1
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Bu S, Sonker M, Koh D, Ros A. On the behavior of sub-micrometer polystyrene particles subjected to AC insulator-based dielectrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2024. [PMID: 38195843 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202300184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Polymer beads, especially polystyrene particles, have been extensively used as model species in insulator-based dielectrophoresis (iDEP) studies. Their use in alternating current iDEP (AC-iDEP) is less explored; however, an assessment in the low-frequency regime (≤10 kHz) allows to link surface conduction effects with the surface properties of polymer particles. Here, we provide a case study for various experimental conditions assessing sub-micrometer polystyrene particles with AC-iDEP and link to accepted surface conduction theory to predict and experimentally verify the observed AC-iDEP trapping behavior based on apparent zeta potential and solution conductivity. We find excellent agreement with the theoretical predictions, but also the occurrence of concentration polarization electroosmotic flow under the studied conditions, which have the potential to confound acting dielectrophoresis conditions. Furthermore, we study a case relevant to the assessment of microplastics in human and animal body fluids by mimicking the protein adsorption of high abundant proteins in blood by coating polystyrene beads with bovine serum albumin, a highly abundant protein in blood. Theoretical predictions and experimental observations confirm a difference in observed AC-iDEP behavior between coated and non-coated particles, which might be exploited for future studies of microplastics in blood to assess their exposure to humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shulin Bu
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Mukul Sonker
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Domin Koh
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Alexandra Ros
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
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2
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Ghorbani R, Hosseinzadeh S, Azari A, Taghipour N, Soleimani M, Rahimpour A, Abbaszadeh HA. The Current Status and Future Direction of Extracellular Nano-vesicles in the Alleviation of Skin Disorders. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2024; 19:351-366. [PMID: 37073662 DOI: 10.2174/1574888x18666230418121053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles (EVs) that originate from endocytic membranes. The transfer of biomolecules and biological compounds such as enzymes, proteins, RNA, lipids, and cellular waste disposal through exosomes plays an essential function in cell-cell communication and regulation of pathological and physiological processes in skin disease. The skin is one of the vital organs that makes up about 8% of the total body mass. This organ consists of three layers, epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis that cover the outer surface of the body. Heterogeneity and endogeneity of exosomes is an advantage that distinguishes them from nanoparticles and liposomes and leads to their widespread usage in the remedy of dermal diseases. The biocompatible nature of these extracellular vesicles has attracted the attention of many health researchers. In this review article, we will first discuss the biogenesis of exosomes, their contents, separation methods, and the advantages and disadvantages of exosomes. Then we will highlight recent developments related to the therapeutic applications of exosomes in the treatment of common skin disorders like atopic dermatitis, alopecia, epidermolysis bullosa, keloid, melanoma, psoriasis, and systemic sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raziyeh Ghorbani
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Simzar Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arezo Azari
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Niloofar Taghipour
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Soleimani
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azam Rahimpour
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hojjat Allah Abbaszadeh
- Laser Application in Medical Sciences Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Hearing Disorders Research Center, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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3
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Keumarsi MM, Oskouei PF, Dezhkam R, Shamloo A, Vatandoust F, Amiri HA. Numerical study of a double-stair-shaped dielectrophoresis channel for continuous on-chip cell separation and lysis using finite element method. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1696:463960. [PMID: 37030128 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.463960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
Prognostication of numerous chronic diseases are in need of identifying circulating tumor cells (CTCs), afterwards, separating and reviving contaminated samples are required. Conventional methods of separating blood cells, namely cytometry or magnetically activated cell sorting, in many cases lose their functionality, or efficiency under different conditions. Hence microfluidic methods of separation have been implemented. Herein, an innovative integrated double stair-shaped microchannel is designed and optimized, capable of 'separation', and 'chemical lysis' simultaneously in which the lysis reagent concentration can be controlled to tune the lysis intensity. The method of insulator-based dielectrophoresis (iDEP), which is the main physics in this device, is utilized yielding maximum separation. Pivotal features of the applied voltage, the voltage difference, the angles and the number of stairs, and the width of the throat in the microchannel have been numerically explored in order to optimize the channel in terms of separation and the lysis buffer concentration. The overall state of optimum case for the voltage difference (ΔV) of 10 owns the following features: the number of stairs is 2, the angle of stairs is 110°, the width of throat is 140 μm, and the inlet voltages are 30 V and 40 V. Also, the overall state of optimum cases for delta possess the following features: the number of stairs is 2, the angle of stairs is 110°, the width of throat is 140 μm, and the inlet voltages are 30 V and 35 V.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pouria Feyzi Oskouei
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rasool Dezhkam
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran; Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Shamloo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran; Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Farzad Vatandoust
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Narmak, Tehran, Iran; Department of Biomechanics, School of Mechanical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Narmak, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hoseyn A Amiri
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Narmak, Tehran, Iran; Department of Biomechanics, School of Mechanical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Narmak, Tehran, Iran
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4
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Mohammadi R, Afsaneh H, Rezaei B, Moghimi Zand M. On-chip dielectrophoretic device for cancer cell manipulation: A numerical and artificial neural network study. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2023; 17:024102. [PMID: 36896355 PMCID: PMC9991445 DOI: 10.1063/5.0131806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer, as one of the most frequent types of cancer in women, imposes large financial and human losses annually. MCF-7, a well-known cell line isolated from the breast tissue of cancer patients, is usually used in breast cancer research. Microfluidics is a newly established technique that provides many benefits, such as sample volume reduction, high-resolution operations, and multiple parallel analyses for various cell studies. This numerical study presents a novel microfluidic chip for the separation of MCF-7 cells from other blood cells, considering the effect of dielectrophoretic force. An artificial neural network, a novel tool for pattern recognition and data prediction, is implemented in this research. To prevent hyperthermia in cells, the temperature should not exceed 35 °C. In the first part, the effect of flow rate and applied voltage on the separation time, focusing efficiency, and maximum temperature of the field is investigated. The results denote that the separation time is affected by both the input parameters inversely, whereas the two remaining parameters increase with the input voltage and decrease with the sheath flow rate. A maximum focusing efficiency of 81% is achieved with a purity of 100% for a flow rate of 0.2 μ L / min and a voltage of 3.1 V . In the second part, an artificial neural network model is established to predict the maximum temperature inside the separation microchannel with a relative error of less than 3% for a wide range of input parameters. Therefore, the suggested label-free lab-on-a-chip device separates the target cells with high-throughput and low voltages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasool Mohammadi
- School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran 11155-463, Iran
| | - Hadi Afsaneh
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Behnam Rezaei
- Small Medical Devices, BioMEMS, and LoC Lab, School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran 11155-463, Iran
| | - Mahdi Moghimi Zand
- Small Medical Devices, BioMEMS, and LoC Lab, School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran 11155-463, Iran
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5
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Alazzam A, Alamoodi N, Mathew B, Abutayeh M, Khashan S. Transparent, patterned graphene oxide films with tunable electrical conductivity using thermal, chemical, and photoreduction techniques for lab-on-a-chip applications. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:1339-1346. [PMID: 36633621 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04524-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
This work demonstrates the fabrication of electrically tunable films of graphene oxide (GO). GO thin films were deposited and micropatterned on a cyclic olefin copolymer (COC) substrate using a plasma-enhanced liftoff technique. This article discusses thermal, chemical, and photoreduction methods for controlling the electrical conductivity of the patterned film. The patterned graphene oxide films were used to manipulate cells after embedding them in a microfluidic channel. Cells were manipulated under dielectrophoresis (DEP) using patterned reduced graphene oxide (rGO) films with varying electrical conductivities. The non-uniform electric field required for DEP was created either by arranging and shaping a set of electrodes (eDEP) or by simply implementing low conductivity rGO as an insulator between two metal electrodes (iDEP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anas Alazzam
- System On Chip Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
| | - Nahla Alamoodi
- System On Chip Lab, Research and Innovation Center in Carbon Dioxide and Hydrogen (RICH), Department of Chemical Engineering, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Bobby Mathew
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, UAE
- Zayed Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, UAE
| | - Mohammad Abutayeh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Saud Khashan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
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6
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Dos-Reis-Delgado AA, Carmona-Dominguez A, Sosa-Avalos G, Jimenez-Saaib IH, Villegas-Cantu KE, Gallo-Villanueva RC, Perez-Gonzalez VH. Recent advances and challenges in temperature monitoring and control in microfluidic devices. Electrophoresis 2023; 44:268-297. [PMID: 36205631 PMCID: PMC10092670 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202200162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Temperature is a critical-yet sometimes overlooked-parameter in microfluidics. Microfluidic devices can experience heating inside their channels during operation due to underlying physicochemical phenomena occurring therein. Such heating, whether required or not, must be monitored to ensure adequate device operation. Therefore, different techniques have been developed to measure and control temperature in microfluidic devices. In this contribution, the operating principles and applications of these techniques are reviewed. Temperature-monitoring instruments revised herein include thermocouples, thermistors, and custom-built temperature sensors. Of these, thermocouples exhibit the widest operating range; thermistors feature the highest accuracy; and custom-built temperature sensors demonstrate the best transduction. On the other hand, temperature control methods can be classified as external- or integrated-methods. Within the external methods, microheaters are shown to be the most adequate when working with biological samples, whereas Peltier elements are most useful in applications that require the development of temperature gradients. In contrast, integrated methods are based on chemical and physical properties, structural arrangements, which are characterized by their low fabrication cost and a wide range of applications. The potential integration of these platforms with the Internet of Things technology is discussed as a potential new trend in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gerardo Sosa-Avalos
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Nuevo, León, Mexico
| | - Ivan H Jimenez-Saaib
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Nuevo, León, Mexico
| | - Karen E Villegas-Cantu
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Nuevo, León, Mexico
| | | | - Víctor H Perez-Gonzalez
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Nuevo, León, Mexico
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7
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Rizi FS, Talebi S, Manshadi MKD, Mohammadi M. Combination of the insulator‐based dielectrophoresis and hydrodynamic methods for separating bacteria smaller than 3 μm in bloodstream infection: Numerical simulation approach. SEPARATION SCIENCE PLUS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/sscp.202200055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mehdi Mohammadi
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Calgary Calgary Canada
- Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Calgary Calgary Canada
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8
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Current status and outlook of advances in exosome isolation. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:7123-7141. [PMID: 35962791 PMCID: PMC9375199 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04253-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles with a diameter ranging from 30 to 150 nm, which are an important medium for intercellular communication and are closely related to the progression of certain diseases. Therefore, exosomes are considered promising biomarkers for the diagnosis of specific diseases, and thereby, treatments based on exosomes are being widely examined. For exosome-related research, a rapid, simple, high-purity, and recovery isolation method is the primary prerequisite for exosomal large-scale application in medical practice. Although there are no standardized methods for exosome separation and analysis, various techniques have been established to explore their biochemical and physicochemical properties. In this review, we analyzed the progress in exosomal isolation strategies and proposed our views on the development prospects of various exosomal isolation techniques.
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9
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Nanogap Electrode-Enabled Versatile Electrokinetic Manipulation of Nanometric Species in Fluids. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12070451. [PMID: 35884255 PMCID: PMC9313323 DOI: 10.3390/bios12070451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Noninvasive manipulation of nanoscopic species in liquids has attracted considerable attention due to its potential applications in diverse fields. Many sophisticated methodologies have been developed to control and study nanoscopic entities, but the low-power, cost-effective, and versatile manipulation of nanometer-sized objects in liquids remains challenging. Here, we present a dielectrophoretic (DEP) manipulation technique based on nanogap electrodes, with which the on-demand capturing, enriching, and sorting of nano-objects in microfluidic systems can be achieved. The dielectrophoretic control unit consists of a pair of swelling-induced nanogap electrodes crossing a microchannel, generating a steep electric field gradient and thus strong DEP force for the effective manipulation of nano-objects microfluidics. The trapping, enriching, and sorting of nanoparticles and DNAs were performed with this device to demonstrate its potential applications in micro/nanofluidics, which opens an alternative avenue for the non-invasive manipulation and characterization of nanoparticles such as DNA, proteins, and viruses.
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10
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Li Y, Wang Y, Pesch GR, Baune M, Du F, Liu X. Rational Design and Numerical Analysis of a Hybrid Floating cIDE Separator for Continuous Dielectrophoretic Separation of Microparticles at High Throughput. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13040582. [PMID: 35457887 PMCID: PMC9026825 DOI: 10.3390/mi13040582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Dielectrophoresis (DEP) enables continuous and label-free separation of (bio)microparticles with high sensitivity and selectivity, whereas the low throughput issue greatly confines its clinical application. Herein, we report a novel design of the DEP separator embedded with cylindrical interdigitated electrodes that incorporate hybrid floating electrode layout for (bio)microparticle separation at favorable throughput. To better predict microparticle trajectory in the scaled-up DEP platform, a theoretical model based on coupling of electrostatic, fluid and temperature fields is established, in which the effects of Joule heating-induced electrothermal and buoyancy flows on particles are considered. Size-based fractionation of polystyrene microspheres and dielectric properties-based isolation of MDA-MB-231 from blood cells are numerically realized, respectively, by the proposed separator with sample throughputs up to 2.6 mL/min. Notably, the induced flows can promote DEP discrimination of heterogeneous cells. This work provides a reference on tailoring design of enlarged DEP platforms for highly efficient separation of (bio)samples at high throughput.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalin Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China;
| | - Yan Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China;
- Correspondence: (Y.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Georg R. Pesch
- Chemical Process Engineering, Faculty of Production Engineering, University of Bremen, Leobener Straße 6, 28359 Bremen, Germany; (G.R.P.); (M.B.)
| | - Michael Baune
- Chemical Process Engineering, Faculty of Production Engineering, University of Bremen, Leobener Straße 6, 28359 Bremen, Germany; (G.R.P.); (M.B.)
| | - Fei Du
- Institute of Water Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany;
| | - Xiaomin Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China;
- Correspondence: (Y.W.); (X.L.)
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11
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Recent Advances in the Application of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes for Cardiovascular and Neurodegenerative Disease Therapies. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14030618. [PMID: 35335993 PMCID: PMC8949563 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14030618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are naturally occurring nanoscale vesicles that are released and received by almost all cells in the body. Exosomes can be transferred between cells and contain various molecular constitutes closely related to their origin and function, including proteins, lipids, and RNAs. The importance of exosomes in cellular communication makes them important vectors for delivering a variety of drugs throughout the body. Exosomes are ubiquitous in the circulatory system and can reach the site of injury or disease through a variety of biological barriers. Due to its unique structure and rich inclusions, it can be used for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. Mesenchymal stem-cell-derived exosomes (MSCs-Exo) inherit the physiological functions of MSCs, including repairing and regenerating tissues, suppressing inflammatory responses, and regulating the body’s immunity; therefore, MSCs-Exo can be used as a natural drug delivery carrier with therapeutic effects, and has been increasingly used in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases and neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we summarize the research progress of MSCs-Exo as drug delivery vectors and their application for various drug deliveries, providing ideas and references for the study of MSCs-Exo in recent years.
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12
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N V Lakshmi Kavya A, Subramanian S, Ramakrishna S. Therapeutic applications of exosomes in various diseases: A review. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2022; 134:112579. [PMID: 35525729 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes (30-150 nm in diameter) a subset of extracellular vesicles, secreted by mostly all cells, have been gaining enormous recognition from the last decade. In recent times, several studies have included exosomes to design novel therapeutic applications along with their contribution to diagnostic evaluations and pathophysiological processes. Based on cell origin, they show diverse functions and characteristics. This article is classified into several sections that include exosomes biogenesis, isolation methods, and application as therapeutic tools, commercialized exosome products, clinical trials, benefits, and challenges faced in the progress of exosome-dependent therapeutics. This work aims to give a thorough review of the numerous studies where exosomes act as therapeutic tools in the treatment of various disorders including heart, kidney, liver, and lung illnesses. The clinical trials involving exosomes, their advantages, and hazards, and difficulties involved during storage and large-scale production, applications of nanotechnology in exosome research while applying for therapeutic applications, and future directions are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sundarrajan Subramanian
- Center for Nanofibers and Nanotechnology Lab, Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Blk E3 05-12, 2 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117581, Singapore.
| | - Seeram Ramakrishna
- Center for Nanofibers and Nanotechnology Lab, Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Blk E3 05-12, 2 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117581, Singapore.
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13
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Abdulhameed A, Mohtar MN, Hamidon MN, Halin IA. Assembly of long carbon nanotube bridges across transparent electrodes using novel thickness-controlled dielectrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2021; 43:487-494. [PMID: 34679198 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202100268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The assembly of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) across planner electrodes using dielectrophoresis (DEP) is one of the standard methods used to fabricate CNT-based devices such as sensors. The medium drag velocity caused by electrokinetic phenomena such as electrothermal and electroosmotic might drive CNTs away from the deposition area. This problem becomes critical at large-scale electrode structures due to the high attenuation of the DEP force. Herein, we simulated and experimentally validated a novel DEP setup that uses a top glass cover to minimize the medium drag velocity. The simulation results showed that the drag velocity can be reduced by 2-3 orders of magnitude compared with the basic DEP setup. The simulation also showed that the optimum channel height to result in a significant drag velocity reduction was between 100 μm and 240 μm. We experimentally report, for the first time, the assembly and alignment of CNT bridges across indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes with spacing up to 125 μm. We also derived an equation to optimize the CNT's concentration in suspensions based on the electrode gap width and channel height. The deposition of long CNTs across ITO electrodes has potential use in transparent electronics and microfluidic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Abdulhameed
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia.,Department of Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hadhramout University, Mukalla, Yemen
| | - Mohd Nazim Mohtar
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia.,Institute of Advanced Technology (ITMA), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Nizar Hamidon
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia.,Institute of Advanced Technology (ITMA), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Izhal Abdul Halin
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
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14
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Rahmati M, Chen X. Separation of circulating tumor cells from blood using dielectrophoretic DLD manipulation. Biomed Microdevices 2021; 23:49. [PMID: 34581876 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-021-00587-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Circulating Tumor Cells (CTCs) play a prominent role in early cancer detection. Emerging label-free techniques can be promising to CTC detection due to advantages in preserving cell integrity and minimal sample consumption. Deterministic Lateral Displacement (DLD) is a size-based label-free technique employing laminar flow for continuous sorting of suspended cells. However, separation based solely on size is challenging as the size distributions of CTCs tend to overlap with blood cells. Moreover, the rarity of CTCs in blood requires high throughput processing of samples for clinical utility. In this work, a dielectrophoretic DLD technique is presented to segregate CTCs from blood. This technique utilizes the cell size and dielectric properties as well as particle movement caused by polarization effect to accomplish continuous separation at high flow rates. A numerical model is developed and validated to investigate the effects of various parameters related to the fluid flow, micro-post array, and electric field. It is demonstrated that the dielectrophoretic DLD with specific post arrangement can continuously separate A549 lung CTCs from WBCs by applying a field frequency close to the crossover frequency of CTCs. The analysis further indicates that such a device can perform well despite uncertainties of CTC crossover frequencies. Additionally, efficient separation with minimum clogging can be achieved by setting the electric field perpendicular to fluid flow. The presented platform offers distinct advantages and can be potentially combined with techniques such as antibody-based immune-binding methods for rapid detection of CTCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Rahmati
- School of Engineering and Computer Science, Washington State University, Vancouver, WA, 98686, USA
| | - Xiaolin Chen
- School of Engineering and Computer Science, Washington State University, Vancouver, WA, 98686, USA.
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15
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Velmanickam L, Jayasooriya V, Vemuri MS, Tida UR, Nawarathna D. Recent advances in dielectrophoresis toward biomarker detection: A summary of studies published between 2014 and 2021. Electrophoresis 2021; 43:212-231. [PMID: 34453855 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202100194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Dielectrophoresis is a well-understood phenomenon that has been widely utilized in biomedical applications. Recent advancements in miniaturization have contributed to the development of dielectrophoretic-based devices for a wide variety of biomedical applications. In particular, the integration of dielectrophoresis with microfluidics, fluorescence, and electrical impedance has produced devices and techniques that are attractive for screening and diagnosing diseases. This review article summarizes the recent utility of dielectrophoresis in assays of biomarker detection. Common screening and diagnostic biomarkers, such as cellular, protein, and nucleic acid, are discussed. Finally, the potential use of recent developments in machine learning approaches toward improving biomarker detection performance is discussed. This review article will be useful for researchers interested in the recent utility of dielectrophoresis in the detection of biomarkers and for those developing new devices to address current gaps in dielectrophoretic biomarker detection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vidura Jayasooriya
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of SriJayewardenepura, Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka
| | - Madhava Sarma Vemuri
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
| | - Umamaheswara Rao Tida
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
| | - Dharmakeerthi Nawarathna
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, USA.,Biomedical Engineering Program, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
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16
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Xuan X. Review of nonlinear electrokinetic flows in insulator-based dielectrophoresis: From induced charge to Joule heating effects. Electrophoresis 2021; 43:167-189. [PMID: 33991344 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202100090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Insulator-based dielectrophoresis (iDEP) has been increasingly used for particle manipulation in various microfluidic applications. It exploits insulating structures to constrict and/or curve electric field lines to generate field gradients for particle dielectrophoresis. However, the presence of these insulators, especially those with sharp edges, causes two nonlinear electrokinetic flows, which, if sufficiently strong, may disturb the otherwise linear electrokinetic motion of particles and affect the iDEP performance. One is induced charge electroosmotic (ICEO) flow because of the polarization of the insulators, and the other is electrothermal flow because of the amplified Joule heating in the fluid around the insulators. Both flows vary nonlinearly with the applied electric field (either DC or AC) and exhibit in the form of fluid vortices, which have been utilized to promote some applications while being suppressed in others. The effectiveness of iDEP benefits from a comprehensive understanding of the nonlinear electrokinetic flows, which is complicated by the involvement of the entire iDEP device into electric polarization and thermal diffusion. This article is aimed to review the works on both the fundamentals and applications of ICEO and electrothermal flows in iDEP microdevices. A personal perspective of some future research directions in the field is also given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangchun Xuan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
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17
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Li Y, Wang Y, Wan K, Wu M, Guo L, Liu X, Wei G. On the design, functions, and biomedical applications of high-throughput dielectrophoretic micro-/nanoplatforms: a review. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:4330-4358. [PMID: 33620368 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr08892g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
As an efficient, rapid and label-free micro-/nanoparticle separation technique, dielectrophoresis (DEP) has attracted widespread attention in recent years, especially in the field of biomedicine, which exhibits huge potential in biomedically relevant applications such as disease diagnosis, cancer cell screening, biosensing, and others. DEP technology has been greatly developed recently from the low-flux laboratory level to high-throughput practical applications. In this review, we summarize the recent progress of DEP technology in biomedical applications, including firstly the design of various types and materials of DEP electrode and flow channel, design of input signals, and other improved designs. Then, functional tailoring of DEP systems with endowed specific functions including separation, purification, capture, enrichment and connection of biosamples, as well as the integration of multifunctions, are demonstrated. After that, representative DEP biomedical application examples in aspects of disease detection, drug synthesis and screening, biosensing and cell positioning are presented. Finally, limitations of existing DEP platforms on biomedical application are discussed, in which emphasis is given to the impact of other electrodynamic effects such as electrophoresis (EP), electroosmosis (EO) and electrothermal (ET) effects on DEP efficiency. This article aims to provide new ideas for the design of novel DEP micro-/nanoplatforms with desirable high throughput toward application in the biomedical community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalin Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, 266071 Qingdao, PR China.
| | - Yan Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, 266071 Qingdao, PR China.
| | - Keming Wan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, 266071 Qingdao, PR China.
| | - Mingxue Wu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, 266071 Qingdao, PR China.
| | - Lei Guo
- Research Center for High-Value Utilization of Waste Biomass, College of Life Science, College of Life Science, Qingdao University, 266071 Qingdao, PR China
| | - Xiaomin Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, 266071 Qingdao, PR China.
| | - Gang Wei
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, 266071 Qingdao, PR China.
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18
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Lapizco-Encinas BH. Microscale nonlinear electrokinetics for the analysis of cellular materials in clinical applications: a review. Mikrochim Acta 2021; 188:104. [PMID: 33651196 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-021-04748-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This review article presents a discussion of some of the latest advancements in the field of microscale electrokinetics for the analysis of cells and subcellular materials in clinical applications. The introduction presents an overview on the use of electric fields, i.e., electrokinetics, in microfluidics devices and discusses the potential of electrokinetic-based methods for the analysis of liquid biopsies in clinical and point-of-care applications. This is followed by four comprehensive sections that present some of the newest findings on the analysis of circulating tumor cells, blood (red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets), stem cells, and subcellular particles (extracellular vesicles and mitochondria). The valuable contributions discussed here (with 131 references) were mainly published during the last 3 to 4 years, providing the reader with an overview of the state-of-the-art in the use of microscale electrokinetic methods in clinical analysis. Finally, the conclusions summarize the main advancements and discuss the future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca H Lapizco-Encinas
- Microscale Bioseparations Laboratory and Biomedical Engineering Department, Rochester Institute of Technology, Institute Hall (Bldg. 73), Room 3103, 160 Lomb Memorial Drive, Rochester, NY, 14623-5604, USA.
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19
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Romero-Soto FO, Polanco-Oliva MI, Gallo-Villanueva RC, Martinez-Chapa SO, Perez-Gonzalez VH. A survey of electrokinetically-driven microfluidics for cancer cells manipulation. Electrophoresis 2020; 42:605-625. [PMID: 33188536 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of annual deaths worldwide, accounting for nearly 10 million deaths each year. Metastasis, the process by which cancer spreads across the patient's body, is the main cause of death in cancer patients. Because the rising trend observed in statistics of new cancer cases and cancer-related deaths does not allow for an optimistic viewpoint on the future-in relation to this terrible disease-the scientific community has sought methods to enable early detection of cancer and prevent the apparition of metastatic tumors. One such method is known as liquid biopsy, wherein a sample is taken from a bodily fluid and analyzed for the presence of CTCs or other cancer biomarkers (e.g., growth factors). With this objective, interest is growing by year in electrokinetically-driven microfluidics applied for the concentration, capture, filtration, transportation, and characterization of CTCs. Electrokinetic techniques-electrophoresis, dielectrophoresis, electrorotation, and electrothermal and EOF-have great potential for miniaturization and integration with electronic instrumentation for the development of point-of-care devices, which can become a tool for early cancer diagnostics and for the design of personalized therapeutics. In this contribution, we review the state of the art of electrokinetically-driven microfluidics for cancer cells manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian O Romero-Soto
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, México
| | - Maria I Polanco-Oliva
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, México
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20
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Determination of the Empirical Electrokinetic Equilibrium Condition of Microorganisms in Microfluidic Devices. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2020; 10:bios10100148. [PMID: 33086549 PMCID: PMC7603120 DOI: 10.3390/bios10100148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The increased concern regarding emerging pathogens and antibiotic resistance has drawn interest in the development of rapid and robust microfluidic techniques to analyze microorganisms. The novel parameter known as the electrokinetic equilibrium condition (EEEC) was presented in recent studies, providing an approach to analyze microparticles in microchannels employing unique electrokinetic (EK) signatures. While the EEEC shows great promise, current estimation approaches can be time-consuming or heavily user-dependent for accurate values. The present contribution aims to analyze existing approaches for estimating this parameter and modify the process into an accurate yet simple technique for estimating the EK behavior of microorganisms in insulator-based microfluidic devices. The technique presented here yields the parameter called the empirical electrokinetic equilibrium condition (eEEEC) which works well as a value for initial approximations of trapping conditions in insulator-based EK (iEK) microfluidic systems. A total of six types of microorganisms were analyzed in this study (three bacteria and three bacteriophages). The proposed approach estimated eEEEC values employing images of trapped microorganisms, yielding high reproducibility (SD 5.0–8.8%). Furthermore, stable trapping voltages (sTVs) were estimated from eEEEC values for distinct channel designs to test that this parameter is system-independent and good agreement was obtained when comparing estimated sTVs vs. experimental values (SD 0.3–19.6%). The encouraging results from this work were used to generate an EK library of data, available on our laboratory website. The data in this library can be used to design tailored iEK microfluidic devices for the analysis of microorganisms.
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21
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Patil SM, Sawant SS, Kunda NK. Exosomes as drug delivery systems: A brief overview and progress update. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 154:259-269. [PMID: 32717385 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are intracellular membrane-based vesicles with diverse compositions that are involved in biological and pathological processes. Since the discovery of exosomes, they have been used as diagnostic biomarkers and as potential drug delivery vehicles based on their size and competence to transfer biological materials to recipient cells. The properties of exosomes such as biocompatibility, preferred tumor homing, adjustable targeting efficiency, and stability make them striking and excellent drug delivery vehicles for use in various diseases and cancer therapy. In this article, we provide a brief overview of the biogenesis, functions, and contents of exosomes along with the separation and characterization techniques. Our major focus is on the recent progress made in application of exosomes as drug delivery systems involving delivery of small molecules, macromolecules, and nucleotides. Further, we discuss the challenges faced when using exosomes as a drug delivery vehicle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suyash M Patil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Jamaica, NY 11439, USA
| | - Shruti S Sawant
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Jamaica, NY 11439, USA
| | - Nitesh K Kunda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Jamaica, NY 11439, USA.
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22
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Detection of cell-free DNA nanoparticles in insulator based dielectrophoresis systems. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1626:461262. [PMID: 32797810 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, a semi-analytical investigation was performed to study the effect of the geometrical parameters of insulator-based dielectrophoresis (iDEP) systems for cell free DNA (cfDNA) trapping. For this purpose, first electrical potential and fluid flow fields were calculated by solving the governing equations including Poisson and Navier-stokes equations with appropriate boundary conditions (BCs) and then a Lagrangian approach was utilized to analyze the motion of cfDNA under the most important forces affected on it including Brownian, Drag, electrophoresis and dielectrophoresis (DEP) forces. The effect of the different parameters such as the electrical conductivity of the medium, shape and geometrical parameters of the insulators on the dielectrophoretic behavior of cfDNA was studied and the optimal value of these parameters was presented. Finally, in order to predict the minimum voltage required for cfDNA trapping, artificial neural network (ANN) was utilized and a relation between input and output parameters was introduced.
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23
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Lin S, Yu Z, Chen D, Wang Z, Miao J, Li Q, Zhang D, Song J, Cui D. Progress in Microfluidics-Based Exosome Separation and Detection Technologies for Diagnostic Applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e1903916. [PMID: 31663295 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201903916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are secreted by most cell types and circulate in body fluids. Recent studies have revealed that exosomes play a significant role in intercellular communication and are closely associated with the pathogenesis of disease. Therefore, exosomes are considered promising biomarkers for disease diagnosis. However, exosomes are always mixed with other components of body fluids. Consequently, separation methods for exosomes that allow high-purity and high-throughput separation with a high recovery rate and detection techniques for exosomes that are rapid, highly sensitive, highly specific, and have a low detection limit are indispensable for diagnostic applications. For decades, many exosome separation and detection techniques have been developed to achieve the aforementioned goals. However, in most cases, these two techniques are performed separately, which increases operation complexity, time consumption, and cost. The emergence of microfluidics offers a promising way to integrate exosome separation and detection functions into a single chip. Herein, an overview of conventional and microfluidics-based techniques for exosome separation and detection is presented. Moreover, the advantages and drawbacks of these techniques are compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujing Lin
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment Instrument, Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Zixian Yu
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment Instrument, Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Di Chen
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment Instrument, Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Zhigang Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Jianmin Miao
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment Instrument, Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Qichao Li
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment Instrument, Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Daoyuan Zhang
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment Instrument, Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jie Song
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment Instrument, Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Daxiang Cui
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment Instrument, Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
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24
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Fazelkhah A, Afshar S, Durham N, Butler M, Salimi E, Bridges G, Thomson D. Parallel single‐cell optical transit dielectrophoresis cytometer. Electrophoresis 2020; 41:720-728. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201900393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Azita Fazelkhah
- Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringUniversity of Manitoba Winnipeg Canada
| | - Samaneh Afshar
- Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringUniversity of Manitoba Winnipeg Canada
| | - Nicholas Durham
- Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringFaculty of Applied ScienceUniversity of British Columbia Vancouver Canada
| | - Michael Butler
- National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training Dublin Ireland
| | - Elham Salimi
- Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringUniversity of Manitoba Winnipeg Canada
| | - Greg Bridges
- Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringUniversity of Manitoba Winnipeg Canada
| | - Douglas Thomson
- Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringUniversity of Manitoba Winnipeg Canada
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25
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Zhang J, Song Z, Liu Q, Song Y. Recent advances in dielectrophoresis‐based cell viability assessment. Electrophoresis 2020; 41:917-932. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201900340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junyan Zhang
- Department of Marine EngineeringDalian Maritime University Dalian P. R. China
| | - Zhenyu Song
- Department of RadiotherapyJiaozhou Central Hospital Qingdao P. R. China
| | - Qinxin Liu
- Department of Marine EngineeringDalian Maritime University Dalian P. R. China
| | - Yongxin Song
- Department of Marine EngineeringDalian Maritime University Dalian P. R. China
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26
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Madadelahi M, Ghazimirsaeed E, Shamloo A. Design and fabrication of a two-phase diamond nanoparticle aided fast PCR device. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1068:28-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.02.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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27
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Hill N, Lapizco‐Encinas BH. On the use of correction factors for the mathematical modeling of insulator based dielectrophoretic devices. Electrophoresis 2019; 40:2541-2552. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201900177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Hill
- Microscale Bioseparations Laboratory and Biomedical Engineering DepartmentRochester Institute of Technology Rochester NY USA
| | - Blanca H. Lapizco‐Encinas
- Microscale Bioseparations Laboratory and Biomedical Engineering DepartmentRochester Institute of Technology Rochester NY USA
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28
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Aghilinejad A, Aghaamoo M, Chen X. On the transport of particles/cells in high-throughput deterministic lateral displacement devices: Implications for circulating tumor cell separation. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2019; 13:034112. [PMID: 31186821 PMCID: PMC6534492 DOI: 10.1063/1.5092718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Deterministic lateral displacement (DLD), which takes advantage of the asymmetric bifurcation of laminar flow around the embedded microposts, has shown promising capabilities in separating cells and particles of different sizes. Growing interest in utilizing high-throughput DLD devices for practical applications, such as circulating tumor cell separation, necessitates employing higher flow rates in these devices, leading to operating in moderate to high Reynolds number (Re) regimes. Despite extensive research on DLD devices in the creeping regime, limited research has focused on the physics of flow, critical size of the device, and deformable cell behavior in DLD devices at moderate to high Re. In this study, the transport behavior of particles/cells is investigated in realistic high-throughput DLD devices with hundreds of microposts by utilizing multiphysics modeling. A practical formula is proposed for the prediction of the device critical size, which could serve as a design guideline for high-throughput DLD devices. Then, the complex hydrodynamic interactions between a deformable cell and DLD post arrays are investigated. A dimensionless index is utilized for comparing different post designs to quantify the cell-post interaction. It is shown that the separation performances in high-throughput devices are highly affected by Re as well as the micropost shapes. These findings can be utilized for the design and optimization of high-throughput DLD microfluidic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arian Aghilinejad
- School of Engineering and Computer Science, Washington State University Vancouver, Vancouver, Washington 98686-9600, USA
| | - Mohammad Aghaamoo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2715, USA
| | - Xiaolin Chen
- School of Engineering and Computer Science, Washington State University Vancouver, Vancouver, Washington 98686-9600, USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:. Tel.: +1 360 546 9117. Fax: +1 360 546 9438
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29
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Gallo-Villanueva RC, Perez-Gonzalez VH, Cardenas-Benitez B, Jind B, Martinez-Chapa SO, Lapizco-Encinas BH. Joule heating effects in optimized insulator-based dielectrophoretic devices: An interplay between post geometry and temperature rise. Electrophoresis 2019; 40:1408-1416. [PMID: 30883810 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Insulator-based dielectrophoresis (iDEP) is the electrokinetic migration of polarized particles when subjected to a non-uniform electric field generated by the inclusion of insulating structures between two remote electrodes. Electrode spacing is considerable in iDEP systems when compared to electrode-based DEP systems, therefore, iDEP systems require high voltages to achieve efficient particle manipulation. A consequence of this is the temperature increase within the channel due to Joule heating effects, which, in some cases, can be detrimental when manipulating biological samples. This work presents an experimental and modeling study on the increase in temperature inside iDEP devices. For this, we studied seven distinct channel designs that mainly differ from each other in their post array characteristics: post shape, post size and spacing between posts. Experimental results obtained using a custom-built copper Resistance Temperature Detector, based on resistance changes, show that the influence of the insulators produces a difference in temperature rise of approximately 4°C between the designs studied. Furthermore, a 3D COMSOL model is also introduced to evaluate heat generation and dissipation, which is in good agreement with the experiments. The model allowed relating the difference in average temperature for the geometries under study to the electric resistance posed by the post array in each design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto C Gallo-Villanueva
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Nano- Sensors and Devices Research Group, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, NL, Mexico
| | - Victor H Perez-Gonzalez
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Nano- Sensors and Devices Research Group, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, NL, Mexico
| | - Braulio Cardenas-Benitez
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Nano- Sensors and Devices Research Group, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, NL, Mexico
| | - Binny Jind
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Nano- Sensors and Devices Research Group, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, NL, Mexico
| | - Sergio O Martinez-Chapa
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Nano- Sensors and Devices Research Group, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, NL, Mexico
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30
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Aghaamoo M, Aghilinejad A, Chen X, Xu J. On the design of deterministic dielectrophoresis for continuous separation of circulating tumor cells from peripheral blood cells. Electrophoresis 2019; 40:1486-1493. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Aghaamoo
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of California Irvine CA USA
| | - Arian Aghilinejad
- School of Engineering and Computer ScienceWashington State University Vancouver WA USA
| | - Xiaolin Chen
- School of Engineering and Computer ScienceWashington State University Vancouver WA USA
| | - Jie Xu
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial EngineeringUniversity of Illinois at Chicago Chicago IL USA
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31
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S Iliescu F, Sim WJ, Heidari H, P Poenar D, Miao J, Taylor HK, Iliescu C. Highlighting the uniqueness in dielectrophoretic enrichment of circulating tumor cells. Electrophoresis 2019; 40:1457-1477. [PMID: 30676660 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) play an essential role in the metastasis of tumors, and thus can serve as a valuable prognostic factor for malignant diseases. As a result, the ability to isolate and characterize CTCs is essential. This review underlines the potential of dielectrophoresis for CTCs enrichment. It begins by summarizing the key performance parameters and challenges of CTCs isolation using microfluidics. The two main categories of CTCs enrichment-affinity-based and label-free methods-are analysed, emphasising the advantages and disadvantages of each as well as their clinical potential. While the main argument in favour of affinity-based methods is the strong specificity of CTCs isolation, the major advantage of the label-free technologies is in preserving the integrity of the cellular membrane, an essential requirement for downstream characterization. Moving forward, we try to answer the main question: "What makes dielectrophoresis a method of choice in CTCs isolation?" The uniqueness of dielectrophoretic CTCs enrichment resides in coupling the specificity of the isolation process with the conservation of the membrane surface. The specificity of the dielectrophoretic method stems from the differences in the dielectric properties between CTCs and other cells in the blood: the capacitances of the malignantly transformed cellular membranes of CTCs differ from those of other cells. Examples of dielectrophoretic devices are described and their performance evaluated. Critical requirements for using dielectrophoresis to isolate CTCs are highlighted. Finally, we consider that DEP has the potential of becoming a cytometric method for large-scale sorting and characterization of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wen Jing Sim
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,NUS Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation (SynCTI), National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hossein Heidari
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Daniel P Poenar
- VALENS-Centre for Bio Devices and Signal Analysis, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Jianmin Miao
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Hayden K Taylor
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Ciprian Iliescu
- Biomedical Institute for Global Health Research & Technology (BIGHEART), National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Lapizco-Encinas BH. On the recent developments of insulator-based dielectrophoresis: A review. Electrophoresis 2018; 40:358-375. [PMID: 30112789 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Insulator-based dielectrophoresis (iDEP), also known as electrodeless DEP, has become a well-known dielectrophoretic technique, no longer viewed as a new methodology. Significant advances on iDEP have been reported during the last 15 years. This review article aims to summarize some of the most important findings on iDEP organized by the type of dielectrophoretic mode: streaming and trapping iDEP. The former is primarily used for particle sorting, while the latter has great capability for particle enrichment. The characteristics of a wide array of devices are discussed for each type of dielectrophoretic mode in order to present an overview of the distinct designs and applications developed with iDEP. A short section on Joule heating effects and electrothermal flow is also included to highlight some of the challenges in the utilization of iDEP systems. The significant progress on iDEP illustrates its potential for a large number of applications, ranging from bioanalysis to clinical and biomedical assessments. The present article discusses the work on iDEP by numerous research groups around the world, with the aim of proving the reader with an overview of the state-of-the-art in iDEP microfluidic systems.
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