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Sanmartín-Matalobos J, Bermejo-Barrera P, Aboal-Somoza M, Fondo M, García-Deibe AM, Corredoira-Vázquez J, Alves-Iglesias Y. Semiconductor Quantum Dots as Target Analytes: Properties, Surface Chemistry and Detection. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:2501. [PMID: 35889725 PMCID: PMC9318497 DOI: 10.3390/nano12142501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery of Quantum Dots (QDs) by Alexey I. Ekimov in 1981, the interest of researchers in that particular type of nanomaterials (NMs) with unique optical and electrical properties has been increasing year by year. Thus, since 2009, the number of scientific articles published on this topic has not been less than a thousand a year. The increasing use of QDs due to their biomedical, pharmaceutical, biological, photovoltaics or computing applications, as well as many other high-tech uses such as for displays and solid-state lighting (SSL), has given rise to a considerable number of studies about its potential toxicity. However, there are a really low number of reported studies on the detection and quantification of QDs, and these include ICP-MS and electrochemical analysis, which are the most common quantification techniques employed for this purpose. The knowledge of chemical phenomena occurring on the surface of QDs is crucial for understanding the interactions of QDs with species dissolved in the dispersion medium, while it paves the way for a widespread use of chemosensors to facilitate its detection. Keeping in mind both human health and environmental risks of QDs as well as the scarcity of analytical techniques and methodological approaches for their detection, the adaptation of existing techniques and methods used with other NMs appears necessary. In order to provide a multidisciplinary perspective on QD detection, this review focused on three interrelated key aspects of QDs: properties, surface chemistry and detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Sanmartín-Matalobos
- Coordination and Supramolecular Chemistry Group (SupraMetal), Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Materials (iMATUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Avenida das Ciencias s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (M.F.); (J.C.-V.); (Y.A.-I.)
| | - Pilar Bermejo-Barrera
- Trace Element, Speciation and Spectroscopy Group (GETEE), Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Materials (iMATUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Avenida das Ciencias s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (P.B.-B.); (M.A.-S.)
| | - Manuel Aboal-Somoza
- Trace Element, Speciation and Spectroscopy Group (GETEE), Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Materials (iMATUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Avenida das Ciencias s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (P.B.-B.); (M.A.-S.)
| | - Matilde Fondo
- Coordination and Supramolecular Chemistry Group (SupraMetal), Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Materials (iMATUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Avenida das Ciencias s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (M.F.); (J.C.-V.); (Y.A.-I.)
| | - Ana M. García-Deibe
- Coordination and Supramolecular Chemistry Group (SupraMetal), Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Materials (iMATUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Avenida das Ciencias s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (M.F.); (J.C.-V.); (Y.A.-I.)
| | - Julio Corredoira-Vázquez
- Coordination and Supramolecular Chemistry Group (SupraMetal), Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Materials (iMATUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Avenida das Ciencias s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (M.F.); (J.C.-V.); (Y.A.-I.)
| | - Yeneva Alves-Iglesias
- Coordination and Supramolecular Chemistry Group (SupraMetal), Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Materials (iMATUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Avenida das Ciencias s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (M.F.); (J.C.-V.); (Y.A.-I.)
- Trace Element, Speciation and Spectroscopy Group (GETEE), Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Materials (iMATUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Avenida das Ciencias s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (P.B.-B.); (M.A.-S.)
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2
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Oszwałdowski S. Capillary electrophoresis study on evolution of phase of mixed micelles. Colloid Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-020-04797-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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3
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Meng Z, Bi J, Zhang Q, Ren H, Qin W. Recent advances in nanomaterial-assisted detection coupled with capillary and microchip electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2020; 42:269-278. [PMID: 33159339 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Nanomaterials have drawn much attention because of their unique properties enabling them to play important roles in various applications in different areas. This review covers literature data in the Web of Science from January 2017 to August 2020, focusing on the applications of nanomaterials (nanoparticles, quantum dots, nanotubes, and graphene) in CE and MCE to achieve enhanced sensitivity of several detection techniques: fluorescence, colorimetry, amperometry, and chemiluminescence /electrochemiluminescence. For the articles surveyed, the types of nanomaterials used, detection mechanisms, analytical performance, and applications are presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Meng
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Junmin Bi
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Qianqian Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Hang Ren
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Weidong Qin
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, P. R. China
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4
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Oszwałdowski S. Capillary electrophoresis study on segment/segment system and its role in characterization of nanoparticles. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1601:365-374. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.05.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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5
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Kim H, Jeen T, Tran MV, Algar WR. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of semiconductor quantum dots and their bioconjugates: materials characterization and physical insights from spectrofluorimetric detection. Analyst 2019; 143:1104-1116. [PMID: 29387848 DOI: 10.1039/c7an01581j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Colloidal semiconductor quantum dot (QD) nanocrystals have ideal fluorescence properties for bioanalysis and bioimaging, but these materials must be functionalized with an inorganic shell, organic ligand or polymer coating, and conjugated with biomolecules to be useful in such applications. Several different analytical techniques are used to characterize QDs and their multiple layers of functionalization. Here, we revisit poly(acrylamide) gel electrophoresis (PAGE), which has been scarcely used for the characterization of QDs and their bioconjugates in deference to the routine use of agarose gel electrophoresis. We implemented PAGE in a novel "stubby" capillary format with spectrofluorimetric detection, the combination of which enabled more rapid and more detailed characterization of QDs than was possible with both poly(acrylamide) and agarose slab gels. Correlations between the peak photoluminescence (PL) emission wavelength and electropherogram peaks, especially when combined with Ferguson analysis, provided new and significant insight into the key factors that determine the electrophoretic mobility of QDs, and helped to resolve heterogeneity and sub-populations in ensembles of QDs. The method was useful for characterization of the inorganic core/shell nanocrystals, their organic ligand and polymer coatings, and their final bioconjugates, the latter of which were in the form of peptide and protein conjugates. With further development and optimization, we anticipate that capillary PAGE with spectrofluorimetric detection will become a valuable addition to the toolbox of characterization techniques suitable for QDs, their bioconjugates, and other nanoparticle materials as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyungki Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada.
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6
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Mudalige TK, Qu H, Van Haute D, Ansar SM, Linder SW. Capillary electrophoresis and asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation for size-based separation of engineered metallic nanoparticles: A critical comparative review. Trends Analyt Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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7
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Vaneckova T, Smerkova K, Zitka J, Hynek D, Zitka O, Hlavacek A, Foret F, Adam V, Vaculovicova M. Upconversion nanoparticle bioconjugates characterized by capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2018; 39:2246-2252. [PMID: 29882600 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201700483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) are an emerging class of optical materials with high potential in bioimaging due to practically no background signal and high penetration depth. Their excellent optical properties and easy surface functionalization make them perfect for conjugation with targeting ligands. In this work, capillary electrophoretic (CE) method with laser-induced fluorescence detection was used to investigate the behavior of carboxyl-silica-coated UCNPs. Folic acid, targeting folate receptor overexpressed by wide variety of cancer cells, was used for illustrative purposes and assessed by CE under optimized conditions. Peptide-mediated bioconjugation of antibodies to UCNPs was also investigated. Despite the numerous advantages of CE, this is the first time that CE was employed for characterization of UCNPs and their bioconjugates. The separation conditions were optimized including the background electrolyte concentration and pH. The optimized electrolyte was 20 mM borate buffer with pH 8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Vaneckova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kristyna Smerkova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.,Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Zitka
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.,Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - David Hynek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.,Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Zitka
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.,Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Antonin Hlavacek
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Frantisek Foret
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtech Adam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.,Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marketa Vaculovicova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.,Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
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Zulkifli SN, Rahim HA, Lau WJ. Detection of contaminants in water supply: A review on state-of-the-art monitoring technologies and their applications. SENSORS AND ACTUATORS. B, CHEMICAL 2018; 255:2657-2689. [PMID: 32288249 PMCID: PMC7126548 DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2017.09.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Water monitoring technologies are widely used for contaminants detection in wide variety of water ecology applications such as water treatment plant and water distribution system. A tremendous amount of research has been conducted over the past decades to develop robust and efficient techniques of contaminants detection with minimum operating cost and energy. Recent developments in spectroscopic techniques and biosensor approach have improved the detection sensitivities, quantitatively and qualitatively. The availability of in-situ measurements and multiple detection analyses has expanded the water monitoring applications in various advanced techniques including successful establishment in hand-held sensing devices which improves portability in real-time basis for the detection of contaminant, such as microorganisms, pesticides, heavy metal ions, inorganic and organic components. This paper intends to review the developments in water quality monitoring technologies for the detection of biological and chemical contaminants in accordance with instrumental limitations. Particularly, this review focuses on the most recently developed techniques for water contaminant detection applications. Several recommendations and prospective views on the developments in water quality assessments will also be included.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Herlina Abdul Rahim
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Woei-Jye Lau
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
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Adam V, Vaculovicova M. Capillary electrophoresis and nanomaterials - Part I: Capillary electrophoresis of nanomaterials. Electrophoresis 2017; 38:2389-2404. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201700097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vojtech Adam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Mendel University in Brno; Brno Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology; Brno University of Technology; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Marketa Vaculovicova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Mendel University in Brno; Brno Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology; Brno University of Technology; Brno Czech Republic
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10
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Trapiella-Alfonso L, Ramírez-García G, d'Orlyé F, Varenne A. Electromigration separation methodologies for the characterization of nanoparticles and the evaluation of their behaviour in biological systems. Trends Analyt Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2016.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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11
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Li Y, Hou C, Lei J, Deng B, Huang J, Yang M. Detection of Organophosphorus Pesticides with Colorimetry and Computer Image Analysis. ANAL SCI 2016; 32:719-24. [PMID: 27396650 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.32.719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) represent a very important class of pesticides that are widely used in agriculture because of their relatively high-performance and moderate environmental persistence, hence the sensitive and specific detection of OPs is highly significant. Based on the inhibitory effect of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) induced by inhibitors, including OPs and carbamates, a colorimetric analysis was used for detection of OPs with computer image analysis of color density in CMYK (cyan, magenta, yellow and black) color space and non-linear modeling. The results showed that there was a gradually weakened trend of yellow intensity with the increase of the concentration of dichlorvos. The quantitative analysis of dichlorvos was achieved by Artificial Neural Network (ANN) modeling, and the results showed that the established model had a good predictive ability between training sets and predictive sets. Real cabbage samples containing dichlorvos were detected by colorimetry and gas chromatography (GC), respectively. The results showed that there was no significant difference between colorimetry and GC (P > 0.05). The experiments of accuracy, precision and repeatability revealed good performance for detection of OPs. AChE can also be inhibited by carbamates, and therefore this method has potential applications in real samples for OPs and carbamates because of high selectivity and sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjie Li
- Key Laboratory of Biorheology Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University
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12
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Laborda F, Bolea E, Cepriá G, Gómez MT, Jiménez MS, Pérez-Arantegui J, Castillo JR. Detection, characterization and quantification of inorganic engineered nanomaterials: A review of techniques and methodological approaches for the analysis of complex samples. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 904:10-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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13
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Oszwałdowski S, Kubáň P. Capillary electrophoresis study on segment/segment system for segments based on phase of mixed micelles and its role in transport of particles between the two segments. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1412:139-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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14
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Vaculovicova M, Adam V, Kizek R. Quantification of nanomaterial bioconjugation based on electrophoretic mobility shift. Electrophoresis 2015; 36:1084-5. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marketa Vaculovicova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Mendel University in Brno; Brno Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology; Brno University of Technology; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Vojtech Adam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Mendel University in Brno; Brno Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology; Brno University of Technology; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Rene Kizek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Mendel University in Brno; Brno Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology; Brno University of Technology; Brno Czech Republic
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15
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Zhang Y, Wang TH. High-resolution quantification by charge-dominant electrophoretic mobility shift of quantum dots. Electrophoresis 2015; 36:1011-5. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology; Agency of Science; Technology and Research; Singapore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Johns Hopkins University; Baltimore MD USA
| | - Tza-Huei Wang
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanical Engineering; Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center; Center of Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence; Institute for NanoBioTechnology; Johns Hopkins University; Baltimore MD USA
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Oszwałdowski S, Kubáň P. Capillary electrophoresis study on phase of mixed micelles and its role in transport phenomena of particles. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 864:85-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Xu L, Hao J, Yi T, Xu Y, Niu X, Ren C, Chen H, Chen X. Probing the mechanism of the interaction betweenl-cysteine-capped-CdTe quantum dots and Hg2+using capillary electrophoresis with ensemble techniques. Electrophoresis 2015; 36:859-66. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 12/13/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laifang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou China
- Department of Chemistry; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou China
| | - Junjie Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou China
- Department of Chemistry; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou China
| | - Tao Yi
- School of Chinese Medicine; Hong Kong Baptist University; Hong Kong China
| | - Yinyin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou China
- Department of Chemistry; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou China
| | - Xiaoying Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou China
- Department of Chemistry; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou China
| | - Cuiling Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou China
- Department of Chemistry; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou China
| | - Hongli Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou China
- Department of Chemistry; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou China
| | - Xingguo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou China
- Department of Chemistry; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou China
- Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province; Lanzhou China
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Praus P, Turicová M, Suchomel P, Kvítek L. Capillary isotachophoresis for separation of silver nanoparticles according to size. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra10676a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Capillary isotachophoresis was used for the separation of Ag nanoparticles stabilized by gelatin according to their size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Praus
- Department of Chemistry
- VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava
- 708 33 Ostrava-Poruba
- Czech Republic
- Institute of Environmental Technology
| | - Martina Turicová
- Department of Chemistry
- VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava
- 708 33 Ostrava-Poruba
- Czech Republic
| | - Petr Suchomel
- Department of Physical Chemistry
- Palacký University
- 771 46 Olomouc
- Czech Republic
| | - Libor Kvítek
- Department of Physical Chemistry
- Palacký University
- 771 46 Olomouc
- Czech Republic
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