and the weighted phase difference extracted from these measurements is used to determine a preliminary upper limit on the 129Xe EDM.
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15
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Rabehi A, Garlan B, Achtsnicht S, Krause HJ, Offenhäusser A, Ngo K, Neveu S, Graff-Dubois S, Kokabi H. Magnetic Detection Structure for Lab-on-Chip Applications Based on the Frequency Mixing Technique. Sensors (Basel) 2018; 18:E1747. [PMID: 29844260 PMCID: PMC6021809 DOI: 10.3390/s18061747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A magnetic frequency mixing technique with a set of miniaturized planar coils was investigated for use with a completely integrated Lab-on-Chip (LoC) pathogen sensing system. The system allows the detection and quantification of superparamagnetic beads. Additionally, in terms of magnetic nanoparticle characterization ability, the system can be used for immunoassays using the beads as markers. Analytical calculations and simulations for both excitation and pick-up coils are presented; the goal was to investigate the miniaturization of simple and cost-effective planar spiral coils. Following these calculations, a Printed Circuit Board (PCB) prototype was designed, manufactured, and tested for limit of detection, linear response, and validation of theoretical concepts. Using the magnetic frequency mixing technique, a limit of detection of 15 µg/mL of 20 nm core-sized nanoparticles was achieved without any shielding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amine Rabehi
- Laboratoire d'Electronique et d'Electromagnétisme, Sorbonne Université, L2E, 75252 Paris, France.
| | - Benjamin Garlan
- Laboratoire d'Electronique et d'Electromagnétisme, Sorbonne Université, L2E, 75252 Paris, France.
| | - Stefan Achtsnicht
- Institute of Bioelectronics (ICS-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52428 Jülich, Germany.
| | - Hans-Joachim Krause
- Institute of Bioelectronics (ICS-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52428 Jülich, Germany. h.-
| | - Andreas Offenhäusser
- Institute of Bioelectronics (ICS-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52428 Jülich, Germany.
| | - Kieu Ngo
- Laboratoire Interfaces et Systèmes Électrochimiques, LISE, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, F 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Sophie Neveu
- PHENIX, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, F 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Stephanie Graff-Dubois
- Faculte de Medecine, Sorbonne Université, CIMI-PARIS, UMRS CR7-Inserm U1135-CNRS ERL 8255, 75013 Paris, France.
| | - Hamid Kokabi
- Laboratoire d'Electronique et d'Electromagnétisme, Sorbonne Université, L2E, 75252 Paris, France.
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16
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Huang X, Dong H, Qiu Y, Li B, Tao Q, Zhang Y, Krause HJ, Offenhäusser A, Xie X. Adaptive suppression of power line interference in ultra-low field magnetic resonance imaging in an unshielded environment. J Magn Reson 2018; 286:52-59. [PMID: 29183004 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2017.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Power-line harmonic interference and fixed-frequency noise peaks may cause stripe-artifacts in ultra-low field (ULF) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in an unshielded environment and in a conductively shielded room. In this paper we describe an adaptive suppression method to eliminate these artifacts in MRI images. This technique utilizes spatial correlation of the interference from different positions, and is realized by subtracting the outputs of the reference channel(s) from those of the signal channel(s) using wavelet analysis and the least squares method. The adaptive suppression method is first implemented to remove the image artifacts in simulation. We then experimentally demonstrate the feasibility of this technique by adding three orthogonal superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometers as reference channels to compensate the output of one 2nd-order gradiometer. The experimental results show great improvement in the imaging quality in both 1D and 2D MRI images at two common imaging frequencies, 1.3 kHz and 4.8 kHz. At both frequencies, the effective compensation bandwidth is as high as 2 kHz. Furthermore, we examine the longitudinal relaxation times of the same sample before and after compensation, and show that the MRI properties of the sample did not change after applying adaptive suppression. This technique can effectively increase the imaging bandwidth and be applied to ULF MRI detected by either SQUIDs or Faraday coil in both an unshielded environment and a conductively shielded room.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology (SIMIT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200050, China; CAS Center for ExcelleNce in Superconducting Electronics (CENSE), Shanghai 200050, China; Joint Research Institute on Functional Materials and Electronics, Collaboration between SIMIT and FZJ, Germany; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hui Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology (SIMIT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200050, China; CAS Center for ExcelleNce in Superconducting Electronics (CENSE), Shanghai 200050, China; Joint Research Institute on Functional Materials and Electronics, Collaboration between SIMIT and FZJ, Germany.
| | - Yang Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology (SIMIT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200050, China; CAS Center for ExcelleNce in Superconducting Electronics (CENSE), Shanghai 200050, China; Joint Research Institute on Functional Materials and Electronics, Collaboration between SIMIT and FZJ, Germany; China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Bo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology (SIMIT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200050, China; CAS Center for ExcelleNce in Superconducting Electronics (CENSE), Shanghai 200050, China; Joint Research Institute on Functional Materials and Electronics, Collaboration between SIMIT and FZJ, Germany; China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Quan Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology (SIMIT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200050, China; CAS Center for ExcelleNce in Superconducting Electronics (CENSE), Shanghai 200050, China; Institute of Complex Systems (ICS-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich (FZJ), D-52425 Jülich, Germany; Joint Research Institute on Functional Materials and Electronics, Collaboration between SIMIT and FZJ, Germany
| | - Yi Zhang
- Institute of Complex Systems (ICS-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich (FZJ), D-52425 Jülich, Germany; Joint Research Institute on Functional Materials and Electronics, Collaboration between SIMIT and FZJ, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Krause
- Institute of Complex Systems (ICS-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich (FZJ), D-52425 Jülich, Germany; Joint Research Institute on Functional Materials and Electronics, Collaboration between SIMIT and FZJ, Germany. h.-
| | - Andreas Offenhäusser
- Institute of Complex Systems (ICS-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich (FZJ), D-52425 Jülich, Germany; Joint Research Institute on Functional Materials and Electronics, Collaboration between SIMIT and FZJ, Germany
| | - Xiaoming Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology (SIMIT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200050, China; CAS Center for ExcelleNce in Superconducting Electronics (CENSE), Shanghai 200050, China; Joint Research Institute on Functional Materials and Electronics, Collaboration between SIMIT and FZJ, Germany
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17
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Fu W, Feng L, Panaitov G, Kireev D, Mayer D, Offenhäusser A, Krause HJ. Biosensing near the neutrality point of graphene. Sci Adv 2017; 3:e1701247. [PMID: 29075669 PMCID: PMC5656418 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1701247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, the richness of electronic properties of graphene has attracted enormous interest for electrically detecting chemical and biological species using this two-dimensional material. However, the creation of practical graphene electronic sensors greatly depends on our ability to understand and maintain a low level of electronic noise, the fundamental reason limiting the sensor resolution. Conventionally, to reach the largest sensing response, graphene transistors are operated at the point of maximum transconductance, where 1/f noise is found to be unfavorably high and poses a major limitation in any attempt to further improve the device sensitivity. We show that operating a graphene transistor in an ambipolar mode near its neutrality point can markedly reduce the 1/f noise in graphene. Remarkably, our data reveal that this reduction in the electronic noise is achieved with uncompromised sensing response of the graphene chips and thus significantly improving the signal-to-noise ratio-compared to that of a conventionally operated graphene transistor for conductance measurement. As a proof-of-concept demonstration of the usage of the aforementioned new sensing scheme to a broader range of biochemical sensing applications, we selected an HIV-related DNA hybridization as the test bed and achieved detections at picomolar concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangyang Fu
- Institute of Complex Systems Bioelectronics (ICS-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC Leiden, Netherlands
- Corresponding author.
| | - Lingyan Feng
- Institute of Complex Systems Bioelectronics (ICS-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany
- Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Gregory Panaitov
- Institute of Complex Systems Bioelectronics (ICS-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - Dmitry Kireev
- Institute of Complex Systems Bioelectronics (ICS-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - Dirk Mayer
- Institute of Complex Systems Bioelectronics (ICS-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - Andreas Offenhäusser
- Institute of Complex Systems Bioelectronics (ICS-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Krause
- Institute of Complex Systems Bioelectronics (ICS-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany
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18
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Rinklin P, Krause HJ, Wolfrum B. On-chip electromagnetic tweezers - 3-dimensional particle actuation using microwire crossbar arrays. Lab Chip 2016; 16:4749-4758. [PMID: 27847939 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc00887a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Emerging miniaturization technologies for biological and bioengineering applications require precise control over position and actuation of microparticles. While many of these applications call for high-throughput approaches, common tools for particle manipulation, such as magnetic or optical tweezers, suffer from low parallelizability. To address this issue, we introduce a chip-based platform that enables flexible three-dimensional control over individual magnetic microparticles. Our system relies on microwire crossbar arrays for simultaneous generation of magnetic and dielectric forces, which actuate the particles along highly localized traps. We demonstrate the precise spatiotemporal control of individual particles by tracing complex trajectories in three dimensions and investigate the forces that can be generated along different axes. Furthermore, we show that our approach for particle actuation can be parallelized by simultaneously controlling the position and movement of 16 particles in parallel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Rinklin
- Institute of Bioelectronics (ICS-8/PGI-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany and Neuroelectronics, Munich School of Bioengineering, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstraße 11, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - Hans-Joachim Krause
- Institute of Bioelectronics (ICS-8/PGI-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Bernhard Wolfrum
- Institute of Bioelectronics (ICS-8/PGI-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany and Neuroelectronics, Munich School of Bioengineering, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstraße 11, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
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19
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Chen L, Li W, Maybeck V, Offenhäusser A, Krause HJ. Statistical study of biomechanics of living brain cells during growth and maturation on artificial substrates. Biomaterials 2016; 106:240-9. [PMID: 27573132 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that mechanical issues play a vital role in neuron growth and brain development. The importance of this grows as novel devices, whose material properties differ from cells, are increasingly implanted in the body. In this work, we studied the mechanical properties of rat brain cells over time and on different materials by using a high throughput magnetic tweezers system. It was found that the elastic moduli of both neurite and soma in networked neurons increased with growth. However, neurites at DIV4 exhibited a relatively high stiffness, which could be ascribed to the high outgrowth tension. The power-law exponents (viscoelasticity) of both neurites and somas of neurons decreased with culture time. On the other hand, the stiffness of glial cells also increased with maturity. Furthermore, both neurites and glia become softer when cultured on compliant substrates. Especially, the glial cells cultured on a soft substrate obviously showed a less dense and more porous actin and GFAP mesh. In addition, the viscoelasticity of both neurites and glia did not show a significant dependence on the substrates' stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- La Chen
- Institute of Bioelectronics (ICS-8/PGI-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Wenfang Li
- Institute of Bioelectronics (ICS-8/PGI-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Vanessa Maybeck
- Institute of Bioelectronics (ICS-8/PGI-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Andreas Offenhäusser
- Institute of Bioelectronics (ICS-8/PGI-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Krause
- Institute of Bioelectronics (ICS-8/PGI-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany. h.-
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20
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Hong H, Lim EG, Jeong JC, Chang J, Shin SW, Krause HJ. Frequency Mixing Magnetic Detection Scanner for Imaging Magnetic Particles in Planar Samples. J Vis Exp 2016:53869. [PMID: 27341085 PMCID: PMC4927779 DOI: 10.3791/53869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The setup of a planar Frequency Mixing Magnetic Detection (p-FMMD) scanner for performing Magnetic Particles Imaging (MPI) of flat samples is presented. It consists of two magnetic measurement heads on both sides of the sample mounted on the legs of a u-shaped support. The sample is locally exposed to a magnetic excitation field consisting of two distinct frequencies, a stronger component at about 77 kHz and a weaker field at 61 Hz. The nonlinear magnetization characteristics of superparamagnetic particles give rise to the generation of intermodulation products. A selected sum-frequency component of the high and low frequency magnetic field incident on the magnetically nonlinear particles is recorded by a demodulation electronics. In contrast to a conventional MPI scanner, p-FMMD does not require the application of a strong magnetic field to the whole sample because mixing of the two frequencies occurs locally. Thus, the lateral dimensions of the sample are just limited by the scanning range and the supports. However, the sample height determines the spatial resolution. In the current setup it is limited to 2 mm. As examples, we present two 20 mm × 25 mm p-FMMD images acquired from samples with 1 µm diameter maghemite particles in silanol matrix and with 50 nm magnetite particles in aminosilane matrix. The results show that the novel MPI scanner can be applied for analysis of thin biological samples and for medical diagnostic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyobong Hong
- Advanced Vision System Research Section, Electronics & Telecommunication Research Institute (ETRI);
| | - Eul-Gyoon Lim
- Intelligent Cognitive Technology Research Department, Electronics & Telecommunication Research Institute (ETRI)
| | - Jae-Chan Jeong
- Advanced Vision System Research Section, Electronics & Telecommunication Research Institute (ETRI)
| | - Jiho Chang
- Advanced Vision System Research Section, Electronics & Telecommunication Research Institute (ETRI)
| | - Sung-Woong Shin
- Intelligent Cognitive Technology Research Department, Electronics & Telecommunication Research Institute (ETRI)
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21
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Chen L, Maybeck V, Offenhäusser A, Krause HJ. Implementation and application of a novel 2D magnetic twisting cytometry based on multi-pole electromagnet. Rev Sci Instrum 2016; 87:064301. [PMID: 27370475 DOI: 10.1063/1.4954185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We implemented a novel 2D magnetic twisting cytometry (MTC) based on a previously reported multi-pole high permeability electromagnet, in which both the strength and direction of the twisting field can be controlled. Thanks to the high performance twisting electromagnet and the heterodyning technology, the measurement frequency has been extended to the 1 kHz range. In order to obtain high remanence of the ferromagnetic beads, a separate electromagnet with feedback control was adopted for the high magnetic field polarization. Our setup constitutes the first instrument which can be operated both in MTC mode and in magnetic tweezers (MT) mode. In this work, the mechanical properties of HL-1 cardiomyocytes were characterized in MTC mode. Both anisotropy and log-normal distribution of cell stiffness were observed, which agree with our previous results measured in MT mode. The response from these living cells at different frequencies can be fitted very well by the soft glassy rheology model.
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Affiliation(s)
- La Chen
- Institute of Bioelectronics (ICS-8/PGI-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - Vanessa Maybeck
- Institute of Bioelectronics (ICS-8/PGI-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - Andreas Offenhäusser
- Institute of Bioelectronics (ICS-8/PGI-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Krause
- Institute of Bioelectronics (ICS-8/PGI-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich 52425, Germany
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22
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Wang W, Ma P, Dong H, Krause HJ, Zhang Y, Willbold D, Offenhaeusser A, Gu Z. A magnetic nanoparticles relaxation sensor for protein–protein interaction detection at ultra-low magnetic field. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 80:661-665. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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23
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Fu W, Feng L, Mayer D, Panaitov G, Kireev D, Offenhäusser A, Krause HJ. Electrolyte-Gated Graphene Ambipolar Frequency Multipliers for Biochemical Sensing. Nano Lett 2016; 16:2295-300. [PMID: 26928906 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b04729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In this Letter, the ambipolar properties of an electrolyte-gated graphene field-effect transistor (GFET) have been explored to fabricate frequency-doubling biochemical sensor devices. By biasing the ambipolar GFETs in a common-source configuration, an input sinusoidal voltage at frequency f applied to the electrolyte gate can be rectified to a sinusoidal wave at frequency 2f at the drain electrode. The extraordinary high carrier mobility of graphene and the strong electrolyte gate coupling provide the graphene ambipolar frequency doubler an unprecedented unity gain, as well as a detection limit of ∼4 pM for 11-mer single strand DNA molecules in 1 mM PBS buffer solution. Combined with an improved drift characteristics and an enhanced low-frequency 1/f noise performance by sampling at doubled frequency, this good detection limit suggests the graphene ambipolar frequency doubler a highly promising biochemical sensing platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangyang Fu
- Peter-Grünberg-Institute (PGI-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - Lingyan Feng
- Peter-Grünberg-Institute (PGI-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - Dirk Mayer
- Peter-Grünberg-Institute (PGI-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - Gregory Panaitov
- Peter-Grünberg-Institute (PGI-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - Dmitry Kireev
- Peter-Grünberg-Institute (PGI-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - Andreas Offenhäusser
- Peter-Grünberg-Institute (PGI-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Krause
- Peter-Grünberg-Institute (PGI-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany
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24
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Liu C, Chang B, Qiu L, Dong H, Qiu Y, Zhang Y, Krause HJ, Offenhäusser A, Xie X. Effect of magnetic field fluctuation on ultra-low field MRI measurements in the unshielded laboratory environment. J Magn Reson 2015; 257:8-14. [PMID: 26037135 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2015.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2014] [Revised: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic field fluctuations in our unshielded urban laboratory can reach hundreds of nT in the noisy daytime and is only a few nT in the quiet midnight. The field fluctuation causes the Larmor frequency fL to drift randomly for several Hz during the unshielded ultra-low field (ULF) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measurements, thus seriously spoiling the averaging effect and causing imaging artifacts. By using an active compensation (AC) technique based on the spatial correlation of the low-frequency magnetic field fluctuation, the field fluctuation can be suppressed to tens of nT, which is a moderate situation between the noisy daytime and the quiet midnight. In this paper, the effect of the field fluctuation on ULF MRI measurements was investigated. The 1D and 2D MRI signals of a water phantom were measured using a second-order low-Tc superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) in three fluctuation cases: severe fluctuation (noisy daytime), moderate fluctuation (daytime with AC) and minute fluctuation (quiet midnight) when different gradient fields were applied. When the active compensation is applied or when the frequency encoding gradient field Gx reaches a sufficiently strong value in our measurements, the image artifacts become invisible in all three fluctuation cases. Therefore it is feasible to perform ULF-MRI measurements in unshielded urban environment without imaging artifacts originating from magnetic fluctuations by using the active compensation technique and/or strong gradient fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology (SIMIT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200050, China; Joint Research Laboratory on Superconductivity and Bioelectronics, Collaboration between CAS-Shanghai, Shanghai 200050, China and FZJ, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Baolin Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology (SIMIT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200050, China; Joint Research Laboratory on Superconductivity and Bioelectronics, Collaboration between CAS-Shanghai, Shanghai 200050, China and FZJ, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Longqing Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology (SIMIT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200050, China; Joint Research Laboratory on Superconductivity and Bioelectronics, Collaboration between CAS-Shanghai, Shanghai 200050, China and FZJ, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Hui Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology (SIMIT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200050, China; Joint Research Laboratory on Superconductivity and Bioelectronics, Collaboration between CAS-Shanghai, Shanghai 200050, China and FZJ, D-52425 Jülich, Germany.
| | - Yang Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology (SIMIT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200050, China; Joint Research Laboratory on Superconductivity and Bioelectronics, Collaboration between CAS-Shanghai, Shanghai 200050, China and FZJ, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Yi Zhang
- Peter Grünberg Institute (PGI-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich (FZJ), D-52425 Jülich, Germany; Joint Research Laboratory on Superconductivity and Bioelectronics, Collaboration between CAS-Shanghai, Shanghai 200050, China and FZJ, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Krause
- Peter Grünberg Institute (PGI-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich (FZJ), D-52425 Jülich, Germany; Joint Research Laboratory on Superconductivity and Bioelectronics, Collaboration between CAS-Shanghai, Shanghai 200050, China and FZJ, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Andreas Offenhäusser
- Peter Grünberg Institute (PGI-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich (FZJ), D-52425 Jülich, Germany; Joint Research Laboratory on Superconductivity and Bioelectronics, Collaboration between CAS-Shanghai, Shanghai 200050, China and FZJ, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Xiaoming Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology (SIMIT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200050, China; Joint Research Laboratory on Superconductivity and Bioelectronics, Collaboration between CAS-Shanghai, Shanghai 200050, China and FZJ, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
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25
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Chen L, Offenhäusser A, Krause HJ. Magnetic tweezers with high permeability electromagnets for fast actuation of magnetic beads. Rev Sci Instrum 2015; 86:044701. [PMID: 25933874 DOI: 10.1063/1.4916255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
As a powerful and versatile scientific instrument, magnetic tweezers have been widely used in biophysical research areas, such as mechanical cell properties and single molecule manipulation. If one wants to steer bead position, the nonlinearity of magnetic properties and the strong position dependence of the magnetic field in most magnetic tweezers lead to quite a challenge in their control. In this article, we report multi-pole electromagnetic tweezers with high permeability cores yielding high force output, good maneuverability, and flexible design. For modeling, we adopted a piece-wise linear dependence of magnetization on field to characterize the magnetic beads. We implemented a bi-linear interpolation of magnetic field in the work space, based on a lookup table obtained from finite element simulation. The electronics and software were custom-made to achieve high performance. In addition, the effects of dimension and defect on structure of magnetic tips also were inspected. In a workspace with size of 0.1 × 0.1 mm(2), a force of up to 400 pN can be applied on a 2.8 μm superparamagnetic bead in any direction within the plane. Because the magnetic particle is always pulled towards a tip, the pulling forces from the pole tips have to be well balanced in order to achieve control of the particle's position. Active video tracking based feedback control is implemented, which is able to work at a speed of up to 1 kHz, yielding good maneuverability of the magnetic beads.
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Affiliation(s)
- La Chen
- Institute of Bioelectronics (ICS-8/PGI-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Andreas Offenhäusser
- Institute of Bioelectronics (ICS-8/PGI-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Krause
- Institute of Bioelectronics (ICS-8/PGI-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
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26
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Lin T, Zhang Y, Lee YH, Krause HJ, Lin J, Zhao J. High-sensitivity cooled coil system for nuclear magnetic resonance in kHz range. Rev Sci Instrum 2014; 85:114708. [PMID: 25430134 DOI: 10.1063/1.4901964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In several low-field Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (LF-NMR) and surface nuclear magnetic resonance applications, i.e., in the frequency range of kHz, high sensitivity magnetic field detectors are needed. Usually, low-Tc superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs) with a high field sensitivity of about 1 fT/Hz(1/2) are employed as detectors. Considering the flux trapping and operational difficulties associated with low-Tc SQUIDs, we designed and fabricated liquid-nitrogen-cooled Cu coils for NMR detection in the kHz range. A cooled coil system consisting of a 9-cm diameter Cu coil and a low noise preamplifier was systematically investigated and reached a sensitivity of 2 fT/Hz(1/2) at 77 K, which is 3 times better compared to the sensitivity at 300 K. A Q-switch circuit as an essential element for damping the ringing effects of the pickup coil was developed to acquire free induction decay signals of a water sample with minimum loss of signal. Our studies demonstrate that cooled Cu coils, if designed properly, can provide a comparable sensitivity to low-Tc SQUIDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Lin
- College of Instrumentation and Electrical Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130061, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Peter Grünberg Institute (PGI-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich (FZJ), D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Yong-Ho Lee
- Peter Grünberg Institute (PGI-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich (FZJ), D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Krause
- Peter Grünberg Institute (PGI-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich (FZJ), D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Jun Lin
- College of Instrumentation and Electrical Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130061, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- College of Instrumentation and Electrical Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130061, China
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27
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Zhao J, Zhang Y, Lee YH, Krause HJ. Investigation and optimization of low-frequency noise performance in readout electronics of dc superconducting quantum interference device. Rev Sci Instrum 2014; 85:054707. [PMID: 24880395 DOI: 10.1063/1.4878342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We investigated and optimized the low-frequency noise characteristics of a preamplifier used for readout of direct current superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs). When the SQUID output was detected directly using a room-temperature low-voltage-noise preamplifier, the low-frequency noise of a SQUID system was found to be dominated by the input current noise of the preamplifiers in case of a large dynamic resistance of the SQUID. To reduce the current noise of the preamplifier in the low-frequency range, we investigated the dependence of total preamplifier noise on the collector current and source resistance. When the collector current was decreased from 8.4 mA to 3 mA in the preamplifier made of 3 parallel SSM2220 transistor pairs, the low-frequency total voltage noise of the preamplifier (at 0.1 Hz) decreased by about 3 times for a source resistance of 30 Ω whereas the white noise level remained nearly unchanged. Since the relative contribution of preamplifier's input voltage and current noise is different depending on the dynamic resistance or flux-to-voltage transfer of the SQUID, the results showed that the total noise of a SQUID system at low-frequency range can be improved significantly by optimizing the preamplifier circuit parameters, mainly the collector current in case of low-noise bipolar transistor pairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- College of Instrumentation and Electrical Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130061, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Peter Grünberg Institute (PGI-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich (FZJ), D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Yong-Ho Lee
- Peter Grünberg Institute (PGI-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich (FZJ), D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Krause
- Peter Grünberg Institute (PGI-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich (FZJ), D-52425 Jülich, Germany
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28
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Hong H, Lim J, Choi CJ, Shin SW, Krause HJ. Magnetic particle imaging with a planar frequency mixing magnetic detection scanner. Rev Sci Instrum 2014; 85:013705. [PMID: 24517773 DOI: 10.1063/1.4861916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We present the first experimental results of our planar-Frequency Mixing Magnetic Detection (p-FMMD) technique to obtain Magnetic Particles Imaging (MPI). The p-FMMD scanner consists of two magnetic measurement heads with intermediate space for the analysis of the sample. The magnetic signal originates from the nonlinear magnetization characteristics of superparamagnetic particles as in case of the usual MPI scanner. However, the detection principle is different. Standard MPI records the higher order harmonic response of particles at a field-free point or line. By contrast, FMMD records a sum-frequency component generated from both a high and a low frequency magnetic field incident on the magnetically nonlinear particles. As compared to conventional MPI scanner, there is no limit on the lateral dimensions of the sample; just the sample height is limited to 2 mm. In addition, the technique does not require a strong magnetic field or gradient because of the mixing of the two different frequencies. In this study, we acquired an 18 mm × 18 mm image of a string sample decorated with 100 nm diameter magnetic particles, using the p-FMMD technique. The results showed that it is feasible to use this novel MPI scanner for biological analysis and medical diagnostic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyobong Hong
- Spatial Information Technology Research Section, Electronics & Telecommunication Research Institute (ETRI), Daejeon 307-700, South Korea
| | - Jaeho Lim
- Spatial Information Technology Research Section, Electronics & Telecommunication Research Institute (ETRI), Daejeon 307-700, South Korea
| | - Chel-Jong Choi
- School of Semiconductor and Chemical Engineering, Semiconductor Physics Research Center (SPRC), Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, South Korea
| | - Sung-Woong Shin
- Spatial Information Technology Research Section, Electronics & Telecommunication Research Institute (ETRI), Daejeon 307-700, South Korea
| | - Hans-Joachim Krause
- Peter Grünberg Institute (PGI-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
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29
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Liu B, Zhang Y, Mayer D, Krause HJ, Jin Q, Zhao J, Offenhäusser A, Xu Y. Determination of heavy metal ions by microchip capillary electrophoresis coupled with contactless conductivity detection. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:1247-50. [PMID: 22589101 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
An integrated detection circuitry based on a lock-in amplifier was designed for contactless conductivity determination of heavy metals. Combined with a simple-structure electrophoresis microchip, the detection system is successfully utilized for the separation and determination of various heavy metals. The influences of the running buffer and detection conditions on the response of the detector have been investigated. Six millimole 2-morpholinoethanesulfonic acid + histidine were selected as buffer for its stable baseline and high sensitivity. The best signals were recorded with a frequency of 38 kHz and 20 V(pp). The results showed that Mn(2+), Cd(2+), Co(2+), and Cu(2+) can be successfully separated and detected within 100 s by our system. The detection limits for five heavy metals (Mn(2+), Pb(2+), Cd(2+), Co(2+), and Cu(2+)) were determined to range from about 0.7 to 5.4 μM. This microchip system performs a crucial step toward the realization of a simple, inexpensive, and portable analytical device for metal analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benyan Liu
- Peter Grünberg Institute, Bioelectronics (PGI-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
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30
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Liu C, Zhang Y, Dong H, Qiu L, Krause HJ, Xie X, Offenhäusser A. Low-field MRI detected by tuned HTS SQUID utilizing permanent magnet as pre-polarization field. BIOMED ENG-BIOMED TE 2012. [DOI: 10.1515/bmt-2012-4030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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31
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Wang W, Dong H, Pacheco V, Willbold D, Zhang Y, Offenhaeusser A, Hartmann R, Weirich TE, Ma P, Krause HJ, Gu Z. Relaxation Behavior Study of Ultrasmall Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles at Ultralow and Ultrahigh Magnetic Fields. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:14789-93. [DOI: 10.1021/jp2066138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, 610064 Chengdu, China
- Peter Gruenberg Institute (PGI-8), Research Center Juelich, 52425 Juelich, Germany
| | - Hui Dong
- Peter Gruenberg Institute (PGI-8), Research Center Juelich, 52425 Juelich, Germany
- State key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200050 Shanghai, China
| | - Victor Pacheco
- Institute of Complex Systems (ICS-6), Research Center Juelich, 52425 Juelich, Germany
- Central Division of Analytical Chemistry (ZCH), Research Center Juelich, 52425 Juelich, Germany
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Dieter Willbold
- Institute of Complex Systems (ICS-6), Research Center Juelich, 52425 Juelich, Germany
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Yi Zhang
- Peter Gruenberg Institute (PGI-8), Research Center Juelich, 52425 Juelich, Germany
| | | | - Rudolf Hartmann
- Institute of Complex Systems (ICS-6), Research Center Juelich, 52425 Juelich, Germany
| | - Thomas E. Weirich
- Central Facility for Electron Microscopy and Institute of Crystallography, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Peixiang Ma
- Institute of Complex Systems (ICS-6), Research Center Juelich, 52425 Juelich, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Krause
- Peter Gruenberg Institute (PGI-8), Research Center Juelich, 52425 Juelich, Germany
| | - Zhongwei Gu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, 610064 Chengdu, China
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Simon S, Krause HJ, Weber C, Peukert W. Physical degradation of proteins in well-defined fluid flows studied within a four-roll apparatus. Biotechnol Bioeng 2011; 108:2914-22. [PMID: 21732328 DOI: 10.1002/bit.23257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2011] [Revised: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In most applications of biotechnology and downstream processing proteins are exposed to fluid stresses in various flow configurations which often lead to the formation of unwanted protein aggregates. In this paper we present physical degradation experiments for proteins under well-defined flow conditions in a four-roll apparatus. The flow field was characterized numerically by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and experimentally by particle image velocimetry (PIV). The local shear strain rate as well as the local shear and elongation rate was used to characterize the hydrodynamic stress environment acting on the proteins. Lysozyme was used as a model protein and subjected to well-defined fluid stresses in high and low stress environment. By using in situ turbidity measurements during stressing the aggregate formation was monitored directly in the fluid flow. An increase in absorbance at 350 nm was attributed to a higher content of visible particles (>1 µm). In addition to lysozyme, the formation of aggregates was confirmed for two larger proteins (bovine serum albumin and alcohol dehydrogenase). Thus, the presented experimental setup is a helpful tool to monitor flow-induced protein aggregation with high reproducibility. For instance, screening experiments for formulation development of biopharmaceuticals for fill and finish operations can be performed in the lab-scale in a short time-period if the stress distributions in the application are transferred and applied in the four-roll mill.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Simon
- Institute of Particle Technology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Cauerstraße 4, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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33
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Kampeis P, Lieblang M, Krause HJ. Einsatz von Magnetfiltern in der Bioverfahrenstechnik. Teil 3 - Neues Messverfahren zur Quantifizierung von Magnetbeads in strömenden Suspensionen. CHEM-ING-TECH 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.201000191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Liu B, Zhang Y, Mayer D, Krause HJ, Jin Q, Zhao J, Offenhäusser A. A simplified poly(dimethylsiloxane) capillary electrophoresis microchip integrated with a low-noise contactless conductivity detector. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:699-704. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2010] [Revised: 12/10/2010] [Accepted: 12/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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35
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Pracejus H, Krause HJ, Oehme G. Zur Kenntnis der katalytischen Dimerisation von Arylsäureaerivaten mit Hilfe von Palladiumkomplexen; Einfluß von p-Benzochinon auf die Reaktion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/zfch.19800200113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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36
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Menzel MI, Tittmann S, Bühler J, Preis S, Wolters N, Jahnke S, Walter A, Chlubek A, Leon A, Hermes N, Offenhäuser A, Gilmer F, Blümler P, Schurr U, Krause HJ. Non-invasive determination of plant biomass with microwave resonators. Plant Cell Environ 2009; 32:368-379. [PMID: 19143992 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2009.01931.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Non-invasive and rapid determination of plant biomass would be beneficial for a number of research aims. Here, we present a novel device to non-invasively determine plant water content as a proxy for plant biomass. It is based on changes of dielectric properties inside a microwave cavity resonator induced by inserted plant material. The water content of inserted shoots leads to a discrete shift in the centre frequency of the resonator. Calibration measurements with pure water showed good spatial homogeneity in the detection volume of the microwave resonators and clear correlations between water content and centre frequency shift. For cut tomato and tobacco shoots, linear correlations between fresh weight and centre frequency shift were established. These correlations were used to continuously monitor diel growth patterns of intact plants and to determine biomass increase over several days. Interferences from soil and root water were excluded by shielding pots with copper. The presented proof of principle shows that microwave resonators are promising tools to quantitatively detect the water content of plants and to determine plant biomass. As the method is non-invasive, integrative and fast, it provides the opportunity for detailed, dynamic analyses of plant growth, water status and phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion I Menzel
- ICG-3 (Phytosphere), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
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37
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Qiu L, Zhang Y, Krause HJ, Braginski AI, Offenhäusser A. Low-field NMR measurement procedure when SQUID detection is used. J Magn Reson 2009; 196:101-104. [PMID: 19028121 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2008.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2008] [Revised: 09/08/2008] [Accepted: 09/10/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In reported low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements using Superconducting Quantum Interference Device (SQUID) detection, the pre-polarizing magnetic field has been usually oriented orthogonal to the measuring field, B(p) perpendicular B(m). Melton et al. systematically analyzed the consequences of B(p) decay in time after turnoff and showed that this decay should be nonadiabatic. We evaluated our measuring procedure in the light of that analysis, and found good quantitative agreement. It was showed that, when the decay time constant is comparable to the precession period of the magnetization of the sample, M, the optimum procedure is to orient B(p) parallel to B(m) and to apply a pi/2 pulse to flip M, similar as in the case of conventional NMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longqing Qiu
- Institute of Bio- and Nanosystems, Research Center Juelich, D-52425 Juelich, Germany.
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38
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Qiu L, Zhang Y, Krause HJ, Braginski AI, Usoskin A. High-temperature superconducting quantum interference device with cooled LC resonant circuit for measuring alternating magnetic fields with improved signal-to-noise ratio. Rev Sci Instrum 2007; 78:054701. [PMID: 17552846 DOI: 10.1063/1.2735561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Certain applications of superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs) require a magnetic field measurement only in a very narrow frequency range. In order to selectively improve the alternating-current (ac) magnetic field sensitivity of a high-temperature superconductor SQUID for a distinct frequency, a single-coil LC resonant circuit has been used. Within the liquid nitrogen bath, the coil surrounds the SQUID and couples to it inductively. Copper coils with different numbers of windings were used to cover the frequency range from <1 to nearly 100 kHz. A superconducting coil made of YBa(2)Cu(3)O(7-delta) tape conductor was also tested. With the LC circuit, the signal-to-noise ratio of measurements could be improved typically by one order of magnitude or more in a narrow frequency band around the resonance frequency exceeding a few kilohertz. The best attained equivalent magnetic field resolution was 2.5 fT/radicalHz at 88 kHz. The experimental findings are in good agreement with mathematical analysis of the circuit with copper coil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longqing Qiu
- Institute of Bio- and Nanosystem (IBN-2), Research Center Juelich, D-52425 Juelich, Germany
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39
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Meyer MHF, Stehr M, Bhuju S, Krause HJ, Hartmann M, Miethe P, Singh M, Keusgen M. Magnetic biosensor for the detection of Yersinia pestis. J Microbiol Methods 2007; 68:218-24. [PMID: 17011649 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2006.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2006] [Revised: 07/21/2006] [Accepted: 08/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A novel type of magnetic-beads based magnetic biosensor is described for the detection of Yersinia pestis. Experiments were performed with the antigen fraction F1 of these bacteria. The magnetic sensor platform offers easy and reliable detection of Y. pestis by the use of magnetic beads for labelling and quantification in a single step due to their paramagnetic features. The system uses antiYPF1 antibodies as capture element on ABICAP columns as core element of the magnetic sensor. Several immobilization methods for antibodies on polyethylene were exploited. The established biosensor has a linear detection range of 25-300 ng/ml Y. pestis antigen F1 and a detection limit of 2.5 ng/ml in buffer and human blood serum. The presented sensor system is small, simple, portable and therefore usable as off-lab detection unit for medical and warfare analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin H F Meyer
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marbacher Weg 6, D-35032 Marburg, Germany
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40
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Meyer MHF, Hartmann M, Krause HJ, Blankenstein G, Mueller-Chorus B, Oster J, Miethe P, Keusgen M. CRP determination based on a novel magnetic biosensor. Biosens Bioelectron 2007; 22:973-9. [PMID: 16766177 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2006.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2005] [Revised: 03/30/2006] [Accepted: 04/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The c-reactive protein (CRP) is a very significant human blood marker for inflammatory processes and is routinely determined for many clinical purposes. The widespread and well established detection method for this approximately 115 kDa hepatic protein is the high-sensitivity ELISA assay (hsCRP-ELISA) in blood serum. New approaches in medical CRP diagnosis (e.g. for CVD, inflammatory bowel disease) require rapid quantification in native matrices. A novel CRP determination method based on magnetic detection is described and tested for human blood serum, saliva and urine. The detection principle is based on two different anti-CRP antibodies (monoclonal, IgG) for CRP trapment and labelling. The linear detection range of this immunosensor ranged from 25 ng/ml to 2.5 microg/ml and is therefore much more sensitive than typical hsCRP-ELISA-assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin H F Meyer
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany.
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van Leeuwen P, Lange S, Klein A, Geue D, Zhang Y, Krause HJ, Grönemeyer D. Reproducibility and reliability of fetal cardiac time intervals using magnetocardiography. Physiol Meas 2004; 25:539-52. [PMID: 15132317 DOI: 10.1088/0967-3334/25/2/011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We investigated several factors which may affect the accuracy of fetal cardiac time intervals (CTI) determined in magnetocardiographic (MCG) recordings: observer differences, the number of available recording sites and the type of sensor used in acquisition. In 253 fetal MCG recordings, acquired using different biomagnetometer devices between the 15th and 42nd weeks of gestation, P-wave, QRS complex and T-wave onsets and ends were identified in signal averaged data sets independently by different observers. Using a defined procedure for setting signal events, interobserver reliability was high. Increasing the number of registration sites led to more accurate identification of the events. The differences in wave morphology between magnetometer and gradiometer configurations led to deviations in timing whereas the differences between low and high temperature devices seemed to be primarily due to noise. Signal-to-noise ratio played an important overall role in the accurate determination of CTI and changes in signal amplitude associated with fetal maturation may largely explain the effects of gestational age on reproducibility. As fetal CTI may be of value in the identification of pathologies such as intrauterine growth retardation or fetal cardiac hypertrophy, their reliable estimation will be enhanced by strategies which take these factors into account.
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Krause HJ, Juliano RL. Interactions of liposome-incorporated amphotericin B with kidney epithelial cell cultures. Mol Pharmacol 1988; 34:286-97. [PMID: 3419424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The polyene antibiotic amphotericin B (AmB) is profoundly cytotoxic to both fungal cells and mammalian cells. We have previously shown that the incorporation of AmB into phospholipid vesicles can markedly reduce the toxicity of the drug for mammalian cells (erythrocytes) without changing its antifungal potency [Mol. Pharmacol. 31:1-11 (1987)]. Because the primary site of in vivo toxicity of AmB is the kidney, here we investigate the effects of free AmB and liposomal AmB (L-AmB) on LLCPK1 cells, a porcine kidney cell line with many characteristics typical of proximal tubule cells. Acute exposure (2 hr) to free AmB inhibits protein synthesis and causes cell detachment and protein loss in LLCPK1 cells, with an IC50 of about 30 micrograms/ml. By contrast, certain formulations of L-AmB have little effect on protein synthesis/protein loss at concentrations of up to 2 mg/ml. The action of liposomes in protecting against acute AmB toxicity extends to effects on sugar transport and on cellular morphology in differentiated cultured kidney cells. Thus, the IC50 for inhibition of sodium-stimulated glucose transport by free AmB is 1.5 micrograms/ml whereas concentrations of L-AmB up to 1 mg/ml do not inhibit this process. However, chronic exposure of cells to L-AmB results in profound toxic effects as manifested by changes in cellular transport functions and cell morphology. Our results suggest that extended periods of proximity between cells and liposomes permit the transfer to toxic amounts of AmB. This may be of importance to the therapeutic use of AmB, for which protracted courses of drug administration are common.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Krause
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Medical School, Houston 77025
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Abstract
Use of liposomal drug delivery systems can enhance the therapeutic potential of membrane active anti-cancer and anti-infectious drugs. Thus, the therapeutic index of the important antifungal agent amphotericin B is markedly improved via incorporation of the drug into liposomes. The mechanistic basis of this effect seems to be an increase in the selectivity of the drug at the cellular level. Thus, free amphotericin B can readily partition into both fungal and mammalian membranes and can cause toxicity to both types of cells, giving rise to the notorious in vivo toxicity of this drug. By contrast, when amphotericin B is formulated in certain types of liposomes, the drug still readily partitions into fungal membranes but can no longer partition into animal cell membranes, thus markedly reducing its toxicity. Liposomes can also be used to reduce the toxicity of membrane-active antitumor drugs. Thus, the peptide ionophore valinomycin is far less toxic to animals when presented in liposomal form. Nonetheless, the drug retains useful antitumor activity in this form. The underlying basis of the enhanced therapeutic index of liposomal valinomycin is unknown at this time but is being explored. The development of membrane-active anti-tumor drugs, in conjunction with liposomal delivery systems, could be an important new approach in cancer chemotherapy. While no anticancer drug is likely to be free of toxic side effects, the toxicities engendered by membrane-active antitumor drugs are likely to affect a different spectrum of tissues and organs than those caused by "conventional" antitumor drugs. Thus membrane-active drugs could complement existing drugs and provide a valuable adjunct to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Juliano
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Medical School, Houston 77096
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44
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Abstract
We have investigated the blood clearance kinetics and tissue distribution of large multilamellar liposomes (MLVs) and small unilamellar liposomes (SUVs) composed of the photopolymerizable lipid bis[12-(methacryloyloxy)dodecanoyl]-L-alpha-phosphatidylcholine. Polymerized MLVs or SUVs are cleared from the bloodstream more rapidly than nonpolymerized vesicles with similar size profiles. Both polymerized and nonpolymerized vesicles primarily accumulate in liver and spleen. However, the polymerized vesicles display an enhanced biostability as revealed by an elevated level of radioactive lipid marker remaining in the tissues.
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Mehta R, Hsu MJ, Juliano RL, Krause HJ, Regen SL. Polymerized phospholipid vesicles containing amphotericin B: evaluation of toxic and antifungal activities in vitro. J Pharm Sci 1986; 75:579-81. [PMID: 3525815 DOI: 10.1002/jps.2600750611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We have prepared lipid vesicles (liposomes) composed of polymerized bis[12-(methacryloyloxy)dodecanoyl]-L-alpha-phosphatidylcholine (DPL) which contain the antifungal polyene antibiotic amphotericin B (AMB). It was necessary to devise a novel method for incorporating AMB into the liposomes subsequent to polymerization. The polymer liposome AMB was as effective as AMB in "conventional" liposomes in terms of inhibiting fungal growth in vitro. However, in contrast to "conventional" liposomes, the polymerized DPL vesicles did not protect mammalian cells against AMB induced toxicity.
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