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Butterworth AL, Golozar M, Estlack Z, McCauley J, Mathies RA, Kim J. Integrated high performance microfluidic organic analysis instrument for planetary and space exploration. LAB ON A CHIP 2024; 24:2551-2560. [PMID: 38624013 DOI: 10.1039/d4lc00012a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
The exploration of our solar system to characterize the molecular organic inventory will enable the identification of potentially habitable regions and initiate the search for biosignatures of extraterrestrial life. However, it is challenging to perform the required high-resolution, high-sensitivity chemical analyses in space and in planetary environments. To address this challenge, we have developed a microfluidic organic analyzer (MOA) instrument that consists of a multilayer programmable microfluidic analyzer (PMA) for fluidic processing at the microliter scale coupled with a microfabricated glass capillary electrophoresis (CE) wafer for separation and analysis of the sample components. Organic analytes are labeled with a functional group-specific (e.g. amine, organic acid, aldehyde) fluorescent dye, separated according to charge and hydrodynamic size by capillary electrophoresis (CE), and detected with picomolar limit of detection (LOD) using laser-induced fluorescence (LIF). Our goal is a sensitive automated instrument and autonomous process that enables sample-in to data-out performance in a flight capable format. We present here the design, fabrication, and operation of a technology development unit (TDU) that meets these design goals with a core mass of 3 kg and a volume of <5 L. MOA has a demonstrated resolution of 2 × 105 theoretical plates for relevant amino acids using a 15 cm long CE channel and 467 V cm-1. The LOD of LIF surpasses 100 pM (0.01 ppb), enabling biosignature detection in harsh environments on Earth. MOA is ideally suited for probing biosignatures in potentially habitable destinations on icy moons such as Europa and Enceladus, and on Mars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L Butterworth
- Space Sciences laboratory, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Matin Golozar
- Chemistry Department, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
| | - Zachary Estlack
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
| | - Jeremy McCauley
- Space Sciences laboratory, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Richard A Mathies
- Space Sciences laboratory, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
- Chemistry Department, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jungkyu Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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2
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Van Volkenburg T, Benzing JS, Craft KL, Ohiri K, Kilhefner A, Irons K, Bradburne C. Microfluidic Chromatography for Enhanced Amino Acid Detection at Ocean Worlds. ASTROBIOLOGY 2022; 22:1116-1128. [PMID: 35984944 PMCID: PMC9508454 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2021.0182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Increasing interest in the detection of biogenic signatures, such as amino acids, on icy moons and bodies within our solar system has led to the development of compact in situ instruments. Given the expected dilute biosignatures and high salinities of these extreme environments, purification of icy samples before analysis enables increased detection sensitivity. Herein, we outline a novel compact cation exchange method to desalinate proteinogenic amino acids in solution, independent of the type and concentration of salts in the sample. Using a modular microfluidic device, initial experiments explored operational limits of binding capacity with phenylalanine and three model cations, Na+, Mg2+, and Ca2+. Phenylalanine recovery (94-17%) with reduced conductivity (30-200 times) was seen at high salt-to-amino-acid ratios between 25:1 and 500:1. Later experiments tested competition between mixtures of 17 amino acids and other chemistries present in a terrestrial ocean sample. Recoveries ranged from 11% to 85% depending on side chain chemistry and cation competition, with concentration shown for select high affinity amino acids. This work outlines a nondestructive amino acid purification device capable of coupling to multiple downstream analytical techniques for improved characterization of icy samples at remote ocean worlds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kathleen L. Craft
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, Maryland, USA
| | - Korine Ohiri
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, Maryland, USA
| | - Ashley Kilhefner
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, Maryland, USA
| | - Kristen Irons
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill College of Arts and Sciences, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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3
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Wei J, Yu L, Yan L, Bai W, Lu X, Gao Z. Synthesis of 9,9-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl) fluorene catalyzed by bifunctional ionic liquids. RSC Adv 2021; 11:32559-32564. [PMID: 35493579 PMCID: PMC9041788 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra05967j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of bifunctional ionic liquids (BFILs) containing sulfonic acid (–SO3H) and sulfhydryl groups (–SH) were synthesized, and their catalytic performance in the condensation reaction of 9-fluorenone and phenol were studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialun Wei
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Limei Yu
- State Key Lab of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Lei Yan
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Wei Bai
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Xinxin Lu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Zhanxian Gao
- State Key Lab of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
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Duca ZA, Speller NC, Cantrell T, Stockton AM. A modular, easy-to-use microcapillary electrophoresis system with laser-induced fluorescence for quantitative compositional analysis of trace organic molecules. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2020; 91:104101. [PMID: 33138565 DOI: 10.1063/5.0008734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Microcapillary electrophoresis (μCE) enables high-resolution separations in miniaturized, automated microfluidic devices. Pairing this powerful separation technique with laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) enables a highly sensitive, quantitative, and compositional analysis of organic molecule monomers and short polymers, which are essential, ubiquitous components of life on Earth. Improving methods for their detection has applications to multiple scientific fields, particularly those related to medicine, industry, and space science. Here, a modular benchtop system using μCE with LIF detection was constructed and tested by analyzing standard amino acid samples of valine, serine, alanine, glycine, glutamic acid, and aspartic acid in multiple borate buffered solutions of increasing concentrations from 10 mM to 50 mM, all pH 9.5. The 35 mM borate buffer solution generated the highest resolution before Joule heating dominated. The limits of detection of alanine and glycine using 35 mM borate buffer were found to be 2.12 nM and 2.91 nM, respectively, comparable to other state-of-the-art μCE-LIF instruments. This benchtop system is amenable to a variety of detectors, including a photomultiplier tube, a silicon photomultiplier, or a spectrometer, and currently employs a spectrometer for facile multi-wavelength detection. Furthermore, the microdevice is easily exchanged to fit the desired application of the system, and optical components within the central filter cube can be easily replaced to target alternative fluorescent dyes. This work represents a significant step forward for the analysis of small organic molecules and biopolymers using μCE-LIF systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary A Duca
- Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | | | - Thomas Cantrell
- Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
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5
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Cao L, Liang Q, Wei T, Shi Y, Deng T, Meng J. Chromatographic determination and in-situ cell imaging of thiol compounds based on a fluorigenic probe. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1577:47-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Renault K, Fredy JW, Renard PY, Sabot C. Covalent Modification of Biomolecules through Maleimide-Based Labeling Strategies. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:2497-2513. [PMID: 29954169 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Since their first use in bioconjugation more than 50 years ago, maleimides have become privileged chemical partners for the site-selective modification of proteins via thio-Michael addition of biothiols and, to a lesser extent, via Diels-Alder (DA) reactions with biocompatible dienes. Prominent examples include immunotoxins and marketed maleimide-based antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) such as Adcetris, which are used in cancer therapies. Among the key factors in the success of these groups is the availability of several maleimides that can be N-functionalized by fluorophores, affinity tags, spin labels, and pharmacophores, as well as their unique reactivities in terms of selectivity and kinetics. However, maleimide conjugate reactions have long been considered irreversible, and only recently have systematic studies regarding their reversibility and stability toward hydrolysis been reported. This review provides an overview of the diverse applications for maleimides in bioconjugation, highlighting their strengths and weaknesses, which are being overcome by recent strategies. Finally, the fluorescence quenching ability of maleimides was leveraged for the preparation of fluorogenic probes, which are mainly used for the specific detection of thiol analytes. A summary of the reported structures, their photophysical features, and their relative efficiencies is discussed in the last part of the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kévin Renault
- Normandie Univ, CNRS, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, COBRA (UMR 6014) , 76000 Rouen , France
| | - Jean Wilfried Fredy
- Normandie Univ, CNRS, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, COBRA (UMR 6014) , 76000 Rouen , France
| | - Pierre-Yves Renard
- Normandie Univ, CNRS, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, COBRA (UMR 6014) , 76000 Rouen , France
| | - Cyrille Sabot
- Normandie Univ, CNRS, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, COBRA (UMR 6014) , 76000 Rouen , France
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Mathies RA, Razu ME, Kim J, Stockton AM, Turin P, Butterworth A. Feasibility of Detecting Bioorganic Compounds in Enceladus Plumes with the Enceladus Organic Analyzer. ASTROBIOLOGY 2017; 17:902-912. [PMID: 28915087 PMCID: PMC5610425 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2017.1660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Enceladus presents an excellent opportunity to detect organic molecules that are relevant for habitability as well as bioorganic molecules that provide evidence for extraterrestrial life because Enceladus' plume is composed of material from the subsurface ocean that has a high habitability potential and significant organic content. A primary challenge is to send instruments to Enceladus that can efficiently sample organic molecules in the plume and analyze for the most relevant molecules with the necessary detection limits. To this end, we present the scientific feasibility and engineering design of the Enceladus Organic Analyzer (EOA) that uses a microfluidic capillary electrophoresis system to provide sensitive detection of a wide range of relevant organic molecules, including amines, amino acids, and carboxylic acids, with ppm plume-detection limits (100 pM limits of detection). Importantly, the design of a capture plate that effectively gathers plume ice particles at encounter velocities from 200 m/s to 5 km/s is described, and the ice particle impact is modeled to demonstrate that material will be efficiently captured without organic decomposition. While the EOA can also operate on a landed mission, the relative technical ease of a fly-by mission to Enceladus, the possibility to nondestructively capture pristine samples from deep within the Enceladus ocean, plus the high sensitivity of the EOA instrument for molecules of bioorganic relevance for life detection argue for the inclusion of EOA on Enceladus missions. Key Words: Lab-on-a-chip-Organic biomarkers-Life detection-Planetary exploration. Astrobiology 17, 902-912.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A. Mathies
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Md Enayet Razu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas
| | - Jungkyu Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas
| | - Amanda M. Stockton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Paul Turin
- Berkeley Space Sciences Lab, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Anna Butterworth
- Berkeley Space Sciences Lab, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California
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Jang LW, Razu ME, Jensen EC, Jiao H, Kim J. A fully automated microfluidic micellar electrokinetic chromatography analyzer for organic compound detection. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:3558-3564. [PMID: 27507322 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc00790b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
An integrated microfluidic chemical analyzer utilizing micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) is developed using a pneumatically actuated Lifting-Gate microvalve array and a capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) chip. Each of the necessary liquid handling processes such as metering, mixing, transferring, and washing steps are performed autonomously by the microvalve array. In addition, a method is presented for automated washing of the high resistance CZE channel for device reuse and periodic automated in situ analyses. To demonstrate the functionality of this MEKC platform, amino acids and thiols are labeled and efficiently separated via a fully automated program. Reproducibility of the automated programs for sample labeling and periodic in situ MEKC analysis was tested and found to be equivalent to conventional sample processing techniques for capillary electrophoresis analysis. This platform enables simple, portable, and automated chemical compound analysis which can be used in challenging environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee-Woon Jang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX79409, USA.
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9
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Kim J, Stockton AM, Jensen EC, Mathies RA. Pneumatically actuated microvalve circuits for programmable automation of chemical and biochemical analysis. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:812-9. [PMID: 26864083 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc01397f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Programmable microfluidic platforms (PMPs) are enabling significant advances in the utility of microfluidics for chemical and biochemical analysis. Traditional microfluidic devices are analogous to application-specific devices--a new device is needed to implement each new chemical or biochemical assay. PMPs are analogous to digital electronic processors--all that is needed to implement a new assay is a change in the order of operations conducted by the device. In this review, we introduce PMPs based on normally-closed microvalves. We discuss recent applications of PMPs in diverse fields including genetic analysis, antibody-based biomarker analysis, and chemical analysis in planetary exploration. Prospects, challenges, and future concepts for this emerging technology will also be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungkyu Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Amanda M Stockton
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | | | - Richard A Mathies
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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10
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Rudašová M, Masár M. Precise determination ofN-acetylcysteine in pharmaceuticals by microchip electrophoresis. J Sep Sci 2015; 39:433-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201501025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marína Rudašová
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences; Comenius University in Bratislava; Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Marián Masár
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences; Comenius University in Bratislava; Bratislava Slovakia
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11
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Derivatisation for separation and detection in capillary electrophoresis (2012-2015). Electrophoresis 2015; 37:45-55. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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12
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Willis PA, Creamer JS, Mora MF. Implementation of microchip electrophoresis instrumentation for future spaceflight missions. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:6939-63. [PMID: 26253225 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8903-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We present a comprehensive discussion of the role that microchip electrophoresis (ME) instrumentation could play in future NASA missions of exploration, as well as the current barriers that must be overcome to make this type of chemical investigation possible. We describe how ME would be able to fill fundamental gaps in our knowledge of the potential for past, present, or future life beyond Earth. Despite the great promise of ME for ultrasensitive portable chemical analysis, to date, it has never been used on a robotic mission of exploration to another world. We provide a current snapshot of the technology readiness level (TRL) of ME instrumentation, where the TRL is the NASA systems engineering metric used to evaluate the maturity of technology, and its fitness for implementation on missions. We explain how the NASA flight implementation process would apply specifically to ME instrumentation, and outline the scientific and technology development issues that must be addressed for ME analyses to be performed successfully on another world. We also outline research demonstrations that could be accomplished by independent researchers to help advance the TRL of ME instrumentation for future exploration missions. The overall approach described here for system development could be readily applied to a wide range of other instrumentation development efforts having broad societal and commercial impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Willis
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Dr., Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA,
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13
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Saylor RA, Lunte SM. A review of microdialysis coupled to microchip electrophoresis for monitoring biological events. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1382:48-64. [PMID: 25637011 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.12.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Microdialysis is a powerful sampling technique that enables monitoring of dynamic processes in vitro and in vivo. The combination of microdialysis with chromatographic or electrophoretic methods with selective detection yields a "separation-based sensor" capable of monitoring multiple analytes in near real time. For monitoring biological events, analysis of microdialysis samples often requires techniques that are fast (<1 min), have low volume requirements (nL-pL), and, ideally, can be employed on-line. Microchip electrophoresis fulfills these requirements and also permits the possibility of integrating sample preparation and manipulation with detection strategies directly on-chip. Microdialysis coupled to microchip electrophoresis has been employed for monitoring biological events in vivo and in vitro. This review discusses technical considerations for coupling microdialysis sampling and microchip electrophoresis, including various interface designs, and current applications in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Saylor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA; Ralph N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA.
| | - Susan M Lunte
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA; Ralph N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA.
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14
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Mora MF, Stockton AM, Willis PA. Analysis of thiols by microchip capillary electrophoresis for in situ planetary investigations. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1274:43-52. [PMID: 25673481 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2353-3_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Microchip capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection (μCE-LIF) enables sensitive analyses of a wide range of analytes employing small volumes of sample and reagent (nL to μL) on an instrument platform with minimal mass, volume, and power requirements. This technique has been used previously in the analysis of amino acids and other organic molecules of interest in the fields of astrobiology and planetary science. Here, we present a protocol for the analysis of thiols using μCE-LIF. This protocol utilizes Pacific Blue C5-maleimide for fluorescent derivatization of thiols, enabling limits of detection in the low nM range (1.4-15 nM). Separations are conducted in micellar electrokinetic chromatography mode with 25 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate in 15 mM tetraborate, pH 9.2. This method allows analysis of 12 thiols in less than 2 min following a labeling step of 2 h. A step-by-step protocol, including tips on microchip capillary electrophoresis, is described here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria F Mora
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Mail Stop 302-231, 4800 Oak Grove Dr., Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA
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15
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Present state of microchip electrophoresis: state of the art and routine applications. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1382:66-85. [PMID: 25529267 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Microchip electrophoresis (MCE) was one of the earliest applications of the micro-total analysis system (μ-TAS) concept, whose aim is to reduce analysis time and reagent and sample consumption while increasing throughput and portability by miniaturizing analytical laboratory procedures onto a microfluidic chip. More than two decades on, electrophoresis remains the most common separation technique used in microfluidic applications. MCE-based instruments have had some commercial success and have found application in many disciplines. This review will consider the present state of MCE including recent advances in technology and both novel and routine applications in the laboratory. We will also attempt to assess the impact of MCE in the scientific community and its prospects for the future.
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Kim J, Jensen EC, Stockton AM, Mathies RA. Universal Microfluidic Automaton for Autonomous Sample Processing: Application to the Mars Organic Analyzer. Anal Chem 2013; 85:7682-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ac303767m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jungkyu Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United
States
| | - Erik C. Jensen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United
States
| | - Amanda M. Stockton
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United
States
| | - Richard A. Mathies
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United
States
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