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Alawadi M, Fakhari AR, Maghsoudi M, Nojavan S. Dextrin-assisted gel electromembrane extraction of chiral drugs: Improving the extraction efficiency and investigation of enantioselectivity of extraction. Talanta 2024; 274:126016. [PMID: 38599118 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
The present study investigates the use of dextrins (maltodextrin, β-cyclodextrin, and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin) to improve the efficiency of the agarose-based gel electromembrane extraction technique for extracting chiral basic drugs (citalopram, hydroxyzine, and cetirizine). Additionally, it examines the enantioselectivity of the extraction process for these drugs. To achieve these, dextrins were incorporated into either the sample solution, the membrane, or the acceptor solution, and then the extraction procedure was performed. Enantiomers were separated and analyzed using a capillary electrophoresis device equipped with a UV detector. The results obtained under the optimal extraction conditions (sample solution pH: 4.0, acceptor solution pH: 2.0, gel membrane pH: 3.0, agarose concentration: 3 % w/v, stirring rate: 1000 rpm, gel thickness: 4.4 mm, extraction voltage: 62.3 V, and extraction time: 32.1 min) indicated that incorporating dextrins into either the sample solution, membrane or the acceptor solution enhances extraction efficiency by 17.3-23.1 %. The most significant increase was observed when hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin was added to the acceptor solution. The findings indicated that the inclusion of hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin in the sample solution resulted in an enantioselective extraction, yielding an enantiomeric excess of 6.42-7.14 %. The proposed method showed a linear range of 5.0-2000 ng/mL for enantiomers of model drugs. The limit of detection and limit of quantification for all enantiomers were found to be < 4.5 ng/mL and <15.0 ng/mL, respectively. Intra- and inter-day RSDs (n = 4) were less than 10.8 %, and the relative errors were less than 3.2 % for all the enantiomers. Finally, the developed method was successfully applied to determine concentrations of enantiomers in a urine sample with relative recoveries of 96.8-99.2 %, indicating good reliability of the developed method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Alawadi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Pollutants, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Reza Fakhari
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Pollutants, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Majid Maghsoudi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Pollutants, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Nojavan
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Pollutants, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
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2
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Alawadi M, Fakhari AR, Bayatloo MR, Nojavan S. Carboxymethylated maltodextrin as a chiral selector for the separation of some basic drug enantiomers using capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1708:464335. [PMID: 37696127 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
In this work, carboxymethylated maltodextrin (Cm-MD) was successfully synthesized as an efficient anionic chiral selector and applied for the enantiomer separation of some basic drugs including tramadol, venlafaxine, verapamil, hydroxyzine, citalopram, fluoxetine, and amlodipine by capillary electrophoresis (CE). The synthesized chiral selector was characterized by the nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry. Under the optimized Cm-MD modified CE conditions (background electrolyte: phosphate buffer (pH 5.0, 50 mM) containing 5% (w/v) Cm-MD; applied voltage: 20 kV; and capillary column temperature: 25 °C), successful enantiomer separation of all studied chiral drugs were observed. By comparison of Cm-MD and MD for enantiomer separation of the model drugs, it was revealed that Cm-MD exhibits a higher resolution in comparison to the MD modified CE. This enhanced resolution could be attributed to the electrostatic interactions between the cationic drugs and anionic Cm-MD and opposite direction mobility of the host-guest complex relative to the chiral analyte. The optimized Cm-MD modified CE method was successfully used for the assay of the enantiomers of citalopram and venlafaxine in commercial tablets. The proposed method showed the linear range of 5.0-150.0 mg/L and 10.0-150.0 mg/L for both enantiomers of citalopram and venlafaxine, respectively. The limits of quantification were 5.0 and 10.0 mg/L for the enantiomers of citalopram and venlafaxine, respectively. The limit of detection for all enantiomers was found to be < 3.0 mg/L. Intra- and inter-day RSDs (n = 4) were less than 9.7%. The relative errors were less than 9.4% for all enantiomers. The obtained results in this research show that Cm-MD as a new, efficient and inexpensive chiral selector can be used for enantiomer separation of basic drugs using the CE technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Alawadi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Pollutants, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Reza Fakhari
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Pollutants, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Reza Bayatloo
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Pollutants, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Nojavan
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Pollutants, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
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3
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Chen L, Tian T, Yang S, Dong Y, Cui H, Li X. Separation and identification of cetirizine enantiomers in human urine by capillary electrophoresis and circular dichroism independent of their standards. J Sep Sci 2023; 46:e2200901. [PMID: 36756861 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202200901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Enantioseparation and determination of chiral drugs are of vital importance in biochemical and pharmaceutical research due to the different biological activity, mechanism, and toxicity of individual enantiomers. As a second-generation H(1)-antagonist, cetirizine's pharmaceutical activity is mainly derived from the levocetirizine while the dextro-enantiomer is ineffective and even associated with side effects. Herein, the enantiomers of cetirizine were separated by capillary electrophoresis and identified by electronic circular dichroism. Satisfactory linear relationship was found between the circular dichroism signal at λmax and the electrophoretic peak area difference in the nonracemic mixture of enantiomers. It made possible identification and quantification of cetirizine enantiomers independent of single enantiomer standards. The method's feasibility was demonstrated on the enantiomeric excess experiments of oral drugs measured in human blank urine. Additionally, the separation and determination of cetirizine in human urine after administration were also realized by capillary electrophoresis, indicating the method was sensitive enough for pharmacokinetic study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixia Chen
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Tingting Tian
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Sen Yang
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yalei Dong
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, National Medical Products Administration, 2 Tiantan Xili, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Hong Cui
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, P. R. China
| | - Xiangjun Li
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
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4
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Švecová P, Petr J. Separation of cetirizine enantiomers by capillary electrophoresis with a dual selector system based on borate-glucose complexes and sulfated-β-cyclodextrin. Talanta 2019; 198:154-158. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.01.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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5
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Preparation of Cyclodextrin Type Stationary Phase Based on Graphene Oxide and Its Application in Enantioseparation and Hydrophilic Interaction Chromatography. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(18)61111-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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6
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Li L, Wu C, Ma Y, Zhou S, Li Z, Sun T. Effectively enhancing the enantioseparation ability of β-cyclodextrin derivatives by de novo design and molecular modeling. Analyst 2017; 142:3699-3706. [PMID: 28849820 DOI: 10.1039/c7an00986k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Rational engineering of native β-CD as an ideal chiral selector for a definite analyte in capillary electrophoresis represents a challenge in separation science. Herein, a rational and systematic strategy that combines the de novo design and molecular modeling is firstly described to expedite the manipulation and selection of effective selector for enantioseparation in capillary electrophoresis. Using β-adrenoreceptor agonists as model analytes, we demonstrate how this strategy efficiently improves the enantiorecognition in chiral discrimination sites of inclusion complexes. The evolved β-CD derivative could be utilized as a chiral receptor to achieve the effective enantioseparation (Rs > 1.5) of racemic β-adrenoreceptor agonists. We highlight a novel strategy for efficiently and rapidly manipulating native CD based on the characteristics of analyte so as to gain an excellent chiral selector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linwei Li
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110016, PR China.
| | - Chengjun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110016, PR China.
| | - Yang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110016, PR China.
| | - Shuhao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110016, PR China.
| | - Zhen Li
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110016, PR China.
| | - Tiemin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110016, PR China.
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Sirisha T, Gurupadayya B, Inturi BK, Purohit M. Enantioselective UFLC Determination of Hydroxyzine Enantiomers and Application to a Pharmacokinetic Study in Rabbits. J Chromatogr Sci 2016; 54:1806-1812. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmw141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Liu Y, Deng M, Yu J, Jiang Z, Guo X. Capillary electrophoretic enantioseparation of basic drugs using a new single-isomer cyclodextrin derivative and theoretical study of the chiral recognition mechanism. J Sep Sci 2016; 39:1766-75. [PMID: 26935589 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201501026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A novel single-isomer cyclodextrin derivative, heptakis {2,6-di-O-[3-(1,3-dicarboxyl propylamino)-2-hydroxypropyl]}-β-cyclodextrin (glutamic acid-β-cyclodextrin) was synthesized and used as a chiral selector in capillary electrophoresis for the enantioseparation of 12 basic drugs, including terbutaline, clorprenaline, tulobuterol, clenbuterol, procaterol, carvedilol, econazole, miconazole, homatropine methyl bromide, brompheniramine, chlorpheniramine and pheniramine. The primary factors affecting separation efficiency, which include the background electrolyte pH, the concentration of glutamic acid-β-cyclodextrin and phosphate buffer concentration, were investigated. Satisfactory enantioseparations were obtained using an uncoated fused-silica capillary of 50 cm (effective length 40 cm) × 50 μm id with 120 mM phosphate buffer (pH 2.5-4.0) containing 0.5-4.5 mM glutamic acid-β-cyclodextrin as background electrolyte. A voltage of 20 kV was applied and the capillary temperature was kept at 20°C. The results proved that glutamic acid-β-cyclodextrin was an effective chiral selector for studied 12 basic drugs. Moreover, the possible chiral recognition mechanism of brompheniramine, chlorpheniramine and pheniramine on glutamic acid-β-cyclodextrin was investigated using the semi-empirical Parametric Method 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjing Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, P. R. China.,Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, P. R. China
| | - Miaoduo Deng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, P. R. China
| | - Jia Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, P. R. China
| | - Xingjie Guo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, P. R. China
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A dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and chiral separation of carvedilol in human plasma using capillary electrophoresis. Bioanalysis 2016; 7:1107-17. [PMID: 26039808 DOI: 10.4155/bio.15.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Development of simple, rapid and precise analysis of chiral drugs in biological samples is an important issue. Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction in combination with CE using field amplified sample injection has been of interest because of its capability to analyze trace amount of drugs. METHODS Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction-CE-field amplified sample injection was employed for chiral separation of carvedilol in human plasma using UV-DAD detector and the developed method has been validated according to US FDA method validation guideline for bioanalysis. RESULTS The method was linear over a concentration range of 12.5-100 ng/ml for each carvedilol enantiomer (R(2) = 0.998) and the mean recoveries ranged from 91 to 107%. CONCLUSION The method was adapted for sensitive, selective and rapid determination of carvedilol enantiomers in human plasma samples.
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Zhou J, Luo P, Chen S, Meng L, Sun C, Du Q, Sun F. Enantioseparation of Six Antihistamines with Immobilized Cellulose Chiral Stationary Phase by HPLC. J Chromatogr Sci 2015; 54:531-5. [PMID: 26657408 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmv177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
A stereoselective high performance liquid chromatography method has been developed for the chiral separation of the enantiomers of six antihistamines, doxylamine, carbinoxamine, dioxopromethazine, oxomemazine, cetirizine and hydroxyzine. The effects of mobile phase additive, column temperature and flow rate on the retention time and resolution were studied. Enantiomeric separation of cetirizine, doxylamine and hydroxyzine were achieved on cellulose tris-(3,5-dichlorophenylcarbamate) immobilized on silica gel chiral stationary phase known as Chiralpak IC (RS = 3.74, RS = 1.85 and RS = 1.74, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan 450001, P.R. China
| | - Pei Luo
- School of Pharmacy, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
| | - Shanshan Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
| | - Lingchang Meng
- School of Pharmacy, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
| | - Chong Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
| | - Qiuzheng Du
- School of Pharmacy, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
| | - Fang Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
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11
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Simultaneous Chiral Separation of Four H1-Antihistamines by Capillary Zone Electrophoresis Using a Dual Cyclodextrin System. Chromatographia 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-015-2967-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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12
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Xu J, Xu X, Wang Q, Fan X. Chiral separation of phenyllactic acid by helical structure from spring dextrin. J INCL PHENOM MACRO 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10847-015-0487-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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13
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El-Kommos ME, El-Gizawy SM, Atia NN, Hosny NM. Analysis for commonly prescribed non-sedating antihistamines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ancr.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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14
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Nojavan S, Pourmoslemi S, Behdad H, Fakhari AR, Mohammadi A. Application of Maltodextrin as Chiral Selector in Capillary Electrophoresis for Quantification of Amlodipine Enantiomers in Commercial Tablets. Chirality 2014; 26:394-9. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.22334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Nojavan
- Faculty of Chemistry; Shahid Beheshti University; Evin Tehran Iran
| | - Shabnam Pourmoslemi
- Department of Drug & Food Control, Faculty of Pharmacy; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Hamideh Behdad
- Faculty of Chemistry; Shahid Beheshti University; Evin Tehran Iran
| | - Ali Reza Fakhari
- Faculty of Chemistry; Shahid Beheshti University; Evin Tehran Iran
| | - Ali Mohammadi
- Department of Drug & Food Control, Faculty of Pharmacy; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
- Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
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15
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Sánchez-Hernández L, Guijarro-Diez M, Marina ML, Crego AL. New approaches in sensitive chiral CE. Electrophoresis 2013; 35:12-27. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Sánchez-Hernández
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Biology, Environmental Sciences and Chemistry, University of Alcalá; Alcalá de Henares Madrid Spain
| | - Miguel Guijarro-Diez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Biology, Environmental Sciences and Chemistry, University of Alcalá; Alcalá de Henares Madrid Spain
| | - María Luisa Marina
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Biology, Environmental Sciences and Chemistry, University of Alcalá; Alcalá de Henares Madrid Spain
| | - Antonio L. Crego
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Biology, Environmental Sciences and Chemistry, University of Alcalá; Alcalá de Henares Madrid Spain
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16
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Fortes SS, Barth T, Furtado NAJC, Pupo MT, de Gaitani CM, de Oliveira ARM. Evaluation of dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction in the stereoselective determination of cetirizine following the fungal biotransformation of hydroxyzine and analysis by capillary electrophoresis. Talanta 2013; 116:743-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.07.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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17
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Guo L, Wang D, Xu Y, Qiu B, Lin Z, Dai H, Yang HH, Chen G. Discrimination of enantiomers based on LSPR biosensors fabricated with weak enantioselective and nonselective receptors. Biosens Bioelectron 2013; 47:199-205. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Revised: 03/03/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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18
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Huang R, Wang D, Liu S, Guo L, Wang F, Lin Z, Qiu B, Chen G. Preparative separation of enantiomers based on functional nucleic acids modified gold nanoparticles. Chirality 2013; 25:751-6. [PMID: 23846867 DOI: 10.1002/chir.22208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Revised: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The preparative-scale separation of chiral compounds is vitally important for the pharmaceutical industry and related fields. Herein we report a simple approach for rapid preparative separation of enantiomers using functional nucleic acids modified gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). The separation of DL-tryptophan (DL-Trp) is demonstrated as an example to show the feasibility of the approach. AuNPs modified with enantioselective aptamers were added into a racemic mixture of DL -Trp. The aptamer-specific enantiomer (L-Trp) binds to the AuNPs surface through aptamer-L-Trp interaction. The separation of DL-Trp is then simply accomplished by centrifugation: the precipitate containing L-Trp bounded AuNPs is separated from the solution, while the D-Trp remains in the supernatant. The precipitate is then redispersed in water. The aptamer is denatured under 95 °C and a second centrifugation is then performed, resulting in the separation of AuNPs and L-Trp. The supernatant is finally collected to obtain pure L-Trp in water. The results show that the racemic mixture of DL-Trp is completely separated into D-Trp and L-Trp, respectively, after 5 rounds of repeated addition of fresh aptamer-modified AuNPs to the DL-Trp mixture solution. Additionally, the aptamer-modified AuNPs can be repeatedly used for at least eight times without significant loss of its binding ability because the aptamer can be easily denatured and renatured in relatively mild conditions. The proposed approach could be scaled up and extended to the separation of other enantiomers by the adoption of other enantioselective aptamers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Huang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety (Fuzhou University), and Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
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19
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Tsioupi DA, Stefan-Vanstaden RI, Kapnissi-Christodoulou CP. Chiral selectors in CE: recent developments and applications. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:178-204. [PMID: 23161372 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Revised: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This review article provides an overview of the recent advances in enantioanalysis by use of electrophoretic techniques. Due to the big number of publications in the subject mentioned above, this article is focused on chiral method developments and applications published from 2008 until 2011, and it demonstrates chiral selectors used in CE. Numerous chiral selectors have been used over the years, and these include the cyclic and the linear oligo- and polysaccharides, the branched polysaccharides, the polymeric and monomeric surfactants, the macrocyclic and other antibiotics, and the crown ethers. Different dual-selector systems are also presented in this article, and the results are compared with those obtained by use of a single chiral selector. Finally, several pharmaceutical and biomedical applications based on chiral recognition are summarized.
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Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis (CE) has matured to one of the major liquid phase enantiodifferentiation techniques since the first report in 1985. This can be primarily attributed to the flexibility as well as the various modes available including electrokinetic chromatography (EKC), micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC), and microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography (MEEKC). In contrast to chromatographic techniques, the chiral selector is mobile in the background electrolyte. Furthermore, a large variety of chiral selectors are available that can be easily combined in the same separation system. In addition, the migration order of the enantiomers can be adjusted by a number of approaches. In CE enantiodifferentiations the separation principle is comparable to chromatography while the principle of the movement of the analytes in the capillary is based on electrophoretic phenomena. The present chapter will focus on mechanistic aspects of CE enantioseparations including enantiomer migration order and the current understanding of selector-selectand structures. Selected examples of the basic enantioseparation modes EKC, MEKC, and MEEKC will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard K E Scriba
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 14, 07743, Jena, Germany,
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21
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Jáč P, Scriba GKE. Recent advances in electrodriven enantioseparations. J Sep Sci 2012; 36:52-74. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2012] [Revised: 09/22/2012] [Accepted: 09/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Jáč
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; School of Pharmacy; Friedrich Schiller University; Jena; Germany
| | - Gerhard K. E. Scriba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; School of Pharmacy; Friedrich Schiller University; Jena; Germany
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22
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Nojavan S, Moharami A, Reza Fakhari A. Two-step liquid phase microextraction combined with capillary electrophoresis: A new approach to simultaneous determination of basic and zwitterionic compounds. J Sep Sci 2012; 35:1959-66. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2012] [Revised: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Nojavan
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Sciences; Shahid Beheshti University, G. C.; Tehran Iran
| | | | - Ali Reza Fakhari
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Sciences; Shahid Beheshti University, G. C.; Tehran Iran
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Abstract
AbstractEnantiomers (stereoisomers) can exhibit substantially different properties if present in chiral environments. Since chirality is a basic property of nature, the different behaviors of the individual enantiomers must be carefully studied and properly treated. Therefore, enantioselective separations are a very important part of separation science. To achieve the separation of enantiomers, an enantioselective environment must be created by the addition of a chiral selector to the separation system. Many chiral selectors have been designed and used in various fields, such as the analyses of drugs, food constituents and agrochemicals. The most popular have become the chiral selectors and/or chiral stationary phases that are of general use, i.e., are applicable in various separation systems and allow for chiral separation of structurally different compounds. This review covers the most important chiral selectors / chiral stationary phases described and applied in high performance liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis during the period of the last three years (2008–2011).
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J. Ward
- Millsaps College, 1701 N. State Street, Box 150306, Jackson, Mississippi 39210, United States
| | - Karen D. Ward
- Millsaps College, 1701 N. State Street, Box 150306, Jackson, Mississippi 39210, United States
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