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Zhu F, Wang T, Wang G, Yan C, He B, Qiao B. The Exosome-Mediated Bone Regeneration: An Advanced Horizon Toward the Isolation, Engineering, Carrying Modalities, and Mechanisms. Adv Healthc Mater 2024:e2400293. [PMID: 38426417 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202400293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Exosomes, nanoparticles secreted by various cells, composed of a bilayer lipid membrane, and containing bioactive substances such as proteins, nucleic acids, metabolites, etc., have been intensively investigated in tissue engineering owing to their high biocompatibility and versatile biofunction. However, there is still a lack of a high-quality review on bone defect regeneration potentiated by exosomes. In this review, the biogenesis and isolation methods of exosomes are first introduced. More importantly, the engineered exosomes of the current state of knowledge are discussed intensively in this review. Afterward, the biomaterial carriers of exosomes and the mechanisms of bone repair elucidated by compelling evidence are presented. Thus, future perspectives and concerns are revealed to help devise advanced modalities based on exosomes to overcome the challenges of bone regeneration. It is totally believed this review will attract special attention from clinicians and provide promising ideas for their future works.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fukang Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1 Youyi Rd, Chongqing, 400010, P. R. China
- Orthopedic Laboratory of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, P. R. China
| | - Taiyou Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1 Youyi Rd, Chongqing, 400010, P. R. China
- Orthopedic Laboratory of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, P. R. China
| | - Guangjian Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1 Youyi Rd, Chongqing, 400010, P. R. China
- Department of Orthopaedics, The People's Hospital of Rongchang District, Chongqing, 402460, P. R. China
| | - Caiping Yan
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 401120, P. R. China
| | - Bin He
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1 Youyi Rd, Chongqing, 400010, P. R. China
- Orthopedic Laboratory of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, P. R. China
| | - Bo Qiao
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1 Youyi Rd, Chongqing, 400010, P. R. China
- Orthopedic Laboratory of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, P. R. China
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Ramnauth N, Neubarth E, Makler-Disatham A, Sher M, Soini S, Merk V, Asghar W. Development of a Microfluidic Device for Exosome Isolation in Point-of-Care Settings. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:8292. [PMID: 37837121 PMCID: PMC10574868 DOI: 10.3390/s23198292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes have gained recognition in cancer diagnostics and therapeutics. However, most exosome isolation methods are time-consuming, costly, and require bulky equipment, rendering them unsuitable for point-of-care (POC) settings. Microfluidics can be the key to solving these challenges. Here, we present a double filtration microfluidic device that can rapidly isolate exosomes via size-exclusion principles in POC settings. The device can efficiently isolate exosomes from 50-100 µL of plasma within 50 min. The device was compared against an already established exosome isolation method, polyethylene glycol (PEG)-based precipitation. The findings showed that both methods yield comparable exosome sizes and purity; however, exosomes isolated from the device exhibited an earlier miRNA detection compared to exosomes obtained from the PEG-based isolation. A comparative analysis of exosomes collected from membrane filters with 15 nm and 30 nm pore sizes showed a similarity in exosome size and miRNA detection, with significantly increased sample purity. Finally, TEM images were taken to analyze how the developed devices and PEG-based isolation alter exosome morphology and to analyze exosome sizes. This developed microfluidic device is cost-efficient and time-efficient. Thus, it is ideal for use in low-resourced and POC settings to aid in cancer and disease diagnostics and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Ramnauth
- Asghar-Lab—Micro and Nanotechnology in Medicine Lab, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA (E.N.); (A.M.-D.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
| | - Elise Neubarth
- Asghar-Lab—Micro and Nanotechnology in Medicine Lab, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA (E.N.); (A.M.-D.)
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
| | - Amy Makler-Disatham
- Asghar-Lab—Micro and Nanotechnology in Medicine Lab, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA (E.N.); (A.M.-D.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
| | - Mazhar Sher
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA;
| | - Steven Soini
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Ocean and Mechanical Engineering, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA (V.M.)
| | - Vivian Merk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Ocean and Mechanical Engineering, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA (V.M.)
| | - Waseem Asghar
- Asghar-Lab—Micro and Nanotechnology in Medicine Lab, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA (E.N.); (A.M.-D.)
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
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Zabrodskaya Y, Plotnikova M, Gavrilova N, Lozhkov A, Klotchenko S, Kiselev A, Burdakov V, Ramsay E, Purvinsh L, Egorova M, Vysochinskaya V, Baranovskaya I, Brodskaya A, Povalikhin R, Vasin A. Exosomes Released by Influenza-Virus-Infected Cells Carry Factors Capable of Suppressing Immune Defense Genes in Naïve Cells. Viruses 2022; 14. [PMID: 36560694 DOI: 10.3390/v14122690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Exosomes are involved in intercellular communication and can transfer regulatory molecules between cells. Consequently, they can participate in host immune response regulation. For the influenza A virus (IAV), there is very limited information on changes in exosome composition during cell infection shedding light on the potential role of these extracellular membrane vesicles. Thus, the aim of our work was to study changes in exosomal composition following IAV infection of cells, as well as to evaluate their effect on uninfected cells. Methods: To characterize changes in the composition of cellular miRNAs and mRNAs of exosomes during IAV infection of A549 cells, NGS was used, as well as PCR to identify viral genes. Naïve A549 cells were stimulated with infected-cell-secreted exosomes for studying their activity. Changes in the expression of genes associated with the cell's immune response were shown using PCR. The effect of exosomes on IAV replication was shown in MDCK cells using In-Cell ELISA and PCR of the supernatants. Results: A change in the miRNA composition (miR-21-3p, miR-26a-5p, miR-23a-5p, miR-548c-5p) and mRNA composition (RPL13A, MKNK2, TRIB3) of exosomes under the influence of the IAV was shown. Many RNAs were involved in the regulation of the immune response of the cell, mainly by suppressing it. After exosome stimulation of naïve cells, a significant decrease in the expression of genes involved in the immune response was shown (RIG1, IFIT1, MDA5, COX2, NFκB, AnxA1, PKR, IL6, IL18). When infecting MDCK cells, a significant decrease in nucleoprotein levels was observed in the presence of exosomes secreted by mock-infected cells. Viral levels in supernatants also decreased. Conclusions: Exosomes secreted by IAV-infected cells could reduce the immune response of neighboring intact cells, leading to more effective IAV replication. This may be associated both with regulatory functions of cellular miRNAs and mRNAs carried by exosomes, or with the presence of viral mRNAs encoding proteins with an immunosuppressive function.
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Jiawei S, Zhi C, Kewei T, Xiaoping L. Magnetic bead-based adsorption strategy for exosome isolation. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:942077. [PMID: 36051582 PMCID: PMC9424818 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.942077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes, one type of extracellular vesicle (EV) secreted by cells, participate in intercellular communication and other biological processes as carriers of lipids, functional proteins, mRNAs, miRNAs, lncRNAs, and DNA fragments. Their presence in biofluids makes them attractive candidates as innovative clinical diagnostic tools. However, the conventional isolation and analysis of high-purity exosomes in clinical application is challenging, with traditional methods facing a number of shortcomings, including low yield or purity, long periods of processing, high cost, and difficulties in standardization. In this study, we provide an overview of commonly used exosome isolation approaches with a focus on magnetic bead-based capture, an ideal methodology with high purity and integrality of exosomes. The current challenges on exosome isolation methods are also described to highlight areas for future research and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Jiawei
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chen Zhi
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tian Kewei
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li Xiaoping
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren College, Hangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Li Xiaoping,
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5
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Chen J, Li P, Zhang T, Xu Z, Huang X, Wang R, Du L. Review on Strategies and Technologies for Exosome Isolation and Purification. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 9:811971. [PMID: 35071216 PMCID: PMC8766409 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.811971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes, a nano-sized subtype of extracellular vesicles secreted from almost all living cells, are capable of transferring cell-specific constituents of the source cell to the recipient cell. Cumulative evidence has revealed exosomes play an irreplaceable role in prognostic, diagnostic, and even therapeutic aspects. A method that can efficiently provide intact and pure exosomes samples is the first step to both exosome-based liquid biopsies and therapeutics. Unfortunately, common exosomal separation techniques suffer from operation complexity, time consumption, large sample volumes and low purity, posing significant challenges for exosomal downstream analysis. Efficient, simple, and affordable methods to isolate exosomes are crucial to carrying out relevant researches. In the last decade, emerging technologies, especially microfluidic chips, have proposed superior strategies for exosome isolation and exhibited fascinating performances. While many excellent reviews have overviewed various methods, a compressive review including updated/improved methods for exosomal isolation is indispensable. Herein, we first overview exosomal properties, biogenesis, contents, and functions. Then, we briefly outline the conventional technologies and discuss the challenges of clinical applications of these technologies. Finally, we review emerging exosomal isolation strategies and large-scale GMP production of engineered exosomes to open up future perspectives of next-generation Exo-devices for cancer diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaci Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Department of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Peilong Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Taiyi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Department of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Zhipeng Xu
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Xiaowen Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Department of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Ruiming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Department of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Lutao Du
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Ding L, Yang X, Gao Z, Effah CY, Zhang X, Wu Y, Qu L. A Holistic Review of the State-of-the-Art Microfluidics for Exosome Separation: An Overview of the Current Status, Existing Obstacles, and Future Outlook. Small 2021; 17:e2007174. [PMID: 34047052 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202007174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes, a class of small extracellular vesicles (30-150 nm), are secreted by almost all types of cells into virtually all body fluids. These small vesicles are attracting increasing research attention owing to their potential for disease diagnosis and therapy. However, their inherent heterogeneity and the complexity of bio-fluids pose significant challenges for their isolation. Even the "gold standard," differential centrifugation, suffers from poor yields and is time-consuming. In this context, recent developments in microfluidic technologies have provided an ideal system for exosome extraction and these devices exhibit some fascinating properties such as high speeds, good portability, and low sample volumes. In this review, the focus is on the state-of-the-art microfluidic technologies for exosome isolation and highlight potential directions for future research and development by analyzing the challenges faced by the current strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Ding
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Xiaonan Yang
- School of Information Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Zibo Gao
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Clement Yaw Effah
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Xiaoju Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Yongjun Wu
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Lingbo Qu
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Green Construction of Functional Molecules and Their Bioanalytical Applications, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
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7
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Benjamin-Davalos S, Koroleva M, Allen CL, Ernstoff MS, Shu SL. Co-Isolation of Cytokines and Exosomes: Implications for Immunomodulation Studies. Front Immunol 2021; 12:638111. [PMID: 33968029 PMCID: PMC8098445 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.638111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes play a vital role in intercellular communication and their immunomodulatory potential have become an important focus in cancer research. Various methods have been developed for the isolation although each method differs in the number and purity of exosomes they yield. In melanoma, tumor-derived exosomes drive immunosuppression within the tumor microenvironment. The co-elution of exosomes and soluble factors such as cytokines during isolation, however, make it difficult to ascertain the contribution of exosome cargo, as soluble cytokines are equally capable of immune suppression. In this review we will expound upon the biological relevance that exosome-associated cytokines possess. Furthermore, we discuss the technical challenges that arise during exosome isolation and what this means for further studies into the TME and in vivo work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawna Benjamin-Davalos
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Marina Koroleva
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Cheryl L Allen
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Marc S Ernstoff
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States.,ImmunoOncology Branch, Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Shin La Shu
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States.,ImmunoOncology Branch, Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, United States
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8
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Mohammadi M, Zargartalebi H, Salahandish R, Aburashed R, Wey Yong K, Sanati-Nezhad A. Emerging technologies and commercial products in exosome-based cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 183:113176. [PMID: 33845291 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Academic and industrial groups worldwide have reported technological advances in exosome-based cancer diagnosis and prognosis. However, the potential translation of these emerging technologies for research and clinical settings remains unknown. This work overviews the role of exosomes in cancer diagnosis and prognosis, followed by a survey on emerging exosome technologies, particularly microfluidic advances for the isolation and detection of exosomes in cancer research. The advantages and drawbacks of each of the technologies used for the isolation, detection and engineering of exosomes are evaluated to address their clinical challenges for cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Furthermore, commercial platforms for exosomal detection and analysis are introduced, and their performance and impact on cancer diagnosis and prognosis are assessed. Also, the risks associated with the further development of the next generation of exosome devices are discussed. The outcome of this work could facilitate recognizing deliverable Exo-devices and technologies with unprecedented functionality and predictable manufacturability for the next-generation of cancer diagnosis and prognosis.
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9
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Ludwig N, Hong CS, Ludwig S, Azambuja JH, Sharma P, Theodoraki MN, Whiteside TL. Isolation and Analysis of Tumor-Derived Exosomes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 127:e91. [PMID: 31763776 DOI: 10.1002/cpim.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A method for isolation of exosomes from tumor cell supernatants or cancer patients' plasma is presented. Tumor-derived exosomes (TEX) are defined as a subset of extracellular vesicles (EVs) sized at 30 to 150 nm and originating from multivesicular bodies (MVBs). The method utilizes size exclusion chromatography (SEC) for recovery of exosomes from cell-line supernatants or cancer patients' plasma. The recovered exosomes are morphologically intact, aggregate-free, and functionally competent. Their molecular content parallels that of the parent tumor cells and they carry various immunoregulatory ligands known to modulate functions of immune cells. All exosomes isolated from tumor cell lines are TEX, while those isolated from plasma of cancer patients have to be fractionated into TEX and non-TEX. Mini-SEC allows for exosome isolation and recovery in quantities sufficient for molecular profiling, functional studies, and, in the case of plasma, further fractionation into TEX and non-TEX. The mini-SEC method can also be used for comparative studies of the exosome content in serial specimens of cancer patients' body fluids. © 2019 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Ludwig
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Chang-Sook Hong
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Sonja Ludwig
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Juliana H Azambuja
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Priyanka Sharma
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Theresa L Whiteside
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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10
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Bickmore DC, Miklavcic JJ. Characterization of Extracellular Vesicles Isolated From Human Milk Using a Precipitation-Based Method. Front Nutr 2020; 7:22. [PMID: 32232046 PMCID: PMC7082312 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EV) function in intercellular communication, and those in human milk may confer immunologic benefits to infants. Methods of EV isolation such as ultracentrifugation (UC) may not be feasible for the study of EVs in human milk due to the need for large sample volume. A technique to isolate EVs from a small volume of human milk using a precipitation reagent is described herein. Electron microscopy, nanoparticle tracking analysis, and semi-quantitative antibody array were conducted to confirm isolation of human milk EVs. Count, size, protein content, and fatty acid quantification of EVs were determined. This isolation technique yielded 8.9 x 109 (± 1.1 × 109) EV particles/mL of human milk. The present method meets the Minimal Information for Studies of Extracellular Vesicles (MISEV) guidelines. An established EV isolation method suitable for a low volume of human milk will facilitate further research in this growing area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana C Bickmore
- Food Science and Nutrition, Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, CA, United States
| | - John J Miklavcic
- Food Science and Nutrition, Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, CA, United States
- School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Orange, CA, United States
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11
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Lin S, Yu Z, Chen D, Wang Z, Miao J, Li Q, Zhang D, Song J, Cui D. Progress in Microfluidics-Based Exosome Separation and Detection Technologies for Diagnostic Applications. Small 2020; 16:e1903916. [PMID: 31663295 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201903916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are secreted by most cell types and circulate in body fluids. Recent studies have revealed that exosomes play a significant role in intercellular communication and are closely associated with the pathogenesis of disease. Therefore, exosomes are considered promising biomarkers for disease diagnosis. However, exosomes are always mixed with other components of body fluids. Consequently, separation methods for exosomes that allow high-purity and high-throughput separation with a high recovery rate and detection techniques for exosomes that are rapid, highly sensitive, highly specific, and have a low detection limit are indispensable for diagnostic applications. For decades, many exosome separation and detection techniques have been developed to achieve the aforementioned goals. However, in most cases, these two techniques are performed separately, which increases operation complexity, time consumption, and cost. The emergence of microfluidics offers a promising way to integrate exosome separation and detection functions into a single chip. Herein, an overview of conventional and microfluidics-based techniques for exosome separation and detection is presented. Moreover, the advantages and drawbacks of these techniques are compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujing Lin
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment Instrument, Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Zixian Yu
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment Instrument, Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Di Chen
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment Instrument, Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Zhigang Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Jianmin Miao
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment Instrument, Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Qichao Li
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment Instrument, Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Daoyuan Zhang
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment Instrument, Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jie Song
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment Instrument, Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Daxiang Cui
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment Instrument, Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
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12
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Kang YT, Purcell E, Palacios-Rolston C, Lo TW, Ramnath N, Jolly S, Nagrath S. Isolation and Profiling of Circulating Tumor-Associated Exosomes Using Extracellular Vesicular Lipid-Protein Binding Affinity Based Microfluidic Device. Small 2019; 15:e1903600. [PMID: 31588683 PMCID: PMC6951813 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201903600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are emerging as a potential diagnostic test for cancer. Owing to the recent advances in microfluidics, on-chip EV isolation is showing promise with respect to improved recovery rates, smaller necessary sample volumes, and shorter processing times than ultracentrifugation. Immunoaffinity-based microfluidic EV isolation using anti-CD63 is widely used; however, anti-CD63 is not specific to cancer-EVs, and some cancers secrete EVs with low expression of CD63. Alternatively, phosphatidylserine (PS), usually expressed in the inner leaflet of the lipid bilayer of the cells, is shown to be expressed on the outer surface of cancer-associated EVs. A new exosome isolation microfluidic device (new ExoChip), conjugated with a PS-specific protein, to isolate cancer-associated exosomes from plasma, is presented. The device achieves 90% capture efficiency for cancer cell exosomes compared to 38% for healthy exosomes and isolates 35% more A549-derived exosomes than an anti-CD63-conjugated device. Immobilized exosomes are then easily released using Ca2+ chelation. The recovered exosomes from clinical samples are characterized by electron microscopy and western-blot analysis, revealing exosomal shapes and exosomal protein expressions. The new ExoChip facilitates the isolation of a specific subset of exosomes, allowing the exploration of the undiscovered roles of exosomes in cancer progression and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon-Tae Kang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biointerface Institute, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Road, NCRC B10-A184, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Emma Purcell
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biointerface Institute, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Road, NCRC B10-A184, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Colin Palacios-Rolston
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biointerface Institute, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Road, NCRC B10-A184, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Ting-Wen Lo
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biointerface Institute, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Road, NCRC B10-A184, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Nithya Ramnath
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Shruti Jolly
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, 1500 E Medical Center Dr., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Sunitha Nagrath
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biointerface Institute, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Road, NCRC B10-A184, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
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13
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Ludwig N, Whiteside TL, Reichert TE. Challenges in Exosome Isolation and Analysis in Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E4684. [PMID: 31546622 PMCID: PMC6801453 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing body of evidence emphasizes the important role exosomes in different physiological and pathological conditions. Exosomes, virus-size extracellular vesicles (EVs), carry a complex molecular cargo, which is actively processed in the endocytic compartment of parental cells. Exosomes carry and deliver this cargo to recipient cells, serving as an intercellular communication system. The methods for recovery of exosomes from supernatants of cell lines or body fluids are not uniformly established. Yet, studies of the quality and quantity of exosome cargos underlie the concept of "liquid biopsy." Exosomes are emerging as a potentially useful diagnostic tool and a predictor of disease progression, response to therapy and overall survival. Although many novel approaches to exosome isolation and analysis of their cargos have been introduced, the role of exosomes as diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers of disease remains unconfirmed. This review considers existing challenges to exosome validation as disease biomarkers. Focusing on advantages and limitations of methods for exosome isolation and characterization, approaches are proposed to facilitate further progress in the development of exosomes as biomarkers in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Ludwig
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| | - Theresa L Whiteside
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
- Departments of Immunology and Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| | - Torsten E Reichert
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
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14
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Buschmann D, Kirchner B, Hermann S, Märte M, Wurmser C, Brandes F, Kotschote S, Bonin M, Steinlein OK, Pfaffl MW, Schelling G, Reithmair M. Evaluation of serum extracellular vesicle isolation methods for profiling miRNAs by next-generation sequencing. J Extracell Vesicles 2018; 7:1481321. [PMID: 29887978 PMCID: PMC5990937 DOI: 10.1080/20013078.2018.1481321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are intercellular communicators with key functions in physiological and pathological processes and have recently garnered interest because of their diagnostic and therapeutic potential. The past decade has brought about the development and commercialization of a wide array of methods to isolate EVs from serum. Which subpopulations of EVs are captured strongly depends on the isolation method, which in turn determines how suitable resulting samples are for various downstream applications. To help clinicians and scientists choose the most appropriate approach for their experiments, isolation methods need to be comparatively characterized. Few attempts have been made to comprehensively analyse vesicular microRNAs (miRNAs) in patient biofluids for biomarker studies. To address this discrepancy, we set out to benchmark the performance of several isolation principles for serum EVs in healthy individuals and critically ill patients. Here, we compared five different methods of EV isolation in combination with two RNA extraction methods regarding their suitability for biomarker discovery-focused miRNA sequencing as well as biological characteristics of captured vesicles. Our findings reveal striking method-specific differences in both the properties of isolated vesicles and the ability of associated miRNAs to serve in biomarker research. While isolation by precipitation and membrane affinity was highly suitable for miRNA-based biomarker discovery, methods based on size-exclusion chromatography failed to separate patients from healthy volunteers. Isolated vesicles differed in size, quantity, purity and composition, indicating that each method captured distinctive populations of EVs as well as additional contaminants. Even though the focus of this work was on transcriptomic profiling of EV-miRNAs, our insights also apply to additional areas of research. We provide guidance for navigating the multitude of EV isolation methods available today and help researchers and clinicians make an informed choice about which strategy to use for experiments involving critically ill patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Buschmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,Division of Animal Physiology and Immunology, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Benedikt Kirchner
- Division of Animal Physiology and Immunology, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany.,Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefanie Hermann
- Division of Animal Physiology and Immunology, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Melanie Märte
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christine Wurmser
- Chair of Animal Breeding, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Florian Brandes
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - Ortrud K Steinlein
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael W Pfaffl
- Division of Animal Physiology and Immunology, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Gustav Schelling
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Marlene Reithmair
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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15
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Boriachek K, Islam MN, Möller A, Salomon C, Nguyen NT, Hossain MSA, Yamauchi Y, Shiddiky MJA. Biological Functions and Current Advances in Isolation and Detection Strategies for Exosome Nanovesicles. Small 2018; 14:1702153. [PMID: 29282861 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201702153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are nanoscale (≈30-150 nm) extracellular vesicles of endocytic origin that are shed by most types of cells and circulate in bodily fluids. Exosomes carry a specific composition of proteins, lipids, RNA, and DNA and can work as cargo to transfer this information to recipient cells. Recent studies on exosomes have shown that they play an important role in various biological processes, such as intercellular signaling, coagulation, inflammation, and cellular homeostasis. These functional roles are attributed to their ability to transfer RNA, proteins, enzymes, and lipids, thereby affecting the physiological and pathological conditions in various diseases, including cancer and neurodegenerative, infectious, and autoimmune diseases (e.g., cancer initiation, progression, and metastasis). Due to these unique characteristics, exosomes are considered promising biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of various diseases via noninvasive or minimally invasive procedures. Over the last decade, a plethora of methodologies have been developed for analyzing disease-specific exosomes using optical and nonoptical tools. Here, the major biological functions, significance, and potential role of exosomes as biomarkers and therapeutics are discussed. Furthermore, an overview of the most commonly used techniques for exosome analysis, highlighting the major technical challenges and limitations of existing techniques, is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kseniia Boriachek
- School of Natural Sciences, Griffith University, Nathan Campus, QLD 4111, Australia
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan Campus, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Md Nazmul Islam
- School of Natural Sciences, Griffith University, Nathan Campus, QLD 4111, Australia
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan Campus, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Andreas Möller
- Tumour Microenvironment Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Carlos Salomon
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Nam-Trung Nguyen
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan Campus, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Md Shahriar A Hossain
- Australian Institute for Innovative Materials (AIIM), University of Wollongong, Squires Way, Innovation Campus, North Wollongong, NSW, 2519, Australia
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Yusuke Yamauchi
- Australian Institute for Innovative Materials (AIIM), University of Wollongong, Squires Way, Innovation Campus, North Wollongong, NSW, 2519, Australia
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Muhammad J A Shiddiky
- School of Natural Sciences, Griffith University, Nathan Campus, QLD 4111, Australia
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan Campus, QLD 4111, Australia
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16
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Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common invasive malignancy among females worldwide. microRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that regulate post-transcriptional gene expression by binding to the 3'-untranslated regions of targeted mRNAs. Recently, exosomes have been recognized to play critical roles in breast cancer. miRNAs, as the most important inclusions in exosomes, are stable in the blood and other body fluids, making them ideal candidate biomarkers. In this review, we provide a complex overview of exosomal miRNAs in breast cancer. Particularly, we summarized their critical roles in tumorigenesis and tumor progression, expecting to lay the foundation for future studies using these potential biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjie He
- The First Clinical School of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, P.R. China
| | - Fei Deng
- The First Clinical School of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, P.R. China
| | - Sujin Yang
- The First Clinical School of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, P.R. China
| | - Dandan Wang
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, P.R. China
| | - Xiu Chen
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, P.R. China
| | - Shanliang Zhong
- China Center of Clinical Laboratory, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Cancer Institute of Jiangsu Province, Baiziting 42, Nanjing 210009, P.R. China
| | - Jianhua Zhao
- China Center of Clinical Laboratory, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Cancer Institute of Jiangsu Province, Baiziting 42, Nanjing 210009, P.R. China
| | - Jinhai Tang
- The First Clinical School of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, P.R. China.,Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, P.R. China
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17
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Bijnsdorp IV, Maxouri O, Kardar A, Schelfhorst T, Piersma SR, Pham TV, Vis A, van Moorselaar RJ, Jimenez CR. Feasibility of urinary extracellular vesicle proteome profiling using a robust and simple, clinically applicable isolation method. J Extracell Vesicles 2017; 6:1313091. [PMID: 28717416 PMCID: PMC5505003 DOI: 10.1080/20013078.2017.1313091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by prostate cancer (PCa) cells contain specific biomarkers and can be isolated from urine. Collection of urine is not invasive, and therefore urinary EVs represent a liquid biopsy for diagnostic and prognostic testing for PCa. In this study, we optimised urinary EV isolation using a method based on heat shock proteins and compared it to gold-standard ultracentrifugation. The urinary EV isolation protocol using the Vn96-peptide is easier, time convenient (≈1.5 h) and no special equipment is needed, in contrast to ultracentrifugation protocol (>3.5 h), making this protocol clinically feasible. We compared the isolated vesicles of both ultracentrifugation and Vn96-peptide by proteome profiling using mass spectrometry-based proteomics (n = 4 per method). We reached a depth of >3000 proteins, with 2400 proteins that were commonly detected in urinary EVs from different donors. We show a large overlap (>85%) between proteins identified in EVs isolated by ultracentrifugation and Vn96-peptide. Addition of the detergent NP40 to Vn96-peptide EV isolations reduced levels of background proteins and highly increased the levels of the EV-markers TSG101 and PDCD6IP, indicative of an increased EV yield. Thus, the Vn96-peptide-based EV isolation procedure is clinically feasibly and allows large-scale protein profiling of urinary EV biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene V Bijnsdorp
- Department of Urology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Olga Maxouri
- Department of Urology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aarzo Kardar
- Department of Urology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tim Schelfhorst
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sander R Piersma
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thang V Pham
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andre Vis
- Department of Urology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Connie R Jimenez
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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18
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Sinha A, Alfaro J, Kislinger T. Characterization of Protein Content Present in Exosomes Isolated from Conditioned Media and Urine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 87:24.9.1-24.9.12. [PMID: 28150884 DOI: 10.1002/cpps.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cells secrete biomolecules into the extracellular space as a way of intercellular communication. Secreted proteins can act as ligands that engage specific receptors-on the same cell, nearby cells, or distant cells-and induce defined signaling pathways. Proteins and other biomolecules can also be packaged as cargo molecules within vesicles that are released to the extracellular space (termed extracellular vesicles or EVs). A subclass of such EVs, exosomes have been shown to horizontally transfer information. In recent years, exosomes have sparked tremendous interest in biological research, both for the discovery of novel biomarkers and for the identification of signaling molecules, as part of their cargo. Although multiple methods have been described for the isolation of exosomes, described here is a simple differential centrifugation approach that is well suited for the isolation of exosomes from conditioned cell culture media and urine. Mass spectrometry provides an ideal method to comprehensively analyze the protein cargo of exosomes. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Sinha
- University of Toronto, Department of Medical Biophysics, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Javier Alfaro
- University of Toronto, Department of Medical Biophysics, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Thomas Kislinger
- University of Toronto, Department of Medical Biophysics, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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19
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Abstract
Intercommunication between cancer cells and with their surrounding and distant environments is key to the survival, progression and metastasis of the tumour. Exosomes play a role in this communication process. MicroRNA (miRNA) expression is frequently dysregulated in tumour cells and can be reflected by distinct exosomal miRNA (ex-miRNA) profiles isolated from the bodily fluids of cancer patients. Here, the potential of ex-miRNA as a cancer biomarker and therapeutic target is critically analysed. Exosomes are a stable source of miRNA in bodily fluids but, despite a number of methods for exosome extraction and miRNA quantification, their suitability for diagnostics in a clinical setting is questionable. Furthermore, exosomally transferred miRNAs can alter the behaviour of recipient tumour and stromal cells to promote oncogenesis, highlighting a role in cell communication in cancer. However, our incomplete understanding of exosome biogenesis and miRNA loading mechanisms means that strategies to target exosomes or their transferred miRNAs are limited and not specific to tumour cells. Therefore, if ex-miRNA is to be employed in novel non-invasive diagnostic approaches and as a therapeutic target in cancer, two further advances are necessary: in methods to isolate and detect ex-miRNA, and a better understanding of their biogenesis and functions in tumour-cell communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arron Thind
- John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK;
| | - Clive Wilson
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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20
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Hong CS, Funk S, Muller L, Boyiadzis M, Whiteside TL. Isolation of biologically active and morphologically intact exosomes from plasma of patients with cancer. J Extracell Vesicles 2016; 5:29289. [PMID: 27018366 PMCID: PMC4808740 DOI: 10.3402/jev.v5.29289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 12/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Isolation from human plasma of exosomes that retain functional and morphological integrity for probing their protein, lipid and nucleic acid content is a priority for the future use of exosomes as biomarkers. A method that meets these criteria and can be scaled up for patient monitoring is thus desirable. Methods Plasma specimens (1 mL) of patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) or a head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) were differentially centrifuged, ultrafiltered and fractionated by size exclusion chromatography in small disposable columns (mini-SEC). Exosomes were eluted in phosphate-buffered saline and were evaluated by qNano for particle size and counts, morphology by transmission electron microscopy, protein content, molecular profiles by western blots, and for ability to modify functions of immune cells. Results Exosomes eluting in fractions #3–5 had a diameter ranging from 50 to 200 nm by qNano, with the fraction #4 containing the bulk of clean, unaggregated exosomes. The exosome elution profiles remained constant for repeated runs of the same plasma. Larger plasma volumes could be fractionated running multiple mini-SEC columns in parallel. Particle concentrations per millilitre of plasma in #4 fractions of AML and HNSCC were comparable and were higher (p<0.003) than those in normal controls. Isolated AML exosomes co-incubated with normal human NK cells inhibited NKG2D expression levels (p<0.004), and HNSCC exosomes suppressed activation (p<0.01) and proliferation of activated T lymphocytes (p<0.03). Conclusions Mini-SEC allows for simple and reproducible isolation from human plasma of exosomes retaining structural integrity and functional activity. It enables molecular/functional analysis of the exosome content in serial specimens of human plasma for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Sook Hong
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sonja Funk
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Laurent Muller
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Head & Neck Surgery, University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael Boyiadzis
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Theresa L Whiteside
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA;
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