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Spiric J, Schulenborg T, Holzhauser T, Schuler F, Bonertz A, Lauer I, Bartel D, Vieths S, Mahler V, Reuter A. Quality control of allergen products with mass spectrometry part I: Positioning within the EU regulatory framework. Allergy 2024. [PMID: 38425053 DOI: 10.1111/all.16080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) has advanced greatly and many of its applications are ready for utilization within regulatory procedures and could significantly contribute to overcome challenges in standardization of allergen products. It seems sensible to discuss MS within the regulatory framework, before addressing technical questions. While the application to purified proteins is well established from product development to manufacturer's release analytics, its application to complex products such as allergen products is still under development. It needs to be determined where it can complement or replace established methods or where MS offers limited improvement. Despite its technical appeal and versatility, currently MS is mentioned in regulatory guidelines only as one possible measurement method. For example, no specific MS method is given in the European Pharmacopoeia. We discuss applications of MS within the EU regulatory framework. This includes their advantages and disadvantages and their positioning between research, characterization, manufacturer's release analytics and official batch testing. We discuss the qualitative detection of single and multiple allergens as proof of identity, qualitative to semi-quantitative protein profiles for batch to batch consistency testing, and quantification of allergens to state mass units of allergens. MS may also facilitate standardization of allergen products, reference products and reference standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Spiric
- Allergology Division, Central Method Development Section, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Thomas Schulenborg
- Allergology Division, Central Method Development Section, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Thomas Holzhauser
- Allergology Division, Central Method Development Section, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Frank Schuler
- Allergology Division, Allergology Quality Assessment Section, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Andreas Bonertz
- Allergology Division, Allergology Quality Assessment Section, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Iris Lauer
- Allergology Division, Allergology Quality Assessment Section, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Detlef Bartel
- Allergology Division, Allergens Product Testing Section, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | | | - Vera Mahler
- Allergology Division, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Andreas Reuter
- Allergology Division, Central Method Development Section, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
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Fröhlich-Nowoisky J, Bothen N, Backes AT, Weller MG, Pöschl U. Oligomerization and tyrosine nitration enhance the allergenic potential of the birch and grass pollen allergens Bet v 1 and Phl p 5. FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY 2023; 4:1303943. [PMID: 38125293 PMCID: PMC10732249 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2023.1303943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein modifications such as oligomerization and tyrosine nitration alter the immune response to allergens and may contribute to the increasing prevalence of allergic diseases. In this mini-review, we summarize and discuss relevant findings for the major birch and grass pollen allergens Bet v 1 and Phl p 5 modified with tetranitromethane (laboratory studies), peroxynitrite (physiological processes), and ozone and nitrogen dioxide (environmental conditions). We focus on tyrosine nitration and the formation of protein dimers and higher oligomers via dityrosine cross-linking and the immunological effects studied.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nadine Bothen
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - Anna T. Backes
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - Michael G. Weller
- Division 1.5 - Protein Analysis, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrich Pöschl
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
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3
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Stutz H. Advances and applications of electromigration methods in the analysis of therapeutic and diagnostic recombinant proteins – A Review. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 222:115089. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.115089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Samadi N, Klems M, Heiden D, Bauer R, Kitzmüller C, Weidmann E, Ret D, Ondracek AS, Duschl A, Horejs‐Hoeck J, Untersmayr E. Nitrated food proteins induce a regulatory immune response associated with allergy prevention after oral exposure in a Balb/c mouse food allergy model. Allergy 2020; 75:412-422. [PMID: 31444907 PMCID: PMC7064937 DOI: 10.1111/all.14030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Food allergy is associated with a high personal health and economic burden. For immunomodulation toward tolerance, food compounds could be chemically modified, for example, by posttranslational protein nitration, which also occurs via diet-derived nitrating agents in the gastrointestinal tract. OBJECTIVE We sought to analyze the effect of pretreatment with nitrated food proteins on the immune response in a mouse food allergy model and on human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDCs) and PBMCs. METHODS The model allergen ovalbumin (OVA) was nitrated in different nitration degrees, and the secondary structures of proteins were determined by circular dichroism (CD). Allergy-preventive treatment with OVA, nitrated OVA (nOVA), and maximally nitrated OVA (nOVAmax) were performed before mice were immunized with or without gastric acid-suppression medication. Antibody levels, regulatory T-cell (Treg) numbers, and cytokine levels were evaluated. Human moDCs or PBMCs were incubated with proteins and evaluated for expression of surface markers, cytokine production, and proliferation of Th2 as well as Tregs. RESULTS In contrast to OVA and nOVA, the conformation of nOVAmax was substantially changed. nOVAmax pretreated mice had decreased IgE as well as IgG1 and IgG2a levels and Treg numbers were significantly elevated, while cytokine levels remained at baseline level. nOVAmax induced a regulatory DC phenotype evidenced by a decrease of the activation marker CD86 and an increase in IL-10 production and was associated with a higher proliferation of memory Tregs. CONCLUSION Oral pretreatment with highly nitrated proteins induces a tolerogenic immune response in the food allergy model and in human immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazanin Samadi
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - Martina Klems
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - Denise Heiden
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - Renate Bauer
- Department of Biosciences University of Salzburg Salzburg Austria
| | - Claudia Kitzmüller
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - Eleonore Weidmann
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - Davide Ret
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - Anna S. Ondracek
- Anna Spiegel Research Center Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - Albert Duschl
- Department of Biosciences University of Salzburg Salzburg Austria
| | | | - Eva Untersmayr
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria
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Fu L, Wang C, Zhu Y, Wang Y. Seafood allergy: Occurrence, mechanisms and measures. Trends Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2019.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Stock LG, Wildner S, Regl C, Gadermaier G, Huber CG, Stutz H. Monitoring of Deamidation and Lanthionine Formation in Recombinant Mugwort Allergen by Capillary Zone Electrophoresis (CZE)-UV and Transient Capillary Isotachophoresis-CZE-Electrospray Ionization-TOF-MS. Anal Chem 2018; 90:11933-11940. [PMID: 30179456 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b02328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The response to thermal stress is an important parameter relevant for characterizing the biological activity and long-term stability of recombinant proteins, which may show irreversible, pH dependent structural changes under these conditions. We selected the recombinant pollen allergen of mugwort ( Artemisia vulgaris) rArt v 3.0201 as a relevant model to study structural changes due to thermal and pH stress by means of capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE)-UV and capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE)-electrospray ionization (ESI)-TOF-MS. Therefore, this recombinant protein was exposed to 95 °C under acidic (pH 3.4) and slightly alkaline (pH 7.3) conditions for up to 120 min. CZE-UV data showed a continuous degradation of the allergen accompanied by the gradual formation of several reaction products. Characterization of novel allergen variants occurring at longer migration times was done via CZE-ESI-TOF-MS using in-capillary transient capillary isotachophoresis (tCITP) preconcentration to facilitate the identification of minor variants. MS data revealed various modifications of rArt v 3.0201 in response to heating. Variants with deamidations and sulfur-related modifications including both yield and loss of sulfur were identified at increased migration times. Desulfurization produced allergen variants with up to four lanthionines that replaced initial disulfide bonds. In addition, mass spectra revealed shifts in the charge state distribution which indicate concomitant conformational alterations. Moreover, several low-abundant oxidized variants were identified. With extended thermal stress, the portfolio of variants increased and progressively shifted toward rArt v 3.0201 with high lanthionine content. The kinetics of conversion and the complexity of variant composition were pH dependent and increased under alkaline conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenz G Stock
- Department of Biosciences , University of Salzburg , Hellbrunner Straße 34 , 5020 Salzburg , Austria.,Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Tools for Biosimilar Characterization , University of Salzburg , Hellbrunner Straße 34 , 5020 Salzburg , Austria
| | - Sabrina Wildner
- Department of Biosciences , University of Salzburg , Hellbrunner Straße 34 , 5020 Salzburg , Austria.,Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Tools for Biosimilar Characterization , University of Salzburg , Hellbrunner Straße 34 , 5020 Salzburg , Austria
| | - Christof Regl
- Department of Biosciences , University of Salzburg , Hellbrunner Straße 34 , 5020 Salzburg , Austria.,Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Tools for Biosimilar Characterization , University of Salzburg , Hellbrunner Straße 34 , 5020 Salzburg , Austria
| | - Gabriele Gadermaier
- Department of Biosciences , University of Salzburg , Hellbrunner Straße 34 , 5020 Salzburg , Austria.,Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Tools for Biosimilar Characterization , University of Salzburg , Hellbrunner Straße 34 , 5020 Salzburg , Austria
| | - Christian G Huber
- Department of Biosciences , University of Salzburg , Hellbrunner Straße 34 , 5020 Salzburg , Austria.,Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Tools for Biosimilar Characterization , University of Salzburg , Hellbrunner Straße 34 , 5020 Salzburg , Austria
| | - Hanno Stutz
- Department of Biosciences , University of Salzburg , Hellbrunner Straße 34 , 5020 Salzburg , Austria.,Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Tools for Biosimilar Characterization , University of Salzburg , Hellbrunner Straße 34 , 5020 Salzburg , Austria
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Gusenkov S, Stutz H. Top-down and bottom-up characterization of nitrated birch pollen allergen Bet v 1a with CZE hyphenated to an Orbitrap mass spectrometer. Electrophoresis 2018; 39:1190-1200. [PMID: 29389018 PMCID: PMC6175448 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201700413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosine (Tyr) residues of the major pollen allergen of birch Betula verrucosa, Bet v 1a, were nitrated by peroxynitrite. This modification enhances the allergenicity. Modified tyrosines were identified by analyzing intact allergen variants in combination with top‐down and bottom‐up approaches. Therefore, a laboratory‐built sheath‐liquid assisted ESI interface was applied for hyphenation of CE to an Orbitrap mass spectrometer to localize individual nitration sites. The major focus was on identification of primary nitration sites. The top‐down approach unambiguously identified Tyr 5 as the most prominent modification site. Fragments from the allergen core and the C‐terminal part carried up to three potential nitration sites, respectively. Thus, a bottom‐up approach with tryptic digest was used as a complementary strategy which allowed for the unambiguous localization of nitration sites within the respective peptides. Nitration propensity for individual Tyr residues was addressed by comparison of MS signals of nitrated peptides relative to all cognates of homolog primary sequence. Combined data identified surface exposed Tyr 5 and Tyr 66 as major nitration sites followed by less accessible Tyr 158 whereas Tyr 81, 83 and 150 possess a lower nitration tendency and are apparently modified in variants with higher nitration levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Gusenkov
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Hanno Stutz
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
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Jiang Y, He MY, Zhang WJ, Luo P, Guo D, Fang X, Xu W. Recent advances of capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry instrumentation and methodology. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2017.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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9
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Leitner M, Stock LG, Traxler L, Leclercq L, Bonazza K, Friedbacher G, Cottet H, Stutz H, Ebner A. Mapping molecular adhesion sites inside SMIL coated capillaries using atomic force microscopy recognition imaging. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 930:39-48. [PMID: 27265903 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) is a powerful analytical technique for fast and efficient separation of different analytes ranging from small inorganic ions to large proteins. However electrophoretic resolution significantly depends on the coating of the inner capillary surface. High technical efforts like Successive Multiple Ionic Polymer Layer (SMIL) generation have been taken to develop stable coatings with switchable surface charges fulfilling the requirements needed for optimal separation. Although the performance can be easily proven in normalized test runs, characterization of the coating itself remains challenging. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) allows for topographical investigation of biological and analytical relevant surfaces with nanometer resolution and yields information about the surface roughness and homogeneity. Upgrading the scanning tip to a molecular biosensor by adhesive molecules (like partly inverted charged molecules) allows for performing topography and recognition imaging (TREC). As a result, simultaneously acquired sample topography and adhesion maps can be recorded. We optimized this technique for electrophoresis capillaries and investigated the charge distribution of differently composed and treated SMIL coatings. By using the positively charged protein avidin as a single molecule sensor, we compared these SMIL coatings with respect to negative charges, resulting in adhesion maps with nanometer resolution. The capability of TREC as a functional investigation technique at the nanoscale was successfully demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Leitner
- Institute of Biophysics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Gruberstrasse 40, 4020 Linz, Austria
| | - Lorenz G Stock
- Division of Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Department of Molecular Biology, University Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Tools for the Characterization of Biosimilars, University Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Lukas Traxler
- Institute of Biophysics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Gruberstrasse 40, 4020 Linz, Austria
| | - Laurent Leclercq
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM, UMR 5247, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier), Place Eugène Bataillon, CC 1706, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Klaus Bonazza
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/164, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gernot Friedbacher
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/164, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Hervé Cottet
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM, UMR 5247, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier), Place Eugène Bataillon, CC 1706, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Hanno Stutz
- Division of Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Department of Molecular Biology, University Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Tools for the Characterization of Biosimilars, University Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Andreas Ebner
- Institute of Biophysics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Gruberstrasse 40, 4020 Linz, Austria.
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Diesner SC, Schultz C, Ackaert C, Oostingh GJ, Ondracek A, Stremnitzer C, Singer J, Heiden D, Roth-Walter F, Fazekas J, Assmann VE, Jensen-Jarolim E, Stutz H, Duschl A, Untersmayr E. Nitration of β-Lactoglobulin but Not of Ovomucoid Enhances Anaphylactic Responses in Food Allergic Mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126279. [PMID: 25955653 PMCID: PMC4425501 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We revealed in previous studies that nitration of food proteins reduces the risk of de novo sensitization in a murine food allergy model. In contrast, in situations with preformed specific IgE antibodies, in vitro experiments suggested an increased capacity of effector cell activation by nitrated food proteins. Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of protein nitration on the effector phase of food allergy. Design BALB/c mice were immunized intraperitoneally (i.p.) with the milk allergen β-lactoglobulin (BLG) or the egg allergen ovomucoid (OVM), followed by intragastric (i.g.) gavages to induce a strong local inflammatory response and allergen-specific antibodies. Subsequently, naïve and allergic mice were intravenously (i.v.) challenged with untreated, sham-nitrated or nitrated BLG or OVM. Anaphylaxis was monitored by measuring core body temperature and determination of mouse mast cell protease-1 (mMCP-1) levels in blood. Results A significant drop of body temperature accompanied with significantly elevated concentrations of the anaphylaxis marker mMCP-1 were only observed in BLG allergic animals challenged with nitrated BLG and not in OVM allergic mice challenged with nitrated OVM. SDS-PAGE and circular dichroism analysis of the differentially modified allergens revealed an effect of nitration on the secondary protein structure exclusively for BLG together with enhanced protein aggregation. Conclusion Our data suggest that nitration affects differently the food allergens BLG and OVM. In the case of BLG, structural changes favored dimerization possibly explaining the increased anaphylactic reactivity in BLG allergic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne C. Diesner
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Cornelia Schultz
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Chloé Ackaert
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Gertie J. Oostingh
- Biomedical Sciences, Salzburg University of Applied Sciences, Puch/Salzburg, Austria
| | - Anna Ondracek
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Caroline Stremnitzer
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Josef Singer
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Denise Heiden
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Franziska Roth-Walter
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Comparative Medicine, Messerli Research Institute of the University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University Vienna and University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Judit Fazekas
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Vera E. Assmann
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Erika Jensen-Jarolim
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Comparative Medicine, Messerli Research Institute of the University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University Vienna and University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hanno Stutz
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Albert Duschl
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Eva Untersmayr
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail:
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Kristl T, Stutz H. Comparison of different mobilization strategies for capillary isoelectric focusing of ovalbumin variants†. J Sep Sci 2014; 38:148-56. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201400890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Kristl
- Division of Chemistry and Bioanalytics; Department of Molecular Biology; University of Salzburg; Salzburg Austria
| | - Hanno Stutz
- Division of Chemistry and Bioanalytics; Department of Molecular Biology; University of Salzburg; Salzburg Austria
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Lindenburg PW, Haselberg R, Rozing G, Ramautar R. Developments in Interfacing Designs for CE–MS: Towards Enabling Tools for Proteomics and Metabolomics. Chromatographia 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-014-2795-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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