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de Moraes NC, Carvalho RM, Ferreira VS, da Silva RAB, de Melo EI, Petroni JM, Lucca BG. Improving the performance and versatility of microfluidic thread electroanalytical devices by automated injection with electronic pipettes: a new and powerful 3D-printed analytical platform. Mikrochim Acta 2023; 190:461. [PMID: 37926729 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-06026-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic cotton thread-based electroanalytical devices (μTEDs) are analytical systems with attractive features such as spontaneous passive flow, low cost, minimal waste production, and good sensitivity. Currently, sample injection in µTEDs is performed by hand using manual micropipettes, which have drawbacks such as inconstant speed and position, dependence of skilled analysts, and need of physical effort of operator during prolonged times, leading to poor reproducibility and risk of strain injury. As an alternative to these inconveniences, we propose, for the first time, the use of electronic micropipettes to carry out automated injections in µTEDs. This new approach avoids all disadvantages of manual injections, while also improving the performance, experience, and versatility of µTEDs. The platform developed here is composed by three 3D-printed electrodes (detector) attached to a 3D-printed platform containing an adjustable holder that keeps the electronic pipette in the same x/y/z position. As a proof-of-concept, both injection modes (manual and electronic) were compared using three model analytes (nitrite, paracetamol, and 5-hydroxytryptophan) on µTED with amperometric detection. As result, improved analytical performance (limits of detection between 2.5- and 5-fold lower) was obtained when using electronic injections, as well as better repeatability/reproducibility and higher analytical frequencies. In addition, the determination of paracetamol in urine samples suggested better precision and accuracy for automated injection. Thus, electronic injection is a great advance and changes the state-of-art of µTEDs, mainly considering the use of more modern and versatile electronic pipettes (wider range of pre-programmed modes), which can lead to the development of even more automated systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália Canhete de Moraes
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Mato Grosso Do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, 79074-460, Brazil
| | - Rayan Marcel Carvalho
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Mato Grosso Do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, 79074-460, Brazil
| | - Valdir Souza Ferreira
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Mato Grosso Do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, 79074-460, Brazil
| | | | - Edmar Isaias de Melo
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Monte Carmelo, MG, 38500-000, Brazil
| | | | - Bruno Gabriel Lucca
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Mato Grosso Do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, 79074-460, Brazil.
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de Moraes NC, Daakour RJB, Pedão ER, Ferreira VS, da Silva RAB, Petroni JM, Lucca BG. Electrochemical sensor based on 3D-printed substrate by masked stereolithography (MSLA): a new, cheap, robust and sustainable approach for simple production of analytical platforms. Mikrochim Acta 2023; 190:312. [PMID: 37470849 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-05912-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
The development of miniaturized, sustainable and eco-friendly analytical sensors with low production cost is a current trend worldwide. Within this idea, this work presents the innovative use of masked stereolithography (MSLA) 3D-printed substrates for the easy fabrication of pencil-drawn electrochemical sensors (MSLA-3D-PDE). The use of a non-toxic material such as pencil (electrodes) together with a biodegradable 3D printing resin (substrate) allowed the production of devices that are quite cheap (ca. US$ 0.11 per sensor) and with low environmental impact. Compared to paper, which is the most used substrate for manufacturing pencil-drawn electrodes, the MSLA-3D-printed substrate has the advantages of not absorbing water (hydrophobicity) or becoming crinkled and weakened when in contact with solutions. These features provide more reproducible, reliable, stable, and long-lasting sensors. The MSLA-3D-PDE, in conjunction with the custom cell developed, showed excellent robustness and electrochemical performance similar to that observed of the glassy carbon electrode, without the need of any activation procedure. The analytical applicability of this platform was explored through the quantification of omeprazole in pharmaceuticals. A limit of detection (LOD) of 0.72 µmol L-1 was achieved, with a linear range of 10 to 200 µmol L-1. Analysis of real samples provided results that were highly concordant with those obtained by UV-Vis spectrophotometry (relative error ≤ 1.50%). In addition, the greenness of this approach was evaluated and confirmed by a quantitative methodology (Eco-Scale index). Thus, the MSLA-3D-PDE appears as a new and sustainable tool with great potential of use in analytical electrochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Evandro Rodrigo Pedão
- Instituto de Análises Laboratoriais Forenses, Coordenadoria-Geral de Perícias de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, 79074-460, Brazil
| | - Valdir Souza Ferreira
- Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, 79074-460, Brazil
| | | | | | - Bruno Gabriel Lucca
- Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, 79074-460, Brazil.
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Lucas SB, Duarte LM, Rezende KCA, Coltro WKT. Nitrite Determination in Environmental Water Samples Using Microchip Electrophoresis Coupled with Amperometric Detection. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:1736. [PMID: 36296090 PMCID: PMC9610075 DOI: 10.3390/mi13101736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Nitrite is considered an important target analyte for environmental monitoring. In water resources, nitrite is the result of the nitrogen cycle and the leaching processes of pesticides based on nitrogenous compounds. A high concentration of nitrite can be associated with intoxication processes and metabolic disorders in humans. The present study describes the development of a portable analytical methodology based on microchip electrophoresis coupled with amperometric detection for the determination of nitrite in environmental water samples. Electrophoretic and detection conditions were optimized, and the best separations were achieved within 60 s by employing a mixture of 30 mmol L-1 lactic acid and 15 mmol L-1 histidine (pH = 3.8) as a running buffer applying 0.7 V to the working electrode (versus Pt) for amperometric measurements. The developed methodology revealed a satisfactory linear behavior in the concentration range between 20 and 80 μmolL-1 (R2 = 0.999) with a limit of detection of 1.3 μmolL-1. The nitrite concentration was determined in five water samples and the achieved values ranged from (28.7 ± 1.6) to (67.1 ± 0.5) µmol L-1. The data showed that using the proposed methodology revealed satisfactory recovery values (83.5-103.8%) and is in good agreement with the reference technique. Due to its low sample consumption, portability potential, high analytical frequency, and instrumental simplicity, the developed methodology may be considered a promising strategy to monitor and quantitatively determine nitrite in environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucas Mattos Duarte
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, GO, Brazil
- Instituto de Química, Departamento de Química Analítica, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói 24020-141, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Wendell Karlos Tomazelli Coltro
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, GO, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Bioanalítica (INCTBio), Campinas 13083-861, SP, Brazil
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Caroline Nava Pinheiro A, Souza Ferreira V, Gabriel Lucca B. Stamping method based on 3D printing and disposable napkin: Cheap production of paper analytical devices for alcohol determination in beverages aiming forensics and food control. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Oliveira ACM, Araújo DAG, Pradela-Filho LA, Takeuchi RM, Trindade MAG, Dos Santos AL. Threads in tubing: an innovative approach towards improved electrochemical thread-based microfluidic devices. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:3045-3054. [PMID: 35833547 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00387b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Thread-based microfluidic analytical devices have received growing attention since threads have some advantages over other materials. Compared to paper, threads are also capable of spontaneously transporting fluid due to capillary action, but they have superior mechanical strength and do not require hydrophobic barriers. Therefore, thread-based microfluidic devices can be inexpensively fabricated with no need for external pumps or sophisticated microfabrication apparatus. Despite these outstanding features, achieving a controlled and continuous flow rate is still a challenging task, mainly due to fluid evaporation. Here, we overcome this challenge by inserting a cotton thread into a polyethylene tube aiming to minimize fluid evaporation. Also, a cotton piece was inserted into the outlet reservoir to improve the wicking ability of the device. This strategy enabled the fabrication of an innovative electrochemical thread in a tubing microfluidic device that was capable to hold a consistent flow rate (0.38 μL s-1) for prolonged periods, allowing up to 100 injections in a single device by simply replacing the cotton piece in the outlet reservoir. The proposed device displayed satisfactory analytical performance for selected model analytes (dopamine, hydrogen peroxide, and tert-butylhydroquinone), in addition to being successfully used for quantification of nitrite in spiked artificial saliva samples. Beyond the flow rate improvement, this "thread-in-tube" strategy ensured the protection of the fluid from external contamination while making it easier to connect the electrode array to the microchannels. Thus, we envision that the thread in a tube strategy could bring interesting improvements to thread-based microfluidic analytical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Clara Maia Oliveira
- Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais do Pontal, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, 38304-402, Ituiutaba, Brazil.
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, 38400-902, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Diele Aparecida Gouveia Araújo
- Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais do Pontal, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, 38304-402, Ituiutaba, Brazil.
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, 38400-902, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Lauro Antonio Pradela-Filho
- Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais do Pontal, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, 38304-402, Ituiutaba, Brazil.
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, 38400-902, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Regina Massako Takeuchi
- Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais do Pontal, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, 38304-402, Ituiutaba, Brazil.
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, 38400-902, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Magno Aparecido Gonçalves Trindade
- Faculdade de Ciências Exatas e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Rodovia Dourados-Itahum, km 12, 79804-970 Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - André Luiz Dos Santos
- Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais do Pontal, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, 38304-402, Ituiutaba, Brazil.
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, 38400-902, Uberlândia, Brazil
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Electrochemical sensor for picric acid by using molecularly imprinted polymer and reduced graphene oxide modified pencil graphite electrode. PROCEEDINGS OF THE INDIAN NATIONAL SCIENCE ACADEMY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s43538-022-00084-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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7
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3D-printed microfluidic thread device with integrated detector: a green and portable tool for amperometric detection of fungicide benzovindiflupyr in forensic samples. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Poboży E, Trojanowicz M. Application of Capillary Electrophoresis for Determination of Inorganic Analytes in Waters. Molecules 2021; 26:6972. [PMID: 34834063 PMCID: PMC8625978 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26226972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aside from HPLC and GC, capillary electrophoresis (CE) is one of the most important techniques for high-performance separations in modern analytical chemistry. Its main advantages are the possibility of using different detection techniques, the possibility of in-capillary sample processing for preconcentration or derivatization, and ease of instrumental miniaturization down to the microfluidic scale. Those features are utilized in the separation of macromolecules in biochemistry and in genetic investigations, but they can be also used in determinations of inorganic ions in water analysis. This review, based on about 100 original research works, presents applications of CE methods in water analysis reported in recent decade, mostly regarding conductivity detection or indirect UV detection. The developed applications include analysis of high salinity sea waters, as well as analysis of other surface waters and drinking waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Poboży
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Marek Trojanowicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland;
- Laboratory of Nuclear Analytical Techniques, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Dorodna 16, 03-195 Warsaw, Poland
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Singhal HR, Prabhu A, Giri Nandagopal M, Dheivasigamani T, Mani NK. One-dollar microfluidic paper-based analytical devices: Do-It-Yourself approaches. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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10
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Bosma R, Devasagayam J, Eswar R, Albuquerque IDF, Collier CM. Voltage control for microchip capillary electrophoresis analyses. Electrophoresis 2020; 41:1961-1968. [PMID: 32840905 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents an inexpensive and easy-to-implement voltage sequencer instrument for use in microchip capillary electrophoresis (MCE) actuation. The voltage sequencer instrument takes a 0-5 V input signal from a microcontroller and produces a reciprocally proportional voltage signal with the capability to achieve the voltages required for MCE actuation. The unit developed in this work features four independent voltage channels, measures 105 × 143 × 45 mm (width × length × height), and the cost to assemble is under 60 USD. The system is controlled by a peripheral interface controller and commands are given via universal serial bus connection to a personal computer running a command line graphical user interface. The performance of the voltage sequencer is demonstrated by its integration with a fluorescence spectroscopy MCE sensor using pinched sample injection and electrophoretic separation to detect ciprofloxacin in samples of milk. This application is chosen as it is particularly important for the dairy industry, where fines and health concerns are associated with the shipping of antibiotic-contaminated milk. The voltage sequencer instrument presented represents an effective low-cost instrumentation method for conducting MCE, thereby making these experiments accessible and affordable for use in industries such as the dairy industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rick Bosma
- School of Engineering, College of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Jasen Devasagayam
- School of Engineering, College of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Rahul Eswar
- School of Engineering, College of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Iasmin de França Albuquerque
- School of Engineering, College of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.,Electrical Engineering, Federal Institute of ParaÍba, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Christopher M Collier
- School of Engineering, College of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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Ragab MAA, El-Kimary EI. Recent Advances and Applications of Microfluidic Capillary Electrophoresis: A Comprehensive Review (2017-Mid 2019). Crit Rev Anal Chem 2020; 51:709-741. [PMID: 32447968 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2020.1765729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Microfluidic capillary electrophoresis (MCE) is the novel technique resulted from the CE mininaturization as planar separation and analysis device. This review presents and discusses various application fields of this advanced technology published in the period 2017 till mid-2019 in eight different sections including clinical, biological, single cell analysis, environmental, pharmaceuticals, food analysis, forensic and ion analysis. The need for miniaturization of CE and the consequence advantages achieved are also discussed including high-throughput, miniaturized detection, effective separation, portability and the need for micro- or even nano-volume of samples. Comprehensive tables for the MCE applications in the different studied fields are provided. Also, figure comparing the number of the published papers applying MCE in the eight discussed fields within the studied period is included. The future investigation should put into consideration the possibility of replacing conventional CE with the MCE after proper validation. Suitable validation parameters with their suitable accepted ranges should be tailored for analysis methods utilizing such unique technique (MCE).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa A A Ragab
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Alexandria University, El-Messalah, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Eman I El-Kimary
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Alexandria University, El-Messalah, Alexandria, Egypt
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de Moraes NC, da Silva ENT, Petroni JM, Ferreira VS, Lucca BG. Design of novel, simple, and inexpensive 3D printing-based miniaturized electrochemical platform containing embedded disposable detector for analytical applications. Electrophoresis 2019; 41:278-286. [PMID: 31529502 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201900270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the development of a novel, simple, and inexpensive electrochemical device containing an integrated and disposable three-electrode system for detection. The base of this platform consists on a PDMS structure containing microchannels which were prototyped using 3D-printed molds. Pencil graphite leads were inserted into these microchannels and utilized as working, counter and reference electrodes in a novel design. Morphological analysis and electrochemical experiments with benchmark redox probes were carried out in order to evaluate the performance and characterize the miniaturized device proposed. Even using inexpensive materials and a simple fabrication protocol, the electrochemical platform developed provided good repeatability and reproducibility over a low cost (ca. $2 per device), acceptable lifetime (ca. 250 voltammetric runs) and extremely reduced consumption of samples and reagents (order of µL). As proof of concept, the analytical feasibility of the platform was investigated through the simultaneous determination of dopamine (DOPA) and acetaminophen (AC). The two analytes showed linear dependence on the concentration range from 1 to 15 µM and the LODs achieved were 0.21 µM for DOPA and 0.29 µM for AC. Moreover, the platform was successfully applied on the determination of DOPA and AC in spiked blood serum and urine samples. The results obtained with the device described here were better than some reports in literature that use more costly electrodic materials and complex modification steps for the detection of the same analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Valdir Souza Ferreira
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Bruno Gabriel Lucca
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
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Citartan M, Tang TH. Recent developments of aptasensors expedient for point-of-care (POC) diagnostics. Talanta 2019; 199:556-566. [PMID: 30952298 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.02.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Aptamers are nucleic acid-based molecular recognition elements that are specific and have high binding affinity against their respective targets. On account of their target recognition capacity, aptamers are widely utilized in a number of applications including diagnostics. This review aims to highlight the recent developments of aptasensors expedient for point-of-care (POC) diagnostics. Significant focus is given on the primary assay formats of aptamers such as fluorescence, electrochemical, surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and colorimetric assays. A potpourri of platforms such as paper-based device, lateral flow assay, portable electrodes, portable SPR and smart phones expedient for point-of-care (POC) diagnostics are discussed. Emphasis is also given on the technicalities and assay configurations associated with the sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marimuthu Citartan
- Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kepala Batas, Penang 13200, Malaysia.
| | - Thean-Hock Tang
- Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kepala Batas, Penang 13200, Malaysia
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da Silva ENT, Ferreira VS, Lucca BG. Rapid and inexpensive method for the simple fabrication of PDMS‐based electrochemical sensors for detection in microfluidic devices. Electrophoresis 2019; 40:1322-1330. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Valdir Souza Ferreira
- Instituto de QuímicaUniversidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul Campo Grande MS Brazil
| | - Bruno Gabriel Lucca
- Instituto de QuímicaUniversidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul Campo Grande MS Brazil
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