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Comparison of the Performance of Different Bile Salts in Enantioselective Separation of Palonosetron Stereoisomers by Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27165233. [PMID: 36014471 PMCID: PMC9415088 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27165233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bile salts are a category of natural chiral surfactants which have ever been used as the surfactant and chiral selector for the separation of many chiral compounds by micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC). In our previous works, the application of sodium cholate (SC) in the separation of four stereoisomers of palonosetron (PALO) by MEKC has been studied systematically. In this work, the parameters of other bile salts, including sodium taurocholate (STC), sodium deoxycholate (SDC), and sodium taurodeoxycholate (STDC) in the separation of PALO stereoisomers by MEKC were measured and compared with SC. It was found that all of four bile salts provide chiral recognition for both pairs of enantiomers, as well as achiral selectivity for diastereomers of different degrees. The structure of steroidal ring of bile salts has a greater impact on the separation than the structure of the side chain. The varying separation results by different bile salts were elucidated based on the measured parameters. A model to describe the contributions of the mobility difference of solutes in the aqueous phase and the selectivity of micelles to the chiral and achiral separation of stereoisomers was introduced. Additionally, a new approach to measure the mobility of micelles without enough solubility for hydrophobic markers was proposed, which is necessary for the calculation of separation parameters in MEKC. Under the guidance of derived equations, the separation by SDC and STDC was significantly improved by using lower surfactant concentrations. The complete separation of four stereoisomers was achieved in less than 3.5 min by using 4.0 mM of SDC. In addition, 30.0 mM of STC also provided the complete resolution of four stereoisomers due to the balance of different separation mechanisms. Its applicability for the analysis of a small amount of enantiomeric impurities in the presence of a high concentration of the effective ingredient was validated by a real sample.
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Chiral Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1626:461383. [PMID: 32797856 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The potential of Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography to achieve enantiomeric separations is reviewed in this article. The separation principles and the most frequently employed separation strategies to achieve chiral separations by Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography are described. The use of chiral micellar systems alone or combined with other micellar systems or chiral selectors, as well as of mixtures of achiral micellar systems with chiral selectors is discussed together with the effect of different additives present in the separation medium. Indirect methods based on the derivatization of analytes with chiral derivatizing reagents and the use of achiral micelles are also considered. Preconcentration techniques employed to improve sensitivity and the main approaches developed to facilitate the coupling with Mass Spectrometry are included. The most recent and relevant methodologies developed by chiral Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography and their applications in different fields are presented.
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Peng LQ, Dong X, Zhen XT, Yang J, Chen Y, Wang SL, Xie T, Cao J. Simultaneous separation and concentration of neutral analytes by cyclodextrin assisted sweeping-micellar electrokinetic chromatography. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1105:224-230. [PMID: 32138922 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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4
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Bernardo-Bermejo S, Sánchez-López E, Castro-Puyana M, Marina ML. Chiral capillary electrophoresis. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.115807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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He Y, Miao J, Jiang Z, Tu K, Yang H, Chen S, Zhang L, Zhang R. Improving the anti-fouling property and permeate flux of hollow fiber composite nanofiltration membrane using β-cyclodextrin. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12435. [PMID: 31455840 PMCID: PMC6711982 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48908-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hollow fiber composite NF membranes with improved anti-fouling property and water flux were prepared via interfacial polymerizationand layer-by-layer method using polyethylenimine (PEI), isophthaloyl dichloride (IPC), and β-cyclodextrin (β-CD). The chemical structures and the morphologies of the resultant NF membranes were characterized by attenuated total reflectance-fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The effects of β-CD concentration on membrane morphologies, nanofiltration performances, surface hydrophilicities and anti-fouling properties were investigated. It was found that the permeate flux increased with increasing the β-CD concentration, and no decline of rejection was observed. The results showed that the introduction of β-CD improved surface hydrophilicities and anti-fouling performances of composite hollow fiber NF membranes. The water contact angles decreased from 61.3° to 23° within creasing the concentration of β-CD from 0 to 2.0 wt.%. The resultant hollow fiber composite NF membrane showed an excellent anti-fouling property with the flux recovery ratio of 97.6%, which was much better than that of the original polyamide (PA) NF membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuantao He
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Membrane Materials and Membrane Separation, Guangzhou Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nansha District, Guangzhou, 511458, China
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, China
| | - Jing Miao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Membrane Materials and Membrane Separation, Guangzhou Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nansha District, Guangzhou, 511458, China.
- R & D Center, Sinochem Ningbo River Membrane Technology Corp. Ltd., Beijing, China.
| | - Zhibin Jiang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Membrane Materials and Membrane Separation, Guangzhou Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nansha District, Guangzhou, 511458, China
| | - Kai Tu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Membrane Materials and Membrane Separation, Guangzhou Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nansha District, Guangzhou, 511458, China
| | - Hao Yang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, China.
| | - Shunquan Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Membrane Materials and Membrane Separation, Guangzhou Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nansha District, Guangzhou, 511458, China.
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Ling Zhang
- School of Resource and Environment, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Membrane Materials and Membrane Separation, Guangzhou Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nansha District, Guangzhou, 511458, China
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Hu S, Zhang M, Li F, Breadmore MC. β-Cyclodextrin-copper (II) complex as chiral selector in capillary electrophoresis for the enantioseparation of β-blockers. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1596:233-240. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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7
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Yu T, Zhang J, Sun X, Du Y. Evaluation of cyclodextrin‐micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography with pyrrolidinium‐based ionic liquid surfactant as a pseudostationary phase for chiral separation. SEPARATION SCIENCE PLUS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/sscp.201800145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yu
- Department of Analytical ChemistryChina Pharmaceutical University Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Jinjing Zhang
- Department of Analytical ChemistryChina Pharmaceutical University Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Xiaodong Sun
- Department of Analytical ChemistryChina Pharmaceutical University Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Yingxiang Du
- Department of Analytical ChemistryChina Pharmaceutical University Nanjing P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education)China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural MedicinesChina Pharmaceutical University Nanjing P. R. China
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Honda M, Ishimaru T, Itabashi Y, Vyssotski M. Glycerolipid Composition of the Red Macroalga Agarophyton Chilensis and Comparison to the Closely Related Agarophyton Vermiculophyllum Producing Different Types of Eicosanoids. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17020096. [PMID: 30717350 PMCID: PMC6410328 DOI: 10.3390/md17020096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The red macroalga Agarophyton chilensis is a well-known producer of eicosanoids such as hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids, but the alga produces almost no prostaglandins, unlike the closely related A. vermiculophyllum. This indicates that the related two algae would have different enzyme systems or substrate composition. To carry out more in-depth discussions on the metabolic pathway of eicosanoids between the two algae, we investigated the characteristics of glycerolipids, which are the substrates of eicosanoids production, of A. chilensis and compared them to the reported values of A. vermiculophyllum. In A. chilensis, monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG), digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG), sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol (SQDG), and phosphatidylcholine (PC) were the major lipid classes and accounted for 44.4% of the total lipid extract. The predominant fatty acids were arachidonic acid (20:4n-6), an eicosanoids precursor, and palmitic acid (16:0). The 20:4n-6 content was extremely high in MGDG and PC (>70%), and the 16:0 content was extremely high in DGDG and SQDG (>40%). A chiral-phase HPLC analysis showed that fatty acids were esterified at the sn-1 and sn-2 positions of those lipids. The glycerolipid molecular species were determined by reversed-phase HPLC–ESI–MS analysis. The main glycerolipid molecular species were 20:4n-6/20:4n-6 (sn-1/sn-2) for MGDG (63.8%) and PC (48.2%), 20:4n-6/16:0 for DGDG (71.1%) and SQDG (29.4%). These lipid characteristics of A. chilensis were almost the same as those of A. vermiculophyllum. Hence, the differences of the eicosanoids producing ability between the two algae would not be due to the difference of substrate composition but the difference of enzyme system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Honda
- Faculty of Science & Technology, Meijo University, Shiogamaguchi, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya 468-8502, Japan.
| | - Takashi Ishimaru
- Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Minato-cho, Hakodate 041-0811, Japan.
| | - Yutaka Itabashi
- Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Minato-cho, Hakodate 041-0811, Japan.
- National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Yokohama 236-8648, Japan.
| | - Mikhail Vyssotski
- Callaghan Innovation, 69 Gracefield Road, P.O. Box 31310, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand.
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Torres P, Santos JP, Chow F, dos Santos DY. A comprehensive review of traditional uses, bioactivity potential, and chemical diversity of the genus Gracilaria (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta). ALGAL RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2018.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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10
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Poinsot V, Ta HY, Meang VO, Perquis L, Gavard P, Pipy B, Couderc F. A digest of capillary electrophoretic methods applied to lipid analyzes. Electrophoresis 2018; 40:190-211. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Véréna Poinsot
- Laboratoire des IMRCP; Université de Toulouse, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier; Toulouse France
| | - Hai Yen Ta
- Laboratoire des IMRCP; Université de Toulouse, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier; Toulouse France
| | - Varravaddheay Ong Meang
- Laboratoire des IMRCP; Université de Toulouse, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier; Toulouse France
| | - Lucie Perquis
- Laboratoire des IMRCP; Université de Toulouse, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier; Toulouse France
| | - Pierre Gavard
- Laboratoire des IMRCP; Université de Toulouse, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier; Toulouse France
| | - Bernard Pipy
- Laboratoire Pharma DEV; Université de Toulouse, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier; Toulouse France
| | - François Couderc
- Laboratoire des IMRCP; Université de Toulouse, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier; Toulouse France
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Chen J, Wang X, Ghulam M, Chen H, Qu F. Predefine resolution of enantiomers in partial filling capillary electrophoresis and two discontinuous function plugs coupling in-capillary. Electrophoresis 2018; 39:2391-2397. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Chen
- School of Life Science; Beijing Institute of Technology; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Xiaoqian Wang
- School of Life Science; Beijing Institute of Technology; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Murtaza Ghulam
- School of Life Science; Beijing Institute of Technology; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Hongxu Chen
- School of Life Science; Beijing Institute of Technology; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Feng Qu
- School of Life Science; Beijing Institute of Technology; Beijing P. R. China
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12
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Experimental and molecular modeling investigations of inclusion complexes of imazapyr with 2-hydroxypropyl(β/γ) cyclodextrin. J Mol Liq 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2018.04.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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13
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Crego AL, Mateos M, Nozal L. Recent contributions for improving sensitivity in chiral CE. Electrophoresis 2017; 39:67-81. [PMID: 28960403 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201700293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The flexibility and versatility of the chiral CE are unrivaled and the same instrumentation can be used to separate a diverse range of analytes, both large and small molecules, whether charged or uncharged. However, one of the disadvantages is generally thought to be the poor sensitivity of ultraviolet (UV) detection, which is the most popular among CE detectors. This review focuses on methodologies and applications regarding improvements of sensitivity in chiral CE published in the last 2 years (June 2015 until May 2017). This contribution continues to update this series of biannual reviews, first published in Electrophoresis in 2006. The main body of the review brings a survey of publications organized according to different approaches to detect a low amount of analytes, either by sample treatment procedures or by in-capillary sample preconcentration techniques, both using UV detection, or even by employing detection systems more sensitive than UV absorption, such as LIF or MS. This review provides comprehensive tables listing the new approaches in sensitive chiral CE with categorizing by the fundamental mechanism to enhance the sensitivity, which provide relevant information on the strategies employed. The concluding remarks in the final part of the review evaluate present state of art and the trends for sensitivity enhancement in chiral CE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Luis Crego
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry, and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Biology, Environmental Sciences, and Chemistry, University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Mateos
- Institute of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
| | - Leonor Nozal
- Institute of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
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Álvarez G, Montero L, Llorens L, Castro-Puyana M, Cifuentes A. Recent advances in the application of capillary electromigration methods for food analysis and Foodomics. Electrophoresis 2017; 39:136-159. [PMID: 28975648 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201700321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This review work presents and discusses the main applications of capillary electromigration methods in food analysis and Foodomics. Papers that were published during the period February 2015-February 2017 are included following the previous review by Acunha et al. (Electrophoresis 2016, 37, 111-141). The paper shows the large variety of food related molecules that have been analyzed by CE including amino acids, biogenic amines, carbohydrates, chiral compounds, contaminants, DNAs, food additives, heterocyclic amines, lipids, peptides, pesticides, phenols, pigments, polyphenols, proteins, residues, toxins, vitamins, small organic and inorganic compounds, as well as other minor compounds. This work describes the last results on food quality and safety, nutritional value, storage, bioactivity, as well as uses of CE for monitoring food interactions and food processing including recent microchips developments and new applications of CE in Foodomics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - María Castro-Puyana
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
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Liu Y, Wang W, Jia M, Liu R, Liu Q, Xiao H, Li J, Xue Y, Wang Y, Yan C. Recent advances in microscale separation. Electrophoresis 2017; 39:8-33. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201700271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Liu
- School of Pharmacy; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Weiwei Wang
- School of Pharmacy; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Mengqi Jia
- School of Pharmacy; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Rangdong Liu
- School of Pharmacy; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Qing Liu
- School of Pharmacy; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Han Xiao
- School of Pharmacy; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Jing Li
- Unimicro (shanghai) Technologies Co., Ltd.; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Yun Xue
- School of Pharmacy; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Pharmacy; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Chao Yan
- School of Pharmacy; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai P. R. China
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Guo X, Liu Q, Hu S, Guo W, Yang Z, Zhang Y. Thermodynamic models to elucidate the enantioseparation of drugs with two stereogenic centers by micellar electrokinetic chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1512:133-142. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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17
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Hemasa AL, Naumovski N, Maher WA, Ghanem A. Application of Carbon Nanotubes in Chiral and Achiral Separations of Pharmaceuticals, Biologics and Chemicals. NANOMATERIALS 2017; 7:nano7070186. [PMID: 28718832 PMCID: PMC5535252 DOI: 10.3390/nano7070186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) possess unique mechanical, physical, electrical and absorbability properties coupled with their nanometer dimensional scale that renders them extremely valuable for applications in many fields including nanotechnology and chromatographic separation. The aim of this review is to provide an updated overview about the applications of CNTs in chiral and achiral separations of pharmaceuticals, biologics and chemicals. Chiral single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) have been directly applied for the enantioseparation of pharmaceuticals and biologicals by using them as stationary or pseudostationary phases in chromatographic separation techniques such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), capillary electrophoresis (CE) and gas chromatography (GC). Achiral MWCNTs have been used for achiral separations as efficient sorbent objects in solid-phase extraction techniques of biochemicals and drugs. Achiral SWCNTs have been applied in achiral separation of biological samples. Achiral SWCNTs and MWCNTs have been also successfully used to separate achiral mixtures of pharmaceuticals and chemicals. Collectively, functionalized CNTs have been indirectly applied in separation science by enhancing the enantioseparation of different chiral selectors whereas non-functionalized CNTs have shown efficient capabilities for chiral separations by using techniques such as encapsulation or immobilization in polymer monolithic columns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman L Hemasa
- Chirality Program, Biomedical Science, University of Canberra, Bruce, Australian Capital Territory (ACT) 2617, Australia.
| | - Nenad Naumovski
- Collaborative Research in Bioactives and Biomarkers Group (CRIBB), University of Canberra, Bruce, Australian Capital Territory (ACT) 2617, Australia.
| | - William A Maher
- Ecochemistry Laboratory, Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Bruce, Australian Capital Territory (ACT) 2617, Australia.
| | - Ashraf Ghanem
- Chirality Program, Biomedical Science, University of Canberra, Bruce, Australian Capital Territory (ACT) 2617, Australia.
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