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Lersanansit N, Pungjunun K, Chailapakul O, Praphairaksit N. Development of pectin-based gel electrolyte for wireless electrochemical determination of cadmium and lead using smartphone. Talanta 2024; 276:126211. [PMID: 38714009 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
A portable device offering effortlessness, mobility, and affordability for real-time and on-site monitoring of heavy metals is currently in great demand to maintain environmental sustainability. Herein, a platform utilizing a biopolymeric gel-based electrolyte for the on-field simultaneous determination of Cd(II) and Pb(II) is described. Pectin, a natural polymer, was exploited as a chemical delivery medium on account of its biodegradability, environmental friendliness, and rapid dissolving characteristics. The gel electrolyte was prepared by having pectin dissolved in KCl mixed with Sb(III)-Bi(III) bimetallic alloy solution, and casted onto a paper substrate. An in situ bimetallic alloy and pre-mixed bismuth nanoparticles modified screen-printed graphene electrode (Sb-Bi/BiNP/SPGE) were employed to enhance the electrochemical signals of Cd(II) and Pb(II) for the differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV). It was demonstrated that the platform was capable of generating sharp and well-defined current signals, achieving the low detection limits of 50.98 ng mL-1 for Cd(II) and 40.80 ng mL-1 for Pb(II). The reproducibility, as indicated by the relative standard deviation, was found to be less than 10.4 % (n = 10) for the developed gel-based device when coupled with a wireless near field communication (NFC) potentiostat. Lastly, the obtained sensor was applied for quantification of Cd and Pb in potentially contaminated groundwater samples. The recoveries obtained were satisfactorily within the acceptable range. The newly designed platform exhibited several advantages, including small sample volume (μL), low-cost, no sample preparation requirements, and being environmentally friendly. The convenience of a portable device utilizing the proposed biopolymeric gel-based electrolyte for on-field analysis makes it highly appealing for various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nantanat Lersanansit
- Electrochemistry and Optical Spectroscopy Center of Excellence (EOSCE), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Kingkan Pungjunun
- Electrochemistry and Optical Spectroscopy Center of Excellence (EOSCE), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Orawon Chailapakul
- Electrochemistry and Optical Spectroscopy Center of Excellence (EOSCE), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Petrochemical and Materials Technology, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand
| | - Narong Praphairaksit
- Electrochemistry and Optical Spectroscopy Center of Excellence (EOSCE), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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Sulthana SF, Iqbal UM, Suseela SB, Anbazhagan R, Chinthaginjala R, Chitathuru D, Ahmad I, Kim TH. Electrochemical Sensors for Heavy Metal Ion Detection in Aqueous Medium: A Systematic Review. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:25493-25512. [PMID: 38911761 PMCID: PMC11190924 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c00933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Heavy metal ions (HMIs) are very harmful to the ecosystem when they are present in excess of the recommended limits. They are carcinogenic in nature and can cause serious health issues. So, it is important to detect the metal ions quickly and accurately. The metal ions arsenic (As3+), cadmium (Cd2+), chromium (Cr3+), lead (Pb2+), and mercury (Hg2+) are considered to be very toxic among other metal ions. Standard analytical methods like atomic absorption spectroscopy, atomic fluorescence spectroscopy, and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy are used to detect HMIs. But these methods necessitate highly technical equipment and lengthy procedures with skilled personnel. So, electrochemical sensing methods are considered to be more advantageous because of their quick analysis with precision and simplicity to operate. They can detect a wide range of heavy metals providing real-time monitoring and are cost-effective and enable multiparametric detection. Various sensing applications necessitate severe regulation regarding the modification of electrode surfaces. Numerous nanomaterials such as graphene, carbon nanotubes, and metal nanoparticles have been extensively explored as interface materials in electrode modifiers. These nanoparticles offer excellent electrical conductivity, distinctive catalytic properties, and high surface area resulting in enhanced electrochemical performance. This review examines different HMI detection methods in an aqueous medium by an electrochemical sensing approach and studies the recent developments in interface materials for altering the electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Fouziya Sulthana
- Department
of Mechatronics Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu 603203, India
| | - U. Mohammed Iqbal
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu 603203, India
| | - Sreeja Balakrishnapillai Suseela
- Department
of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Centre for Medical Electronics,
College of Engineering, Anna University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600025, India
| | - Rajesh Anbazhagan
- School
of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, SASTRA University, Thanjavur 613401, India
| | - Ravikumar Chinthaginjala
- School
of Electronics Engineering, Vellore Institute
of Technology, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Dhanamjayulu Chitathuru
- School of
Electrical Engineering, Vellore Institute
of Technology, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Irfan Ahmad
- Department
of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Science, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tai-hoon Kim
- School
of Electrical and Computer Engineering Yeosu Campus, Chonnam National University, 50 Daehak-ro, Yeosu-si, Jeollanam-do 59626, Republic of Korea
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3
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Fort CI, Rusu MM, Cotet LC, Vulpoi A, Todea M, Baia M, Baia L. The Impact of Ar or N 2 Atmosphere on the Structure of Bi-Fe-Carbon Xerogel Based Composites as Electrode Material for Detection of Pb 2+ and H 2O 2. Gels 2024; 10:230. [PMID: 38667649 PMCID: PMC11049555 DOI: 10.3390/gels10040230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, bismuth- and iron-embedded carbon xerogels (XG) were obtained using a modified resorcinol formaldehyde sol-gel synthesis method followed by additional enrichment with iron content. Pyrolysis treatment was performed at elevated temperatures under Ar or N2 atmosphere to obtain nanocomposites with different reduction yields (XGAr or XGN). The interest was focused on investigating the extent to which changes in the pyrolysis atmosphere of these nanocomposites impact the structure, morphology, and electrical properties of the material and consequently affect the electroanalytical performance. The structural and morphological particularities derived from X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements revealed the formation of the nanocomposite phases, mostly metal/oxide components. The achieved performances for the two modified electrodes based on XG treated under Ar or N2 atmosphere clearly differ, as evidenced by the electroanalytical parameters determined from the detection of heavy metal cations (Pb2+) or the use of the square wave voltammetry (SWV) technique, biomarkers (H2O2), or amperometry. By correlating the differences obtained from electroanalytical measurements with those derived from morphological, structural, and surface data, a few utmost important aspects were identified. Pyrolysis under Ar atmosphere favors a significant increase in the α-Fe2O3 amount and H2O2 detection performance (sensitivity of 0.9 A/M and limit of detection of 0.17 μM) in comparison with pyrolysis under N2 (sensitivity of 0.5 A/M and limit of detection of 0.36 μM), while pyrolysis under N2 atmosphere leads to an increase in the metallic Bi amount and Pb2+ detection performance (sensitivity of 8.44 × 103 A/M and limit of detection of 33.05 pM) in comparison with pyrolysis under Ar (sensitivity of 6.47·103 A/M and limit of detection of 46.37 pM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen I. Fort
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, “Babes-Bolyai” University, Arany Janos 11, RO-400028 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (C.I.F.); (L.C.C.)
- Institute for Research-Development-Innovation in Applied Natural Sciences, “Babes-Bolyai” University, Fântânele 30, RO-400294 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Mihai M. Rusu
- Institute for Research-Development-Innovation in Applied Natural Sciences, “Babes-Bolyai” University, Fântânele 30, RO-400294 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Research in Bio-Nano-Sciences, “Babes-Bolyai” University, T. Laurean 42, RO-400271 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.V.); (M.T.)
- Faculty of Physics, “Babes-Bolyai” University, M. Kogalniceanu 1, RO-400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Liviu C. Cotet
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, “Babes-Bolyai” University, Arany Janos 11, RO-400028 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (C.I.F.); (L.C.C.)
- Institute for Research-Development-Innovation in Applied Natural Sciences, “Babes-Bolyai” University, Fântânele 30, RO-400294 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Adriana Vulpoi
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Research in Bio-Nano-Sciences, “Babes-Bolyai” University, T. Laurean 42, RO-400271 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.V.); (M.T.)
| | - Milica Todea
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Research in Bio-Nano-Sciences, “Babes-Bolyai” University, T. Laurean 42, RO-400271 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.V.); (M.T.)
- Faculty of Medicine, “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Victor Babeș 8, RO–400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Monica Baia
- Institute for Research-Development-Innovation in Applied Natural Sciences, “Babes-Bolyai” University, Fântânele 30, RO-400294 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
- Faculty of Physics, “Babes-Bolyai” University, M. Kogalniceanu 1, RO-400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Lucian Baia
- Institute for Research-Development-Innovation in Applied Natural Sciences, “Babes-Bolyai” University, Fântânele 30, RO-400294 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Research in Bio-Nano-Sciences, “Babes-Bolyai” University, T. Laurean 42, RO-400271 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.V.); (M.T.)
- Faculty of Physics, “Babes-Bolyai” University, M. Kogalniceanu 1, RO-400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Singh D, Poddar P. Scalable Synthesis of Dodecanethiol-Capped Bismuth Nanoparticles by a Solvent-Free Solid-State Grinding Method for Reduction of 4-Nitrophenol to 4-Aminophenol. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:11888-11897. [PMID: 37561936 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c01694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Thiol-capped metal nanoparticles have two constituents: an inorganic metal and an organic molecule as a shell. Both characters are inbuilt in the structure of the metal thiolate. Herein, we have investigated bismuth dodecanethiolate as a precursor for the synthesis of dodecanethiol-capped bismuth nanoparticles (Bi NPs) by a solid-state grinding method. By using sodium borohydride and bismuth dodecanethiolate, crystalline bismuth nanoparticles are synthesized in a solvent-free environment at room temperature (24 ± 4 °C). Bi NPs are tested for catalytic activity by reducing 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) to 4-aminophenol (4-AP) with an excess of NaBH4. Dodecanethiol-capped bismuth nanoparticles exhibit an efficient reduction of 4-NP to 4-AP within 12 min. Additionally, these nanoparticles remain catalytically active for up to three cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Singh
- Physical & Materials Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411008, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Sector 19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Pankaj Poddar
- Physical & Materials Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411008, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Sector 19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
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5
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Keramari V, Karastogianni S, Girousi S. New Prospects in the Electroanalysis of Heavy Metal Ions (Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu): Development and Application of Novel Electrode Surfaces. Methods Protoc 2023; 6:60. [PMID: 37489427 PMCID: PMC10366748 DOI: 10.3390/mps6040060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The detection of toxic heavy metal ions, especially cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu), is a global problem due to ongoing pollution incidents and continuous anthropogenic and industrial activities. Therefore, it is important to develop effective detection techniques to determine the levels of pollution from heavy metal ions in various media. Electrochemical techniques, more specifically voltammetry, due to its properties, is a promising method for the simultaneous detection of heavy metal ions. This review examines the current trends related to electrode formation and analysis techniques used. In addition, there is a reference to advanced detection methods based on the nanoparticles that have been developed so far, as well as formation with bismuth and the emerging technique of screen-printed electrodes. Finally, the advantages of using these methods are highlighted, while a discussion is presented on the benefits arising from nanotechnology, as it gives researchers new ideas for integrating these technologies into devices that can be used anywhere at any time. Reference is also made to the speciation of metals and how it affects their toxicity, as it is an important subject of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Keramari
- Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, School of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Sophia Karastogianni
- Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, School of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Stella Girousi
- Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, School of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
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6
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Zhang C, Li C, Han X. Screen printed electrode containing bismuth for the detection of cadmium ion. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2023.117291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
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7
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Yang Q, Nguyen EP, Panáček D, Šedajová V, Hrubý V, Rosati G, Silva CDCC, Bakandritsos A, Otyepka M, Merkoçi A. Metal-free cysteamine-functionalized graphene alleviates mutual interferences in heavy metal electrochemical detection. GREEN CHEMISTRY : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL AND GREEN CHEMISTRY RESOURCE : GC 2023; 25:1647-1657. [PMID: 36824602 PMCID: PMC9940303 DOI: 10.1039/d2gc02978b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metal pollutants are of great concern to environmental monitoring due to their potent toxicity. Electrochemical detection, one of the main techniques, is hindered by the mutual interferences of various heavy metal ions in practical use. In particular, the sensitivity of carbon electrodes to Cd2+ ions (one of the most toxic heavy metals) is often overshadowed by some heavy metals (e.g. Pb2+ and Cu2+). To mitigate interference, metallic particles/films (e.g. Hg, Au, Bi, and Sn) typically need to be embedded in the carbon electrodes. However, these additional metallic materials may face issues of secondary pollution and unsustainability. In this study, a metal-free and sustainable nanomaterial, namely cysteamine covalently functionalized graphene (GSH), was found to lead to a 6-fold boost in the Cd2+ sensitivity of the screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE), while the sensitivities to Pb2+ and Cu2+ were not influenced in simultaneous detection. The selective enhancement could be attributed to the grafted thiols on GSH sheets with good affinity to Cd2+ ions based on Pearson's hard and soft acid and base principle. More intriguingly, the GSH-modified SPCE (GSH-SPCE) featured high reusability with extended cycling times (23 times), surpassing the state-of-art SPCEs modified by non-covalently functionalized graphene derivatives. Last, the GSH-SPCE was validated in tap water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyue Yang
- Nanobioelectronics and Biosensors Group, Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC Campus UAB Bellaterra Barcelona 08193 Spain
- Department of Materials Science, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Campus de la UAB Plaça Cívica 08193 Bellaterra Barcelona Spain
| | - Emily P Nguyen
- Nanobioelectronics and Biosensors Group, Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC Campus UAB Bellaterra Barcelona 08193 Spain
| | - David Panáček
- Nanobioelectronics and Biosensors Group, Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC Campus UAB Bellaterra Barcelona 08193 Spain
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký University Olomouc Šlechtitelů 27 783 71 Olomouc Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Šedajová
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký University Olomouc Šlechtitelů 27 783 71 Olomouc Czech Republic
| | - Vítězslav Hrubý
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký University Olomouc Šlechtitelů 27 783 71 Olomouc Czech Republic
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc 17. listopadu 12 771 46 Olomouc Czech Republic
| | - Giulio Rosati
- Nanobioelectronics and Biosensors Group, Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC Campus UAB Bellaterra Barcelona 08193 Spain
| | - Cecilia de Carvalho Castro Silva
- Nanobioelectronics and Biosensors Group, Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC Campus UAB Bellaterra Barcelona 08193 Spain
- MackGraphe-Mackenzie Institute for Research in Graphene and Nanotechnologies, Mackenzie Presbyterian University Consolação Street 930 01302-907 São Paulo Brazil
| | - Aristides Bakandritsos
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký University Olomouc Šlechtitelů 27 783 71 Olomouc Czech Republic
- Nanotechnology Centre, Centre of Energy and Environmental Technologies, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava 17. listopadu 2172/15 708 00 Ostrava-Poruba Czech Republic
| | - Michal Otyepka
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký University Olomouc Šlechtitelů 27 783 71 Olomouc Czech Republic
- IT4Innovations, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava 17. listopadu 2172/15 708 00 Ostrava-Poruba Czech Republic
| | - Arben Merkoçi
- Nanobioelectronics and Biosensors Group, Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC Campus UAB Bellaterra Barcelona 08193 Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats Pg. Lluís Companys 23 Barcelona 08010 Spain
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8
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Screen-printed electrochemical sensors for environmental monitoring of heavy metal ion detection. REV CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/revce-2022-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Heavy metal ions (HMIs) are known to cause severe damages to the human body and ecological environment. And considering the current alarming situation, it is crucial to develop a rapid, sensitive, robust, economical and convenient method for their detection. Screen printed electrochemical technology contributes greatly to this task, and has achieved global attention. It enabled the mass transmission rate and demonstrated ability to control the chemical nature of the measure media. Besides, the technique offers advantages like linear output, quick response, high selectivity, sensitivity and stability along with low power requirement and high signal-to-noise ratio. Recently, the performance of SPEs has been improved employing the most effective and promising method of the incorporation of different nanomaterials into SPEs. Especially, in electrochemical sensors, the incorporation of nanomaterials has gained extensive attention for HMIs detection as it exhibits outstanding features like broad electrochemical window, large surface area, high conductivity, selectivity and stability. The present review focuses on the recent progress in the field of screen-printed electrochemical sensors for HMIs detection using nanomaterials. Different fabrication methods of SPEs and their utilization for real sample analysis of HMIs using various nanomaterials have been extensively discussed. Additionally, advancement made in this field is also discussed taking help of the recent literature.
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A nanocomposite-decorated laser-induced graphene-based multi-functional hybrid sensor for simultaneous detection of water contaminants. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1209:339872. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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Wang WJ, Lu XY, Kong FY, Li HY, Wang ZX, Wang W. A reduced graphene oxide supported Au-Bi bimetallic nanoparticles as an enhanced sensing platform for simultaneous voltammetric determination of Pb (II) and Cd (II). Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.107078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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11
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Gupta AK, Khanna M, Roy S, Pankaj, Nagabooshanam S, Kumar R, Wadhwa S, Mathur A. Design and development of a portable resistive sensor based on α-MnO 2 /GQD nanocomposites for trace quantification of Pb(II) in water. IET Nanobiotechnol 2021; 15:505-511. [PMID: 34694759 PMCID: PMC8675782 DOI: 10.1049/nbt2.12042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of heavy metal ions in food chain is appearing to be a major problem for mankind. The traces of heavy metals, especially Pb(II) ions present in water bodies remains undetected, untreated, and it remains in the food cycle causing serious health hazards for human and livestock. The consumption of Pb(II) ions may lead to serious medical complications including multiple organ failure which can be fatal. The conventional methods of heavy metal detection are costly, time-consuming and require laboratory space. There is an immediate need to develop a cost-effective and portable sensing system which can easily be used by the common man without any technical knowhow. A portable resistive device with miniaturized electronics is developed with microfluidic well and α-MnO2 /GQD nanocomposites as a sensing material for the sensitive detection of Pb(II). α-MnO2 /GQD nanocomposites which can be easily integrated with the miniaturized electronics for real-time on-field applications. The proposed sensor exhibited a tremendous potential to be integrated with conventional water purification appliances (household and commercial) to give an indication of safety index for the drinking water. The developed portable sensor required low sample volume (200 µL) and was assessed within the Pb(II) concentration range of 0.001 nM to 1 uM. The Limit of Detection (LoD) and sensitivity was calculated to be 0.81 nM and 1.05 kΩ/nM/mm2 , and was validated with the commercial impedance analyser. The shelf-life of the portable sensor was found to be ∼45 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit K. Gupta
- Amity Institute of NanotechnologyAmity UniversityUttar PradeshIndia
| | - Mansi Khanna
- Department of Electronics and Communication EngineeringAmity School of EngineeringAmity UniversityUttar PradeshIndia
| | - Souradeep Roy
- Amity Institute of NanotechnologyAmity UniversityUttar PradeshIndia
| | - Pankaj
- Amity Institute of NanotechnologyAmity UniversityUttar PradeshIndia
| | | | - Ranjit Kumar
- Amity Institute of NanotechnologyAmity UniversityUttar PradeshIndia
- Department of Chemistry, School of EngineeringUniversity of Petroleum and Energy StudiesBidholi CampusDehradunIndia
| | - Shikha Wadhwa
- Amity Institute of NanotechnologyAmity UniversityUttar PradeshIndia
- Department of Chemistry, School of EngineeringUniversity of Petroleum and Energy StudiesBidholi CampusDehradunIndia
| | - Ashish Mathur
- Amity Institute of NanotechnologyAmity UniversityUttar PradeshIndia
- Department of Physics, School of EngineeringUniversity of Petroleum and Energy StudiesBidholi CampusDehradunIndia
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12
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Torres-Rivero K, Florido A, Bastos-Arrieta J. Recent Trends in the Improvement of the Electrochemical Response of Screen-Printed Electrodes by Their Modification with Shaped Metal Nanoparticles. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21082596. [PMID: 33917220 PMCID: PMC8067965 DOI: 10.3390/s21082596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Novel sensing technologies proposed must fulfill the demands of wastewater treatment plants, the food industry, and environmental control agencies: simple, fast, inexpensive, and reliable methodologies for onsite screening, monitoring, and analysis. These represent alternatives to conventional analytical methods (ICP-MS and LC-MS) that require expensive and non-portable instrumentation. This needs to be controlled by qualified technicians, resulting moreover in a long delay between sampling and high-cost analysis. Electrochemical analysis based on screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) represents an excellent miniaturized and portable alternative due to their disposable character, good reproducibility, and low-cost commercial availability. SPEs application is widely extended, which makes it important to design functionalization strategies to improve their analytical response. In this sense, different types of nanoparticles (NPs) have been used to enhance the electrochemical features of SPEs. NPs size (1–100 nm) provides them with unique optical, mechanical, electrical, and chemical properties that give the modified SPEs increased electrode surface area, increased mass-transport rate, and faster electron transfer. Recent progress in nanoscale material science has led to the creation of reproducible, customizable, and simple synthetic procedures to obtain a wide variety of shaped NPs. This mini-review attempts to present an overview of the enhancement of the electrochemical response of SPEs when NPs with different morphologies are used for their surface modification
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Torres-Rivero
- Departament d’Enginyeria Química, Escola d’Enginyeria de Barcelona Est (EEBE), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, BarcelonaTEch (UPC), Av. Eduard Maristany 16, 08019 Barcelona, Spain; (K.T.-R.); (A.F.)
- Barcelona Research Center for Multiscale Science and Engineering, Av. Eduard Maristany 16, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Florido
- Departament d’Enginyeria Química, Escola d’Enginyeria de Barcelona Est (EEBE), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, BarcelonaTEch (UPC), Av. Eduard Maristany 16, 08019 Barcelona, Spain; (K.T.-R.); (A.F.)
- Barcelona Research Center for Multiscale Science and Engineering, Av. Eduard Maristany 16, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julio Bastos-Arrieta
- Grup de Biotecnologia Molecular i Industrial, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Rambla Sant Nebridi 22, Edifici Gaia TR14, 08222 Terrassa, Spain
- Correspondence:
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Mourdikoudis S, Sofer Z. Colloidal chemical bottom-up synthesis routes of pnictogen (As, Sb, Bi) nanostructures with tailored properties and applications: a summary of the state of the art and main insights. CrystEngComm 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ce01766c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Adjusting the colloidal chemistry synthetic parameters for pnictogen nanostructures leads to a fine control of their physical properties and the resulting performance in applications. Image adapted from Slidesgo.com.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanos Mourdikoudis
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technicka 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Sofer
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technicka 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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14
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Huang L, Ito Y, Fujita T, Ge X, Zhang L, Zeng H. Bismuth/Porous Graphene Heterostructures for Ultrasensitive Detection of Cd (II). MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E5102. [PMID: 33198230 PMCID: PMC7697896 DOI: 10.3390/ma13225102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Heavy metals pollution is one of the key problems of environment protection. Electrochemical methods, particularly anodic stripping voltammetry, have been proven a powerful tool for rapid detection of heavy metal ions. In the present work, a bismuth modified porous graphene (Bi@PG) electrode as an electrochemical sensor was adopted for the detection of heavy metal Cd2+ in an aqueous solution. Combining excellent electronic properties in sensitivity, peak resolution, and high hydrogen over-potential of bi-continuous porous Bi with the large surface-area and high conductivity on PG, the Bi@PG electrode exhibited excellent sensing ability. The square wave anodic stripping voltammetry response showed a perfect liner range of 10-9-10-8 M with a correlation coefficient of 0.9969. The limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantitation (LOQ) are calculated to be 0.1 and 0.34 nM with a sensitivity of 19.05 μA·nM-1, which is relatively excellent compared to other carbon-based electrodes. Meanwhile, the Bi@PG electrode showed tremendous potential in composite detection of multifold heavy metals (such as Pb2+ and Cd2+) and wider linear range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyi Huang
- School of Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; (L.H.); (H.Z.)
| | - Yoshikazu Ito
- Institute of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8571, Japan;
| | - Takeshi Fujita
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kochi University of Technology, 185 Miyanokuchi, Tosayamada, Kami City, Kochi 782-8502, Japan;
| | - Xingbo Ge
- The Center of New Energy Materials and Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- School of Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; (L.H.); (H.Z.)
| | - Heping Zeng
- School of Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; (L.H.); (H.Z.)
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15
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Sánchez-Calvo A, Blanco-López MC, Costa-García A. Paper-Based Working Electrodes Coated with Mercury or Bismuth Films for Heavy Metals Determination. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2020; 10:bios10050052. [PMID: 32414133 PMCID: PMC7277893 DOI: 10.3390/bios10050052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Paper-based carbon working electrodes were modified with mercury or bismuth films for the determination of trace metals in aqueous solutions. Both modification procedures were optimized in terms of selectivity and sensitivity for the determination of different heavy metals, aiming their simultaneous determination. Cd (II), Pb (II) and In (III) could be quantified with both films. However, Cu (II) could not be determined with bismuth films. The modification with mercury films led to the most sensitive method, with linear ranges between 0.1 and 10 µg/mL and limits of detection of 0.4, 0.1, 0.04 and 0.2 µg/mL for Cd (II), Pb (II), In (III) and Cu (II), respectively. Nevertheless, the bismuth film was a more sustainable alternative to mercury. Tap-water samples were analyzed for the determination of metals by standard addition methodology with good accuracy, by using a low-cost and easily disposable paper-based electrochemical platform. This system demonstrated its usefulness for monitoring heavy metals in water.
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16
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Preparation and Application of Bismuth/MXene Nano-Composite as Electrochemical Sensor for Heavy Metal Ions Detection. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10050866. [PMID: 32365912 PMCID: PMC7279382 DOI: 10.3390/nano10050866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A nano-form composite of MXenes (Ti3C2Tx, Tx = -O, -OH, -F) was synthesized through depositing bismuth-nanoparticle (BiNPs) onto Ti3C2Tx sheets. Because of the preventive effect of the two-dimensional layered structure of Ti3C2Tx, the nanoparticles of Bi were uniform and well attached on the Ti3C2Tx. The obtained BiNPs/Ti3C2Tx nano-composite was applied for sensors construction of electrochemical detecting of Pb2+ and Cd2+ heavy metal ions. The produced BiNPs@Ti3C2Tx-based sensor showed high effective surface area and excellent conductivity. Also, the BiNPs were efficient for anodic-stripping voltammetric to detect heavy metal ions. After conditions optimization, the BiNPs@Ti3C2Tx nano-sensor could detect Pb2+ and Cd2+ simultaneously and the detection limits were 10.8 nM for Pb2+ and 12.4 nM for Cd2+. The BiNPs@Ti3C2Tx was promising for detecting heavy metal ions due to their high surface area, fast electron-transfer ability, environmental friendliness, and facial preparation.
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17
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Squissato AL, Munoz RAA, Banks CE, Richter EM. An Overview of Recent Electroanalytical Applications Utilizing Screen‐Printed Electrodes Within Flow Systems. ChemElectroChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202000175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- André L. Squissato
- Institute of Chemistry Federal University of Uberlandia Av. João Naves de Ávila 2121 – Uberlandia, Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Rodrigo A. A. Munoz
- Institute of Chemistry Federal University of Uberlandia Av. João Naves de Ávila 2121 – Uberlandia, Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Craig E. Banks
- Faculty of Science and Engineering Manchester Metropolitan University Chester Street Manchester M1 5GD UK
| | - Eduardo M. Richter
- Institute of Chemistry Federal University of Uberlandia Av. João Naves de Ávila 2121 – Uberlandia, Minas Gerais Brazil
- Faculty of Science and Engineering Manchester Metropolitan University Chester Street Manchester M1 5GD UK
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18
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He Y, Wang Z, Ma L, Zhou L, Jiang Y, Gao J. Synthesis of bismuth nanoparticle-loaded cobalt ferrite for electrochemical detection of heavy metal ions. RSC Adv 2020; 10:27697-27705. [PMID: 35516934 PMCID: PMC9055655 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra02522d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
As an efficient modified electrode material for the detection of heavy metal ions, bismuth nanoparticles (BiNPs) were loaded on cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4), a unique magnetic photocatalytic material, to fabricate a highly sensitive sensor. The obtained BiNPs@CoFe2O4 nanocomposites showed excellent adsorption and electrical conductivity using a Square Wave Anodic Stripping Voltammetry (SWASV) detection method. Under optimized conditions, the BiNPs@CoFe2O4/GCE sensor could simultaneously determine Pb2+ and Cd2+, with detection limits of 7.3 and 8.2 nM, respectively. In addition, the BiNPs@CoFe2O4 exhibited acceptable reproducibility and good stability, which indicated great potential for the detection of heavy metal ions in reality. As an efficient modified electrode material for the detection of heavy metal ions, bismuth nanoparticles (BiNPs) were loaded on cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4), a unique magnetic photocatalytic material, to fabricate a highly sensitive sensor.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying He
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Hebei University of Technology
- Tianjin
- P. R. China
| | - Zihan Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Hebei University of Technology
- Tianjin
- P. R. China
| | - Li Ma
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Hebei University of Technology
- Tianjin
- P. R. China
| | - Liya Zhou
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Hebei University of Technology
- Tianjin
- P. R. China
| | - Yanjun Jiang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Hebei University of Technology
- Tianjin
- P. R. China
| | - Jing Gao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Hebei University of Technology
- Tianjin
- P. R. China
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19
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Liu X, Yao Y, Ying Y, Ping J. Recent advances in nanomaterial-enabled screen-printed electrochemical sensors for heavy metal detection. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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20
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Antunović V, Ilić M, Baošić R, Jelić D, Lolić A. Synthesis of MnCo2O4 nanoparticles as modifiers for simultaneous determination of Pb(II) and Cd(II). PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210904. [PMID: 30726233 PMCID: PMC6364896 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The porous spinel oxide nanoparticles, MnCo2O4, were synthesized by citrate gel combustion technique. Morphology, crystallinity and Co/Mn content of modified electrode was characterized and determined by Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS), X-ray diffraction pattern analysis (XRD), simultaneous thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis (TG/DTA). Nanoparticles were used for modification of glassy carbon electrode (GCE) and new sensor was applied for simultaneous determination of Pb(II) and Cd(II) ions in water samples with the linear sweep anodic stripping voltammetry (LSASV).The factors such as pH, deposition potential and deposition time are optimized. Under optimal conditions the wide linear concentration range from 0.05 to 40 μmol/dm3was obtained for Pb(II), with limit of detection (LOD) of 8.06 nmol/dm3 and two linear concentration ranges were obtained for Cd(II), from 0.05 to 1.6 μmol/dm3 and from 1.6 to 40 μmol/dm3, with calculated LOD of 7.02 nmol/dm3. The selectivity of the new sensor was investigated in the presence of interfering ions. The sensor is stable and it gave reproducible results. The new sensor was succesfully applied on determination of heavy metals in natural waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vesna Antunović
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Banja Luka, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Marija Ilić
- University of Belgrade—Faculty of Mining and Geology, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Rada Baošić
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Belgrade—Faculty of Chemistry, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dijana Jelić
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Banja Luka, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Aleksandar Lolić
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Belgrade—Faculty of Chemistry, Belgrade, Serbia
- * E-mail:
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21
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Liu Y, Qian L, Zhao X, Wang J, Yao L, Xing X, Mo G, Cai Q, Chen Z, Wu Z. Synthesis and formation mechanism of self-assembled 3D flower-like Bi/γ-Fe 2O 3 composite particles. CrystEngComm 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ce00326f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The self-assembled 3D flower-like Bi/γ-Fe2O3 composite particles consist of a Bi nanosphere core and a γ-Fe2O3 nanopetal shell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunpeng Liu
- Institute of High Energy Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100049
- China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Lixiong Qian
- Institute of High Energy Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100049
- China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Xiaoyi Zhao
- Institute of High Energy Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100049
- China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Jiayi Wang
- Institute of High Energy Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100049
- China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Lei Yao
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100049
- China
| | - Xueqing Xing
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100049
- China
| | - Guang Mo
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100049
- China
| | - Quan Cai
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100049
- China
| | - Zhongjun Chen
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100049
- China
| | - Zhonghua Wu
- Institute of High Energy Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100049
- China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
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22
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Waheed A, Mansha M, Ullah N. Nanomaterials-based electrochemical detection of heavy metals in water: Current status, challenges and future direction. Trends Analyt Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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23
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Screen-Printed Electrodes Modified with "Green" Metals for Electrochemical Stripping Analysis of Toxic Elements. SENSORS 2018; 18:s18041032. [PMID: 29596391 PMCID: PMC5948781 DOI: 10.3390/s18041032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This work reviews the field of screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) modified with “green” metals for electrochemical stripping analysis of toxic elements. Electrochemical stripping analysis has been established as a useful trace analysis technique offering many advantages compared to competing optical techniques. Although mercury has been the preferred electrode material for stripping analysis, the toxicity of mercury and the associated legal requirements in its use and disposal have prompted research towards the development of “green” metals as alternative electrode materials. When combined with the screen-printing technology, such environment-friendly metals can lead to disposable sensors for trace metal analysis with excellent operational characteristics. This review focuses on SPEs modified with Au, Bi, Sb, and Sn for stripping analysis of toxic elements. Different modification approaches (electroplating, bulk modification, use of metal precursors, microengineering techniques) are considered and representative applications are described. A developing related field, namely biosensing based on stripping analysis of metallic nanoprobe labels, is also briefly mentioned.
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24
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Chałupniak A, Merkoçi A. Graphene Oxide-Poly(dimethylsiloxane)-Based Lab-on-a-Chip Platform for Heavy-Metals Preconcentration and Electrochemical Detection. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:44766-44775. [PMID: 29192752 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b12368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we present the application of a novel graphene oxide-poly(dimethylsiloxane) (GO-PDMS) composite in reversible adsorption/desorption, including detection of heavy metals. GO-PDMS was fabricated by simple blending of GO with silicon monomer in the presence of tetrahydrofuran, followed by polymerization initiated upon the addition of curing agent. We found GO concentration, curing agent concentration, pH, and contact time among the most important factors affecting the adsorption of Pb(II) used as a model heavy metal. The mechanism of adsorption is based on surface complexation, where oxygen active groups of negative charge can bind with bivalent metal ions Me(II). To demonstrate a practical application of this material, we fabricated microfluidic lab-on-a-chip platform for heavy-metals preconcentration and detection. This device consists of a screen-printed carbon electrode, a PDMS chip, and a GO-PDMS chip. The use of GO-PDMS preconcentration platform significantly improves the sensitivity of electrochemical detection of heavy metals (an increase of current up to 30× was observed), without the need of modifying electrodes or special reagents addition. Therefore, samples being so far below the limit of detection (0.5 ppb) were successfully detected. This approach is compatible also with real samples (seawater) as ionic strength was found as indifferent for the adsorption process. To the best of our knowledge, GO-PDMS was used for the first time in sensing application. Moreover, due to mechanical resistance and outstanding durability, it can be used multiple times unlike other GO-based platforms for heavy-metals adsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Chałupniak
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - Arben Merkoçi
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Spain
- ICREA , Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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25
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A review on various electrochemical techniques for heavy metal ions detection with different sensing platforms. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 94:443-455. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2017.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 534] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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26
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Xuan X, Hossain MF, Park JY. A Fully Integrated and Miniaturized Heavy-metal-detection Sensor Based on Micro-patterned Reduced Graphene Oxide. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33125. [PMID: 27616629 PMCID: PMC5018876 DOI: 10.1038/srep33125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
For this paper, a fully integrated and highly miniaturized electrochemical sensor was designed and fabricated on a silicon substrate. A solvothermal-assisted reduced graphene oxide named "TRGO" was then successfully micro-patterned using a lithography technique, followed by the electrodeposition of bismuth (Bi) on the surface of the micro-patterned TRGO for the electrochemical detection of heavy metal ions. The fully integrated electrochemical micro-sensor was then measured and evaluated for the detection of cadmium and lead-heavy metal ions in an acetic-acid buffered solution using the square wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV) technique. The fabricated micro-sensor exhibited a linear detection range of 1.0 μg L(-1) to 120.0 μg L(-1) for both of the metal ions, and detection limits of 0.4 μg L(-1) and 1.0 μg L(-1) were recorded for the lead and cadmium (S/N = 3), respectively. Drinking-water samples were used for the practical assessment of the fabricated micro-sensor, and it showed an acceptable detection performance regarding the metal ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Xuan
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Micro/Nano Devices & packaging Lab., Kwangwoon University, 447-1, Wolgye-Dong, Nowon Gu, Seoul, 139-701, Korea
| | - Md. Faruk Hossain
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Micro/Nano Devices & packaging Lab., Kwangwoon University, 447-1, Wolgye-Dong, Nowon Gu, Seoul, 139-701, Korea
| | - Jae Yeong Park
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Micro/Nano Devices & packaging Lab., Kwangwoon University, 447-1, Wolgye-Dong, Nowon Gu, Seoul, 139-701, Korea
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