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Thumaty DB, Chacko RT, John AO, Joel A, Georgy JT, Jacob M, Samarasam I, Masih D, Isaiah R, Jeyaseelan V, Singh A. Docetaxel, Oxaliplatin and Capecitabine ( TEX) triplet regimen as adjuvant chemotherapy in resected gastric adenocarcinoma. Ecancermedicalscience 2021; 15:1292. [PMID: 34824615 PMCID: PMC8580596 DOI: 10.3332/ecancer.2021.1292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Adjuvant chemotherapy after surgery for gastric cancer improves survival but is difficult to administer due to poor tolerance. Combination chemotherapy with Docetaxel (Taxotere), Oxaliplatin (Eloxatin) and Capecitabine (Xeloda) (TEX) is used in the treatment of advanced gastric cancer. The efficacy and tolerability of this regimen (TEX) post resection of gastric cancer have not been studied. Materials and methods Patients diagnosed with gastric adenocarcinoma, post resection without any prior chemotherapy between July 2007 and May 2011 and treated with TEX regimen administered as T 35 mg/m2 and E 50 mg/m2 on days (d) 1, 8 and X 625 mg/m2 bid (twice daily) on d 1–14 every 21 days were included in this retrospective analysis. Patient’s electronic medical records were studied and data on tolerance, progression‑free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) was collected. Results Fifty-eight patients were treated with adjuvant TEX chemotherapy, majority 40 (68%) had distal gastric cancer. All patients underwent a D1 gastrectomy, and resection was performed for 44 (75%). Only 14 (24%) patients had more than 15 nodes studied in the resected specimen. Distribution for stages I, II and III is 14 (24%), 30 (52%) and 14 (24%), respectively. After a median follow-up of 40 months, the 3-year relapse free survival was 58% (95% CI: 42–68), and estimated median OS was 71 months (95% CI: 19–123 months). Twenty-three (40%) required dose reduction due to toxicity. Grade 3 or 4 toxicity was recorded for 22 (37%). Half (52%) of patients completed all planned chemotherapy of six cycles. Conclusion Post resection of gastric adenocarcinoma adjuvant triplet TEX chemotherapy is a feasible and effective outpatient regimen. Diarrhoea, neutropenia and neuropathy were the common dose limiting toxicity. Post-surgery only half the numbers of patients are able to complete all planned cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Bala Thumaty
- Department of Medical Oncology, Christian Medical College, Ida Scudder Road, Vellore, TN, India
| | - Raju Titus Chacko
- Department of Medical Oncology, Christian Medical College, Ida Scudder Road, Vellore, TN, India
| | - Ajoy Oommen John
- Department of Medical Oncology, Christian Medical College, Ida Scudder Road, Vellore, TN, India
| | - Anjana Joel
- Department of Medical Oncology, Christian Medical College, Ida Scudder Road, Vellore, TN, India
| | - Josh Thomas Georgy
- Department of Medical Oncology, Christian Medical College, Ida Scudder Road, Vellore, TN, India
| | - Myla Jacob
- Department of Upper GI surgery, Division of Surgery, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Inian Samarasam
- Department of Upper GI surgery, Division of Surgery, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Dipti Masih
- Department of General Pathology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Rajesh Isaiah
- Department of Radiotherapy, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | | | - Ashish Singh
- Department of Medical Oncology, Christian Medical College, Ida Scudder Road, Vellore, TN, India
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2
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Bellil H, Ghieh F, Hermel E, Mandon-Pepin B, Vialard F. Human testis-expressed ( TEX) genes: a review focused on spermatogenesis and male fertility. Basic Clin Androl 2021; 31:9. [PMID: 33882832 PMCID: PMC8061069 DOI: 10.1186/s12610-021-00127-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Spermatogenesis is a complex process regulated by a multitude of genes. The identification and characterization of male-germ-cell-specific genes is crucial to understanding the mechanisms through which the cells develop. The term “TEX gene” was coined by Wang et al. (Nat Genet. 2001; 27: 422–6) after they used cDNA suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) to identify new transcripts that were present only in purified mouse spermatogonia. TEX (Testis expressed) orthologues have been found in other vertebrates (mammals, birds, and reptiles), invertebrates, and yeasts. To date, 69 TEX genes have been described in different species and different tissues. To evaluate the expression of each TEX/tex gene, we compiled data from 7 different RNA-Seq mRNA databases in humans, and 4 in the mouse according to the expression atlas database. Various studies have highlighted a role for many of these genes in spermatogenesis. Here, we review current knowledge on the TEX genes and their roles in spermatogenesis and fertilization in humans and, comparatively, in other species (notably the mouse). As expected, TEX genes appear to have a major role in reproduction in general and in spermatogenesis in humans but also in all mammals such as the mouse. Most of them are expressed specifically or predominantly in the testis. As most of the TEX genes are highly conserved in mammals, defects in the male (gene mutations in humans and gene-null mice) lead to infertility. In the future, cumulative data on the human TEX genes’ physiological functions and pathophysiological dysfunctions should become available and is likely to confirm the essential role of this family in the reproductive process. Thirteen TEX genes are now referenced in the OMIM database, and 3 have been linked to a specific phenotype. TEX11 (on Xq13.1) is currently the gene most frequently reported as being associated with azoospermia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hela Bellil
- Département de Génétique, CHI de Poissy St Germain en Laye, Poissy, France
| | - Farah Ghieh
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, F-78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France.,Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, BREED, F-94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Emeline Hermel
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, F-78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France.,Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, BREED, F-94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Béatrice Mandon-Pepin
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, F-78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France.,Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, BREED, F-94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - François Vialard
- Département de Génétique, CHI de Poissy St Germain en Laye, Poissy, France. .,Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, F-78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France. .,Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, BREED, F-94700, Maisons-Alfort, France.
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3
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Benecke L, Coray M, Umbricht S, Chiang D, Figueiró F, Muller L. Exosomes: Small EVs with Large Immunomodulatory Effect in Glioblastoma. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073600. [PMID: 33808435 PMCID: PMC8036988 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastomas are among the most aggressive tumors, and with low survival rates. They are characterized by the ability to create a highly immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Exosomes, small extracellular vesicles (EVs), mediate intercellular communication in the tumor microenvironment by transporting various biomolecules (RNA, DNA, proteins, and lipids), therefore playing a prominent role in tumor proliferation, differentiation, metastasis, and resistance to chemotherapy or radiation. Exosomes are found in all body fluids and can cross the blood–brain barrier due to their nanoscale size. Recent studies have highlighted the multiple influences of tumor-derived exosomes on immune cells. Owing to their structural and functional properties, exosomes can be an important instrument for gaining a better molecular understanding of tumors. Furthermore, they qualify not only as diagnostic and prognostic markers, but also as tools in therapies specifically targeting aggressive tumor cells, like glioblastomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Benecke
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4051 Basel, Switzerland; (L.B.); (M.C.); (D.C.)
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, University Hospital Basel, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mali Coray
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4051 Basel, Switzerland; (L.B.); (M.C.); (D.C.)
| | - Sandra Umbricht
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, 4051 Basel, Switzerland;
| | - Dapi Chiang
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4051 Basel, Switzerland; (L.B.); (M.C.); (D.C.)
| | - Fabrício Figueiró
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 90035-003, Brazil;
| | - Laurent Muller
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4051 Basel, Switzerland; (L.B.); (M.C.); (D.C.)
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, University Hospital Basel, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-61-556-5141
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4
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Sahu S, Routray S. Assessing the analytical efficacy of TEX in diagnosing oral cancer using a systematic review approach. J Oral Pathol Med 2021; 50:123-128. [PMID: 33184963 DOI: 10.1111/jop.13126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The 5-year survival rates in OSCC depend on the stage at diagnosis. Patients have better survival and favourable outcomes if detected early, as compared to those diagnosed in advanced stages. Apart from biopsy and mucosal scraping examinations, exosomes from saliva and blood are emerging as an accessible source for diagnosis and providing additional information about the tumour's characteristics. Hence, the study of tumour-derived exosomal (TEX) biomarkers obtained from a liquid biopsy is emerging as a promising diagnostic tool. In this systematic review, our effort is to assess the role of TEX as a biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suchanda Sahu
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Samapika Routray
- Department of Dentistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
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5
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Ludwig N, Yerneni SS, Azambuja JH, Gillespie DG, Menshikova EV, Jackson EK, Whiteside TL. Tumor-derived exosomes promote angiogenesis via adenosine A(2B) receptor signaling. Angiogenesis 2020; 23:599-610. [PMID: 32419057 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-020-09728-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE One hallmark of tumor-derived exosomes (TEX) is the promotion of cancer progression by stimulating angiogenesis. This study was performed to evaluate the role of adenosine receptors in TEX-induced angiogenesis. METHODS TEX produced by UMSCC47 head and neck cancer cell line were isolated by mini size exclusion chromatography (mini-SEC). Enzymatic activity of ectonucleotidases CD39/CD73 carried by TEX was measured by HPLC. Adenosine content of TEX was measured by UPLC-MS/MS. Primary human macrophages were co-incubated with TEX or exosomes derived from the plasma of head and neck cancer patients and their marker expression profile was analyzed by flow cytometry. The macrophage secretome was analyzed by angiogenesis arrays. The in vitro angiogenic potential of TEX was evaluated in endothelial growth studies. Results were validated in vivo using basement membrane extract plug assays in A1R-/-, A2AR-/- and A2BR-/- rats. Vascularization was analyzed by hemoglobin quantification and immunohistology with vessel and macrophage markers. RESULTS TEX carried enzymatically active CD39/CD73 and adenosine. TEX promoted A2BR-mediated polarization of macrophages toward an M2-like phenotype (p < 0.05) and enhanced their secretion of angiogenic factors. Growth of endothelial cells was stimulated directly by TEX and indirectly via macrophage-reprogramming dependent on A2BR signaling (p < 0.01). In vivo, TEX stimulated the formation of defined vascular structures and macrophage infiltration. This response was absent in A2BR-/- rats (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION This report provides the first evidence for adenosine production by TEX to promote angiogenesis via A2BR. A2BR antagonism emerges as a potential strategy to block TEX-induced angiogenesis.
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6
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Ludwig N, Hong CS, Ludwig S, Azambuja JH, Sharma P, Theodoraki MN, Whiteside TL. Isolation and Analysis of Tumor-Derived Exosomes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 127:e91. [PMID: 31763776 DOI: 10.1002/cpim.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A method for isolation of exosomes from tumor cell supernatants or cancer patients' plasma is presented. Tumor-derived exosomes (TEX) are defined as a subset of extracellular vesicles (EVs) sized at 30 to 150 nm and originating from multivesicular bodies (MVBs). The method utilizes size exclusion chromatography (SEC) for recovery of exosomes from cell-line supernatants or cancer patients' plasma. The recovered exosomes are morphologically intact, aggregate-free, and functionally competent. Their molecular content parallels that of the parent tumor cells and they carry various immunoregulatory ligands known to modulate functions of immune cells. All exosomes isolated from tumor cell lines are TEX, while those isolated from plasma of cancer patients have to be fractionated into TEX and non-TEX. Mini-SEC allows for exosome isolation and recovery in quantities sufficient for molecular profiling, functional studies, and, in the case of plasma, further fractionation into TEX and non-TEX. The mini-SEC method can also be used for comparative studies of the exosome content in serial specimens of cancer patients' body fluids. © 2019 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Ludwig
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Chang-Sook Hong
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Sonja Ludwig
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Juliana H Azambuja
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Priyanka Sharma
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Theresa L Whiteside
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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7
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Ludwig N, Gillespie DG, Reichert TE, Jackson EK, Whiteside TL. Purine Metabolites in Tumor-Derived Exosomes May Facilitate Immune Escape of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061602. [PMID: 32560461 PMCID: PMC7352909 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Body fluids of patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) are enriched in exosomes that reflect properties of the tumor. The aim of this study was to determine whether purine metabolites are carried by exosomes and evaluate their role as potential contributors to tumor immune escape. The gene expression levels of the purine synthesis pathway were studied using the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) Head and Neck Cancer database. Exosomes were isolated from supernatants of UMSCC47 cells and from the plasma of HNSCC patients (n = 26) or normal donors (NDs; n = 5) using size exclusion chromatography. Ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) was used to assess levels of 19 purine metabolites carried by exosomes. In HNSCC tissues, expression levels of genes involved in the purinergic pathway were upregulated indicating an accelerated purine metabolism compared to normal tissues. Exosomes from supernatants of UMSCC47 cells contained several purine metabolites, predominantly adenosine and inosine. Purine metabolite levels were enriched in exosomes isolated from the plasma of HNSCC patients compared to those isolated from NDs and carried elevated levels of adenosine (p = 0.0223). Exosomes of patients with early-stage disease and no lymph node metastasis contained significantly elevated levels of adenosine and 5'-GMP (p = 0.0247 and p = 0.0229, respectively). The purine metabolite levels in exosomes decreased in patients with advanced cancer and nodal involvement. This report provides the first evidence that HNSCC cells shuttle purine metabolites in exosomes, with immunosuppressive adenosine being the most prominent purine. Changes in the content and levels of purine metabolites in circulating exosomes reflect disease progression in HNSCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Ludwig
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA;
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany;
| | - Delbert G. Gillespie
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; (D.G.G.); (E.K.J.)
| | - Torsten E. Reichert
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany;
| | - Edwin K. Jackson
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; (D.G.G.); (E.K.J.)
| | - Theresa L. Whiteside
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA;
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Departments of Immunology and Otolaryngology, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +412-624-0096; Fax: +412-624-0264
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8
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Ludwig N, Razzo BM, Yerneni SS, Whiteside TL. Optimization of cell culture conditions for exosome isolation using mini-size exclusion chromatography (mini-SEC). Exp Cell Res 2019; 378:149-157. [PMID: 30857972 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2019.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Revised: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are emerging as a major intercellular communication system engaged in a variety of physiological and pathophysiological processes. Tumor-derived exosomes (TEX) are a subset of EVs of special interest as potential cancer biomarkers. Supernatants of tumor cell lines are widely used as the source of pure TEX for molecular/genetic studies. To optimize TEX isolation and characterization for these studies, we evaluated culture conditions for different tumor cell lines and used mini size exclusion chromatography (mini-SEC) for TEX isolation. Each tumor cell line showed unique culture requirements that determined the recovery, purity and total yield of TEX. Culture conditions for optimal TEX purity and recovery by mini-SEC could be modified by altering the media composition and numbers of seeded cells. TEX recovered from mini-SEC fraction #4 under optimized conditions were biologically active, were sized from 30 to 150 nm in diameter, had a typical vesicular morphology and carried endocytic markers. The most critical requirement for reproducible exosome recovery was re-seeding of tumor cells in numbers adjusted to reflect the optimized culture conditions for each tumor cell line. This study provides insights into a cell culture technique, which can be optimized for exosome production by various human or mouse tumor cell lines for isolation by mini-SEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Ludwig
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Beatrice M Razzo
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Medicine, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | | | - Theresa L Whiteside
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Departments of Immunology and Otolaryngology, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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9
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Ostwal V, Bose S, Sirohi B, Poladia B, Sahu A, Bhargava P, Doshi V, Dusane R, Nashikkar C, Shrikhande SV, Ramaswamy A. Docetaxel/Oxaliplatin/Capecitabine ( TEX) triplet followed by continuation monotherapy in advanced gastric cancer. Indian J Cancer 2018; 55:88-93. [PMID: 30147101 DOI: 10.4103/ijc.ijc_353_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Docetaxel/oxaliplatin/capecitabine (TEX) is a commonly used combination chemotherapeutic regimen in advanced gastric cancer (AGC). Application strategies in routine clinical practice are reported in this study. Materials and Methods Patients diagnosed with AGC, receiving biweekly TEX (docetaxel - 60 mg/m (2)-D1; oxaliplatin - 85 mg/m (2)-D1, and capecitabine 500-625 mg/m (2) orally twice daily for 14 days) between July 2012 and May 2016 were retrospectively analyzed for tolerance, prognostic factors, event-free survival (EFS), and overall survival (OS). The proportion of patients continuing and terminating chemotherapy at various time-points was enumerated. Results Overall, 208 patients were started on TEX. Median EFS was 6.34 months (95% confidence interval [CI] 5.80-6.87), and median OS was 15.31 (95% CI 12.65-17.96). Post 8 cycles of TEX, further 30 patients (14.4%) were continued on chemotherapy (docetaxel, capecitabine, or TEX) whereas 47 patients (22.6%) were on observation only, and there was a statistically significant difference in the median OS of these two groups (22.55 months vs. 14.89 months; P = 0.028). Raised serum alkaline phosphatase (SAP) levels (>100 U/L) predicted inferior survival (P = 0.006). Conclusion TEX chemotherapy is a feasible, efficacious triplet regimen that can be used in clinical practice. SAP levels >100 U/L is a poor prognostic factor, as observed in this study. An initial "induction" such as combination chemotherapy regimen followed by monotherapy as continuation requires further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Ostwal
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Subhadeep Bose
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Bhawna Sirohi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Bhavesh Poladia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Arvind Sahu
- H M Patel Center for Medical Care and Education, Karamsad, Gujarat, India
| | - Prabhat Bhargava
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vipul Doshi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rohit Dusane
- Statistician (Clinical Research Secretariat), Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Chaitali Nashikkar
- Statistician (Clinical Research Secretariat), Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | | | - Anant Ramaswamy
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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10
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Ran J, Qiu H, Sun S, Tian L. Short-term effects of ambient benzene and TEX (toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene combined) on cardiorespiratory mortality in Hong Kong. Environ Int 2018; 117:91-98. [PMID: 29730534 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous epidemiological and experimental studies have demonstrated the detrimental effects of the criteria air pollutants on population health, including particulate matters, ozone, and nitrogen dioxide. However, evidence on health effects of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX in short) is insufficient. OBJECTIVES The present study aimed to assess the exposure-lag-response relations of ambient BTEX components with cardiorespiratory mortality in Hong Kong population. METHODS Daily BTEX concentrations from April 2011 to December 2014 were collected from the Hong Kong Environmental Protection Department. Cause-specific mortality records were obtained from the Census and Statistics Department of Hong Kong. Generalized additive model (GAM) integrated with a distributed lag model (DLM) was used to estimate the excess risks of cardiorespiratory mortality associated with the cumulative exposure to benzene and TEX (toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene combined) over 0-9 lag days, while adjusting for time trend, seasonality, weather conditions and calendar effects. RESULTS We observed the delayed and distributed lag effects of BTEX components on circulatory mortality. The cumulative exposures over 0-9 lag days for IQR increments of benzene (1.4 μg/m3) and TEX (7.9 μg/m3) were associated with 5.8% (95%CI: 1.0% to 10.8%) and 3.5% (95%CI: 1.0% to 6.1%) increases in circulatory mortality, respectively. The effect estimates of benzene and TEX were more delayed than that of PM2.5. We didn't observe any significant association of BTEX exposure on total and respiratory deaths. CONCLUSIONS Short-term elevations in ambient BTEX concentrations may trigger circulatory mortality in Hong Kong population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjun Ran
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hong Qiu
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shengzhi Sun
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Linwei Tian
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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11
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Abstract
Tumor-derived exosomes (TEX) carry both immunosuppressive and immunostimulatory receptor/ligands that in part mimic the profiles of the parent tumor cells. Operating as an intercellular communication system, TEX deliver protumor or antitumor signals to immune and nonimmune cells reprogramming their functions. Mechanisms responsible for cellular reprogramming include cell surface signaling and/or uptake of TEX by recipient cells. Once internalized, TEX transfer mRNA, miRNA and proteins that promote transcriptional/translational activities. TEX-mediated signaling is contextual and, in the tumor microenvironment, TEX largely mediate suppression. TEX may interfere with immune therapies either by sequestration of therapeutic antibodies or elimination of vaccine-induced or adoptively-transferred immune effector cells. TEX are emerging as an ubiquitous subcellular system regulating immune responses in patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa L Whiteside
- Departments of Pathology, Immunology & Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine & UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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12
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Whiteside TL. Tumor-Derived Exosomes and Their Role in Tumor-Induced Immune Suppression. Vaccines (Basel) 2016; 4:E35. [PMID: 27775593 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines4040035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-derived exosomes (TEX) are emerging as critical components of an intercellular information network between the tumor and the host. The tumor escapes from the host immune system by using a variety of mechanisms designed to impair or eliminate anti-tumor immunity. TEX carrying a cargo of immunoinhibitory molecules and factors represent one such mechanism. TEX, which are present in all body fluids of cancer patients, deliver negative molecular or genetic signals to immune cells re-programming their functions. Although TEX can also stimulate immune activity, in the microenvironments dominated by the tumor, TEX tend to mediate immune suppression thus promoting tumor progression. The TEX content, in part resembling that of the parent cell, may serve as a source of cancer biomarkers. TEX also interfere with immune therapies. A better understanding of TEX and their contribution to cancer progression and cancer patients’ response to immune therapies represents a challenging new field of investigation.
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Abstract
To regulate stress responses and virulence, bacteria use small regulatory RNAs (sRNAs). These RNAs can up or down regulate target mRNAs through base pairing by influencing ribosomal access and RNA decay. A large class of these sRNAs, called trans-encoded sRNAs, requires the RNA binding protein Hfq to facilitate base pairing between the regulatory RNA and its target mRNA. The resulting network of regulation is best characterized in Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium, but the importance of Hfq dependent sRNA regulation is recognized in a diverse population of bacteria. In this review we present the approaches and methods used to discover Hfq binding RNAs, characterize their interactions and elucidate their functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Faner
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Ave., Detroit, MI, United States
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