1
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Bakhtiari S, Manshadi MKD, Candas M, Beskok A. Changes in Electrical Capacitance of Cell Membrane Reflect Drug Partitioning-Induced Alterations in Lipid Bilayer. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:316. [PMID: 36838014 PMCID: PMC9961635 DOI: 10.3390/mi14020316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The plasma membrane is a lipid bilayer that establishes the outer boundary of a living cell. The composition of the lipid bilayer influences the membrane's biophysical properties, including fluidity, thickness, permeability, phase behavior, charge, elasticity, and formation of flat sheet or curved structures. Changes in the biophysical properties of the membrane can be occasioned when new entities, such as drug molecules, are partitioned in the bilayer. Therefore, assessing drugs for their effect on the biophysical properties of the lipid bilayer of a cell membrane is critical to understanding specific and non-specific drug action. Previously, we reported a non-invasive technique for real-time characterization of cellular dielectric properties, such as membrane capacitance and cytoplasmic conductivity. In this study, we discuss the potential application of the technique in assessing the biophysical properties of the cell membrane in response to interaction with amiodarone compared to aspirin/acetylsalicylic acid and glucose. Amiodarone is a potent drug used to treat cardiac arrhythmia, but it also exerts various non-specific effects. Compared to aspirin and glucose, we measured a rapid and higher magnitude increase in membrane capacitance on cells under amiodarone treatment. Increased membrane capacitance induced by aspirin and glucose quickly returned to baseline in 15 s, while amiodarone-induced increased capacitance sustained and decreased slowly, approaching baseline or another asymptotic limit in ~2.5 h. Because amiodarone has a strong lipid partitioning property, we reason that drug partitioning alters the lipid bilayer context and subsequently reduces bilayer thickness, leading to an increase in the electrical capacitance of the cell membrane. The presented microfluidic system promises a new approach to assess drug-membrane interactions and delineate specific and non-specific actions of the drug on cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shide Bakhtiari
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX 75275, USA
| | | | - Mehmet Candas
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75080, USA
| | - Ali Beskok
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX 75275, USA
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2
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Emmerich MEP, Sinnigen AS, Neubauer P, Birkholz M. Dielectrophoretic separation of blood cells. Biomed Microdevices 2022; 24:30. [PMID: 36006519 PMCID: PMC9411249 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-022-00623-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Microfluidic dielectrophoretic (DEP) devices enable the label-free separation and isolation of cells based on differences in their electrophysiological properties. The technique can serve as a tool in clinical diagnostics and medical research as it facilitates the analysis of patient-specific blood composition and the detection and isolation of pathogenic cells like circulating tumor cells or malaria-infected erythrocytes. This review compares different microfluidic DEP devices to separate platelets, erythrocytes and leukocytes including their cellular subclasses. An overview and experimental setups of different microfluidic DEP devices for the separation, trapping and isolation or purification of blood cells are detailed with respect to their technical design, electrode configuration, sample preparation, applied voltage and frequency and created DEP field based and related to the separation efficiency. The technique holds the promise that results can quickly be attained in clinical and ambulant settings. In particular, point-of-care-testing scenarios are favored by the extensive miniaturization, which would be enabled by microelectronical integration of DEP devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E. P. Emmerich
- Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, TU Berlin, Ackerstrasse 76, ACK24, D-13355 Berlin, Germany
- IHP – Leibniz-Institut für innovative Mikroelektronik, Im Technologiepark 25, 15236 Frankfurt (Oder), Germany
| | - Anne-Sophie Sinnigen
- Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, TU Berlin, Ackerstrasse 76, ACK24, D-13355 Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Neubauer
- Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, TU Berlin, Ackerstrasse 76, ACK24, D-13355 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mario Birkholz
- IHP – Leibniz-Institut für innovative Mikroelektronik, Im Technologiepark 25, 15236 Frankfurt (Oder), Germany
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3
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Luna R, Heineck DP, Bucher E, Heiser L, Ibsen SD. Theoretical and experimental analysis of negative dielectrophoresis‐induced particle trajectories. Electrophoresis 2022; 43:1366-1377. [PMID: 35377504 PMCID: PMC9325439 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202100372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Many biomedical analysis applications require trapping and manipulating single cells and cell clusters within microfluidic devices. Dielectrophoresis (DEP) is a label‐free technique that can achieve flexible cell trapping, without physical barriers, using electric field gradients created in the device by an electrode microarray. Little is known about how fluid flow forces created by the electrodes, such as thermally driven convection and electroosmosis, affect DEP‐based cell capture under high conductance media conditions that simulate physiologically relevant fluids such as blood or plasma. Here, we compare theoretical trajectories of particles under the influence of negative DEP (nDEP) with observed trajectories of real particles in a high conductance buffer. We used 10‐µm diameter polystyrene beads as model cells and tracked their trajectories in the DEP microfluidic chip. The theoretical nDEP trajectories were in close agreement with the observed particle behavior. This agreement indicates that the movement of the particles was highly dominated by the DEP force and that contributions from thermal‐ and electroosmotic‐driven flows were negligible under these experimental conditions. The analysis protocol developed here offers a strategy that can be applied to future studies with different applied voltages, frequencies, conductivities, and polarization properties of the targeted particles and surrounding medium. These findings motivate further DEP device development to manipulate particle trajectories for trapping applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Luna
- Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research Center Knight Cancer Institute Oregon Health and Science University Portland Oregon USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering School of Medicine Oregon Health and Science University Portland Oregon USA
| | - Daniel P. Heineck
- Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research Center Knight Cancer Institute Oregon Health and Science University Portland Oregon USA
| | - Elmar Bucher
- Department of Biomedical Engineering School of Medicine Oregon Health and Science University Portland Oregon USA
| | - Laura Heiser
- Department of Biomedical Engineering School of Medicine Oregon Health and Science University Portland Oregon USA
| | - Stuart D. Ibsen
- Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research Center Knight Cancer Institute Oregon Health and Science University Portland Oregon USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering School of Medicine Oregon Health and Science University Portland Oregon USA
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4
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Panklang N, Techaumnat B, Wisitsoraat A, Putaporntip C, Chotivanich K, Suzuki Y. A discrete dielectrophoresis device for the separation of malaria‐infected cells. Electrophoresis 2022; 43:1347-1356. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.202100271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nitipong Panklang
- Department of Electrical Engineering Faculty of Engineering Chulalongkorn University Bangkok Thailand
| | - Boonchai Techaumnat
- Department of Electrical Engineering Faculty of Engineering Chulalongkorn University Bangkok Thailand
- Biomedical Engineering Research Center Faculty of Engineering Chulalongkorn University Bangkok Thailand
| | - Anurat Wisitsoraat
- Nanoelectronics and MEMS Laboratory National Electronics and Computer Technology Center Pathumthani Thailand
| | - Chaturong Putaporntip
- Molecular Biology of Malaria and Opportunistic Parasites Research Unit Department of Parasitology Faculty of Medicine Chulalongkorn University Bangkok Thailand
| | - Kesinee Chotivanich
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit Faculty of Tropical Medicine Mahidol University Bangkok Thailand
| | - Yuji Suzuki
- Department of Mechanical Engineering The University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
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5
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Bakhtiari S, Manshadi MKD, Mansoorifar A, Beskok A. A Microfluidic Dielectric Spectroscopy System for Characterization of Biological Cells in Physiological Media. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:463. [PMID: 35062423 PMCID: PMC8779508 DOI: 10.3390/s22020463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Dielectric spectroscopy (DS) is a promising cell screening method that can be used for diagnostic and drug discovery purposes. The primary challenge of using DS in physiological buffers is the electrode polarization (EP) that overwhelms the impedance signal within a large frequency range. These effects further amplify with the miniaturization of the measurement electrodes. In this study, we present a microfluidic system and the associated equivalent circuit models for real-time measurements of cell membrane capacitance and cytoplasm resistance in physiological buffers with 10 s increments. The current device captures several hundreds of biological cells in individual microwells through gravitational settling and measures the system's impedance using microelectrodes covered with dendritic gold nanostructures. Using PC-3 cells (a highly metastatic prostate cancer cell line) suspended in cell growth media (CGM), we demonstrate stable measurements of cell membrane capacitance and cytoplasm resistance in the device for over 15 min. We also describe a consistent application of the equivalent circuit model, starting from the reference measurements used to determine the system parameters. The circuit model is tested using devices with varying dimensions, and the obtained cell parameters between different devices are nearly identical. Further analyses of the impedance data have shown that accurate cell membrane capacitance and cytoplasm resistance can be extracted using a limited number of measurements in the 5 MHz to 10 MHz range. This will potentially reduce the timescale required for real-time DS measurements below 1 s. Overall, the new microfluidic device can be used for the dielectric characterization of biological cells in physiological buffers for various cell screening applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ali Beskok
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX 75275, USA; (S.B.); (M.K.D.M.); (A.M.)
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6
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Sarno B, Heineck D, Heller MJ, Ibsen SD. Dielectrophoresis: Developments and applications from 2010 to 2020. Electrophoresis 2021; 42:539-564. [PMID: 33191521 PMCID: PMC7986072 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The 20th century has seen tremendous innovation of dielectrophoresis (DEP) technologies, with applications being developed in areas ranging from industrial processing to micro- and nanoscale biotechnology. From 2010 to present day, there have been 981 publications about DEP. Of over 2600 DEP patents held by the United States Patent and Trademark Office, 106 were filed in 2019 alone. This review focuses on DEP-based technologies and application developments between 2010 and 2020, with an aim to highlight the progress and to identify potential areas for future research. A major trend over the last 10 years has been the use of DEP techniques for biological and clinical applications. It has been used in various forms on a diverse array of biologically derived molecules and particles to manipulate and study them including proteins, exosomes, bacteria, yeast, stem cells, cancer cells, and blood cells. DEP has also been used to manipulate nano- and micron-sized particles in order to fabricate different structures. The next 10 years are likely to see the increase in DEP-related patent applications begin to result in a greater level of technology commercialization. Also during this time, innovations in DEP technology will likely be leveraged to continue the existing trend to further biological and medical-focused applications as well as applications in microfabrication. As a tool leveraged by engineering and imaginative scientific design, DEP offers unique capabilities to manipulate small particles in precise ways that can help solve problems and enable scientific inquiry that cannot be addressed using conventional methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Sarno
- Oregon Health and Science University–The Knight Cancer Institute's Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research CenterPortlandORUSA
- University of California San Diego–NanoengineeringLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Daniel Heineck
- Oregon Health and Science University–The Knight Cancer Institute's Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research CenterPortlandORUSA
| | - Michael J. Heller
- Oregon Health and Science University–The Knight Cancer Institute's Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research CenterPortlandORUSA
- University of California San Diego–NanoengineeringLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Stuart D. Ibsen
- Oregon Health and Science University–The Knight Cancer Institute's Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research CenterPortlandORUSA
- Oregon Health and Science University–Biomedical EngineeringPortlandORUSA
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7
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Koklu A, Giuliani J, Monton C, Beskok A. Rapid and Sensitive Detection of Nanomolecules by an AC Electrothermal Flow Facilitated Impedance Immunosensor. Anal Chem 2020; 92:7762-7769. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anil Koklu
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jason Giuliani
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
| | - Carlos Monton
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186 United States
| | - Ali Beskok
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75205, United States
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8
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Koklu A, Ajaev V, Beskok A. Self-Similar Response of Electrode Polarization for Binary Electrolytes in Parallel Plate Capacitor Systems. Anal Chem 2019; 91:11231-11239. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anil Koklu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75205, United States
| | - Vladimir Ajaev
- Department of Mathematics, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275, United States
| | - Ali Beskok
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75205, United States
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Koklu A, Atmaramani R, Hammack A, Beskok A, Pancrazio JJ, Gnade BE, Black BJ. Gold nanostructure microelectrode arrays for in vitro recording and stimulation from neuronal networks. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 30:235501. [PMID: 30776783 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab07cd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
An ideal microelectrode array (MEA) design should include materials and structures which exhibit biocompatibility, low electrode polarization, low impedance/noise, and structural durability. Here, the fabrication of MEAs with indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes deposited with self-similar gold nanostructures (GNS) is described. We show that fern leaf fractal-like GNS deposited on ITO electrodes are conducive for neural cell attachment and viability while reducing the interfacial impedance more than two orders of magnitude at low frequencies (100-1000 Hz) versus bare ITO. GNS MEAs, with low interfacial impedance, allowed the detection of extracellular action potentials with excellent signal-to-noise ratios (SNR, 20.26 ± 2.14). Additionally, the modified electrodes demonstrated electrochemical and mechanical stability over 29 d in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Koklu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, 75205, United States of America
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Hashemi Amrei SMH, Miller GH, Ristenpart WD. Asymmetric rectified electric fields between parallel electrodes: Numerical and scaling analyses. Phys Rev E 2019; 99:062603. [PMID: 31330682 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.99.062603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Recent computational and experimental work has established the existence of asymmetric rectified electric fields (AREFs), a type of steady electric field that occurs in liquids in response to an applied oscillatory potential, provided the ions present have different mobilities [Hashemi Amrei et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 121, 185504 (2018)PRLTAO0031-900710.1103/PhysRevLett.121.185504]. Here we use scaling analyses and numerical calculations to elaborate the nature of one-dimensional AREFs between parallel electrodes. The AREF magnitude is shown to increase quadratically with applied potential at low potentials, increase nonlinearly at intermediate potentials, then increase with a constant rate slower than quadratically at sufficiently high potentials, with no impact at any potential on the spatial structure of the AREF. In contrast, the AREF peak location increases linearly with a frequency-dependent diffusive length scale for all conditions tested, with corresponding decreases in both the magnitude and number of sign changes in the directionality of AREF. Furthermore, both the magnitude and spatial structure of the AREF depend sensitively on the ionic mobilities, valencies, and concentrations, with a potential-dependent peak AREF magnitude occurring at an ionic mobility ratio of D_{-}/D_{+}⪅5. The results are summarized with approximate scaling expressions that will facilitate interpretation of the steady component for oscillatory fields in liquid systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M H Hashemi Amrei
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Gregory H Miller
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - William D Ristenpart
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
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11
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Abd Samad MI, Kayani AA, Zoolfakar AS, Hamzah AA, Majlis BY, Buyong MR. Lab-on-a-chip Dielectrophoretic Manipulation of Beta-2 Microglobulin for Toxin Removal in An Artificial Kidney. MICRO AND NANOSYSTEMS 2019; 11:40-46. [DOI: 10.2174/1876402911666181218145459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Background:
This paper presents a fundamental study of protein manipulation under the
influence of dielectrophoretic (DEP) force for a lab-on-a-chip platform.
Objective:
Protein manipulation is dependent on the polarisation factor of protein when exposed to an
electric field. Therefore the objective of this work is a microfluidic device and measurement system
are used to characterise the human beta-2 microglobulin (β2M) protein via lateral attractive forces and
vertical repulsive forces by means of DEP responses.
Method:
The manipulation of the β2M protein was conducted using a microfluidic platform with a tapered
DEP microelectrode and the protein concentration was quantified based on a biochemical interaction
using an Enzyme-Linked Immunosolvent Assay (ELISA). The protein distribution has been analysed
based on the β2M concentration for each microfluidic outlet.
Results:
At 300 kHz, the protein experienced a negative DEP (nDEP) with of 83.3% protein distribution
on the middle microchannel. In contrast, the protein experienced a positive DEP (pDEP) at 1.2
MHz with of 78.7% of protein on the left and right sides of the microchannel.
Conclusion:
This is concept proved that the tapered DEP microelectrode is capable of manipulating
a β2M via particle polarisation, hence making it suitable to be utilised for purifying proteins in biomedical
application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Izzuddin Abd Samad
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics (IMEN), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, 43600, Malaysia
| | - Aminuddin Ahmad Kayani
- Center for Advanced Materials and Green Technology, Multimedia University, 75450 Melaka, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Sabirin Zoolfakar
- NANOElecTronic Centre, NET, Universiti Teknologi Mara, UiTM, Shah Alam 45450, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Azrul Azlan Hamzah
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics (IMEN), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, 43600, Malaysia
| | - Burhanuddin Yeop Majlis
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics (IMEN), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, 43600, Malaysia
| | - Muhamad Ramdzan Buyong
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics (IMEN), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, 43600, Malaysia
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Abd Samad MI, Buyong MR, Kim SS, Yeop Majlis B. Dielectrophoresis velocities response on tapered electrode profile: simulation and experimental. MICROELECTRONICS INTERNATIONAL 2019; 36:45-53. [DOI: 10.1108/mi-06-2018-0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to use a particle velocity measurement technique on a tapered microelectrode device via changes of an applied voltage, which is an enhancement of the electric field density in influencing the dipole moment particles. Polystyrene microbeads (PM) have used to determine the responses of the dielectrophoresis (DEP) voltage based on the particle velocity technique.
Design/methodology/approach
Analytical modelling was used to simulate the particles’ polarization and their velocity based on the Clausius–Mossotti Factor (CMF) equation. The electric field intensity and DEP forces were simulated through the COMSOL numerical study of the variation of applied voltages such as 5 V p-p, 7 V p-p and 10 V p-p. Experimentally, the particle velocity on a tapered DEP response was quantified via the particle travelling distance over a time interval through a high-speed camera adapted to a high-precision non-contact depth measuring microscope.
Findings
The result of the particle velocity was found to increase, and the applied voltage has enhanced the particle trajectory on the tapered microelectrode, which confirmed its dependency on the electric field intensity at the top and bottom edges of the electrode. A higher magnitude of particle levitation was recorded with the highest particle velocity of 11.19 ± 4.43 µm/s at 1 MHz on 10 V p-p, compared to the lowest particle velocity with 0.62 ± 0.11 µm/s at 10 kHz on 7 V p-p.
Practical implications
This research can be applied for high throughout sensitivity and selectivity of particle manipulation in isolating and concentrating biological fluid for biomedical implications.
Originality/value
The comprehensive manipulation method based on the changes of the electrical potential of the tapered electrode was able to quantify the magnitude of the particle trajectory in accordance with the strong electric field density.
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Mansoorifar A, Koklu A, Beskok A. Quantification of Cell Death Using an Impedance-Based Microfluidic Device. Anal Chem 2019; 91:4140-4148. [PMID: 30793881 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b05890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Dielectric spectroscopy is a nondestructive method to characterize dielectric properties by measuring impedance data over a frequency spectrum. This method has been widely used for various applications such as counting, sizing, and monitoring biological cells and particles. Recently, utilization of this method has been suggested in various stages of the drug discovery process due to low sample consumption and fast analysis time. In this study, we used a previously developed microfluidic system to confine single PC-3 cells in microwells using dielectrophoretic forces and perform the impedance measurements. PC-3 cells are treated with 100 μM Enzalutamide drug, and their impedance response is recorded until the cells are totally dead as predicted with viability tests. Four different approaches are used to analyze the impedance spectrum. Equivalent circuit modeling is used to extract the cell electrical properties as a function of time. Principal component analysis (PCA) is used to quantify cellular response to drug as a function of time. Single frequency measurements are conducted to observe how the cells respond over time. Finally, opacity ratio is defined as an additional quantification method. This device is capable of quantitatively measuring drug effects on biological cells and detecting cell death. The results show that the proposed microfluidic system has the potential to be used in early stages of the drug discovery process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Mansoorifar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Southern Methodist University , Dallas , Texas 75205 , United States
| | - Anil Koklu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Southern Methodist University , Dallas , Texas 75205 , United States
| | - Ali Beskok
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Southern Methodist University , Dallas , Texas 75205 , United States
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14
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Koklu A, Mansoorifar A, Giuliani J, Monton C, Beskok A. Self-Similar Interfacial Impedance of Electrodes in High Conductivity Media: II. Disk Electrodes. Anal Chem 2018; 91:2455-2463. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b05275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anil Koklu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75205, United States
| | - Amin Mansoorifar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75205, United States
| | - Jason Giuliani
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
| | - Carlos Monton
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
| | - Ali Beskok
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75205, United States
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15
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Yao J, Zhu G, Zhao T, Takei M. Microfluidic device embedding electrodes for dielectrophoretic manipulation of cells-A review. Electrophoresis 2018; 40:1166-1177. [PMID: 30378130 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Microfluidic device embedding electrodes realizes cell manipulation with the help of dielectrophoresis. Cell manipulation is an important technology for cell sorting and cell population purification. Till now, the theory of dielectrophoresis has been greatly developed. Microfluidic devices with various arrangements of electrodes have been reported from the beginning of the single non-uniform electric field to the later multiple physical fields. This paper reviews the research status of microfluidic device embedding electrodes for cell manipulation based on dielectrophoresis. Firstly, the working principle of dielectrophoresis is explained. Next, cell manipulation approaches based on dielectrophoresis are introduced. Then, different types of electrode arrangements in the microfluidic device for cell manipulation are discussed, including planar, multilayered and microarray dot electrodes. Finally, the future development trend of the dielectrophoresis with the help of microfluidic devices is prospected. With the rapid development of microfluidic technology, in the near future, high precision, high throughput, high efficiency, multifunctional, portable, economical and practical microfluidic dielectrophoresis will be widely used in the fields of biology, medicine, agriculture and so on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiafeng Yao
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 210016, P. R. China
| | - Guiping Zhu
- College of Astronautics, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 210016, P. R. China
| | - Tong Zhao
- Faculty of Mechanical and Precision Instrument Engineering, Xi`an University of Technology, Xi'an, 710048, P. R. China
| | - Masahiro Takei
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chiba University, Chiba, 263-0022, Japan
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16
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Koklu A, Mansoorifar A, Beskok A. Effects of electrode size and surface morphology on electrode polarization in physiological buffers. Electrophoresis 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anil Koklu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; Southern Methodist University; Dallas TX USA
| | - Amin Mansoorifar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; Southern Methodist University; Dallas TX USA
| | - Ali Beskok
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; Southern Methodist University; Dallas TX USA
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Mansoorifar A, Koklu A, Ma S, Raj GV, Beskok A. Electrical Impedance Measurements of Biological Cells in Response to External Stimuli. Anal Chem 2018; 90:4320-4327. [PMID: 29402081 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b05392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Dielectric spectroscopy (DS) is a noninvasive technique for real-time measurements of the impedance spectra of biological cells. DS enables characterization of cellular dielectric properties such as membrane capacitance and cytoplasmic conductivity. We have developed a lab-on-a-chip device that uses an electro-activated microwells array for capturing, DS measurements, and unloading of biological cells. Impedance measurements were conducted at 0.2 V in the 10 kHz to 40 MHz range with 6 s time resolution. An equivalent circuit model was developed to extract the cell membrane capacitance and cell cytoplasmic conductivity from the impedance spectra. A human prostate cancer cell line, PC-3, was used to evaluate the device performance. Suspension of PC-3 cells in low conductivity buffers (LCB) enhanced their dielectrophoretic trapping and impedance response. We report the time course of the variations in dielectric properties of PC-3 cells suspended in LCB and their response to sudden pH change from a pH of 7.3 to a pH of 5.8. Importantly, we demonstrated that our device enabled real-time measurements of dielectric properties of live cancer cells and allowed the assessment of the cellular response to variations in buffer conductivity and pH. These data support further development of this device toward single cell measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Mansoorifar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Southern Methodist University , Dallas , Texas 75205 , United States
| | - Anil Koklu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Southern Methodist University , Dallas , Texas 75205 , United States
| | - Shihong Ma
- Departments of Urology and Pharmacology , University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas , Texas 75390 , United States
| | - Ganesh V Raj
- Departments of Urology and Pharmacology , University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas , Texas 75390 , United States
| | - Ali Beskok
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Southern Methodist University , Dallas , Texas 75205 , United States
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Mansoorifar A, Ghosh A, Sabuncu AC, Beskok A. Accuracy of the Maxwell–Wagner and the Bruggeman–Hanai mixture models for single cell dielectric spectroscopy. IET Nanobiotechnol 2017. [DOI: 10.1049/iet-nbt.2017.0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Amin Mansoorifar
- Mechanical Engineering DepartmentSouthern Methodist UniversityDallasTX 75205USA
| | - Arindam Ghosh
- Mechanical Engineering DepartmentVirginia Tech UniversityBlacksburgVA 24061USA
| | - Ahmet C. Sabuncu
- Mechanical Engineering DepartmentSouthern Methodist UniversityDallasTX 75205USA
| | - Ali Beskok
- Mechanical Engineering DepartmentSouthern Methodist UniversityDallasTX 75205USA
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Mansoorifar A, Koklu A, Sabuncu AC, Beskok A. Dielectrophoresis assisted loading and unloading of microwells for impedance spectroscopy. Electrophoresis 2017; 38:1466-1474. [PMID: 28256738 PMCID: PMC5547746 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201700020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Dielectric spectroscopy (DS) is a noninvasive, label-free, fast, and promising technique for measuring dielectric properties of biological cells in real time. We demonstrate a microchip that consists of electro-activated microwell arrays for positive dielectrophoresis assisted cell capture, DS measurements, and negative dielectrophoresis driven cell unloading; thus, providing a high-throughput cell analysis platform. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first microfluidic chip that combines electro-activated microwells and DS to analyze biological cells. Device performance is tested using Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast) cells. DEP response of yeast cells is determined by measuring their Clausius-Mossotti factor using biophysical models in parallel plate microelectrode geometry. This information is used to determine the excitation frequency to load and unload wells. Effect of yeast cells on the measured impedance spectrum was examined both experimentally and numerically. Good match between the numerical and experimental results establishes the potential use of the microchip device for extracting subcellular properties of biological cells in a rapid and nonexpensive manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Mansoorifar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX 75205, USA
| | - Anil Koklu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX 75205, USA
| | - Ahmet Can Sabuncu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX 75205, USA
| | - Ali Beskok
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX 75205, USA
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