1
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Wells TN, Schmidt H, Hawkins AR. Constrained Volume Micro- and Nanoparticle Collection Methods in Microfluidic Systems. MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:699. [PMID: 38930668 PMCID: PMC11206162 DOI: 10.3390/mi15060699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Particle trapping and enrichment into confined volumes can be useful in particle processing and analysis. This review is an evaluation of the methods used to trap and enrich particles into constrained volumes in microfluidic and nanofluidic systems. These methods include physical, optical, electrical, magnetic, acoustic, and some hybrid techniques, all capable of locally enhancing nano- and microparticle concentrations on a microscale. Some key qualitative and quantitative comparison points are also explored, illustrating the specific applicability and challenges of each method. A few applications of these types of particle trapping are also discussed, including enhancing biological and chemical sensors, particle washing techniques, and fluid medium exchange systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanner N. Wells
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Holger Schmidt
- School of Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Aaron R. Hawkins
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
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2
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Enhanced immunoassay in a nanofluidic preconcentrator utilizing nano-interstices among self-assembled gold nanoparticles. Biomed Microdevices 2022; 24:19. [DOI: 10.1007/s10544-022-00619-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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3
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Burtenshaw D, Regan B, Owen K, Collins D, McEneaney D, Megson IL, Redmond EM, Cahill PA. Exosomal Composition, Biogenesis and Profiling Using Point-of-Care Diagnostics—Implications for Cardiovascular Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:853451. [PMID: 35721503 PMCID: PMC9198276 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.853451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Arteriosclerosis is an important age-dependent disease that encompasses atherosclerosis, in-stent restenosis (ISR), pulmonary hypertension, autologous bypass grafting and transplant arteriosclerosis. Endothelial dysfunction and the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cell (vSMC)-like cells is a critical event in the pathology of arteriosclerotic disease leading to intimal-medial thickening (IMT), lipid retention and vessel remodelling. An important aspect in guiding clinical decision-making is the detection of biomarkers of subclinical arteriosclerosis and early cardiovascular risk. Crucially, relevant biomarkers need to be good indicators of injury which change in their circulating concentrations or structure, signalling functional disturbances. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanosized membraneous vesicles secreted by cells that contain numerous bioactive molecules and act as a means of intercellular communication between different cell populations to maintain tissue homeostasis, gene regulation in recipient cells and the adaptive response to stress. This review will focus on the emerging field of EV research in cardiovascular disease (CVD) and discuss how key EV signatures in liquid biopsies may act as early pathological indicators of adaptive lesion formation and arteriosclerotic disease progression. EV profiling has the potential to provide important clinical information to complement current cardiovascular diagnostic platforms that indicate or predict myocardial injury. Finally, the development of fitting devices to enable rapid and/or high-throughput exosomal analysis that require adapted processing procedures will be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Burtenshaw
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics, School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Brian Regan
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kathryn Owen
- Southern Health and Social Care Trust, Craigavon Area Hospital, Craigavon, United Kingdom
- Nanotechnology and Integrated Bioengineering Centre (NIBEC), Ulster University, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - David Collins
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David McEneaney
- Southern Health and Social Care Trust, Craigavon Area Hospital, Craigavon, United Kingdom
| | - Ian L. Megson
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Centre for Health Science, UHI Institute of Health Research and Innovation, Inverness, United Kingdom
| | - Eileen M. Redmond
- Department of Surgery, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Paul Aidan Cahill
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics, School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
- *Correspondence: Paul Aidan Cahill,
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4
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Shi H, Jiang S, Liu B, Liu Z, Reis NM. Modern microfluidic approaches for determination of ions. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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5
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Yamamoto S, Maetani K, Tatsumi G, Okada F, Kinoshita M, Suzuki S. Nylon Monofilament Mold Three-dimensional Microfluidic Chips for Size-exclusion Microchip Electrophoresis: Application to Specific Online Preconcentration of Proteins. ANAL SCI 2021; 37:1511-1516. [PMID: 33840684 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.21p080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We present a lithography-free procedure for fabricating intrinsically three-dimensional microchannels within PDMS elastomers using nylon monofilament molds. We embedded nylon monofilaments in an uncured PDMS composite to fabricate straight channels of desired length, for use as molds to form the microchannels. Next, we fabricated two layer devices consisting of dialysis membranes, which preconcentrate specific proteins in accordance with molecular weight, in between two layers of PDMS substrates with embedded microchannels. Because of the membrane isolation, analyte exchange between two fluidic layers can be precisely controlled by an applied voltage. More importantly, given that only small molecules pass through the dialysis membrane, the integrated membrane is suitable for molecular sieving or size exclusion for a concentrator prior to microchip electrophoresis. Researchers can use our microchip design for online purification and preconcentration of proteins in the presence of excess reagent immediately after fluorescent labeling. This method's technical advantage is that three-dimensional microstructures, such as microchannels that have a circular cross-section, are readily attainable and can be fabricated in a straightforward manner without using specialized equipment. Our method is a low-cost, environmentally sustainable procedure for fabricating microfluidic devices, and will render microfluidic processes more accessible and easy to implement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gai Tatsumi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kindai University
| | - Fuka Okada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kindai University
| | | | - Shigeo Suzuki
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kindai University.,Antiaging Center, Kindai University
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6
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Khan JU, Ruland A, Sayyar S, Paull B, Chen J, Innis PC. Wireless bipolar electrode-based textile electrofluidics: towards novel micro-total-analysis systems. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:3979-3990. [PMID: 34636814 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00538c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Point of care testing using micro-total-analysis systems (μTAS) is critical to emergent healthcare devices with rapid and robust responses. However, two major barriers to the success of this approach are the prohibitive cost of microchip fabrication and poor sensitivity due to small sample volumes in a microfluidic format. Here, we aimed to replace the complex microchip format with a low-cost textile substrate with inherently built microchannels using the fibers' spaces. Secondly, by integrating this textile-based microfluidics with electrophoresis and wireless bipolar electrochemistry, we can significantly improve solute detection by focusing and concentrating the analytes of interest. Herein, we demonstrated that an in situ metal electrode simply inserted inside the textile-based electrophoretic system can act as a wireless bipolar electrode (BPE) that generates localized electric field and pH gradients adjacent to the BPE and extended along the length of the textile construct. As a result, charged analytes were not only separated electrophoretically but also focused where their electrophoretic migration and counter flow (EOF) balances due to redox reactions proceeding at the BPE edges. The developed wireless redox focusing technique on textile constructs was shown to achieve a 242-fold enrichment of anionically charged solute over an extended time of 3000 s. These findings suggest a simple route that achieves separation and analyte focusing on low-cost surface-accessible inverted substrates, which is far simpler than the more complex ITP on conventional closed and inaccessible capillary channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jawairia Umar Khan
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science (ACES), AIIM Facility, University of Wollongong, Innovation Campus, New South Wales 2500, Australia.
- Department of Fibre and Textile Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Andres Ruland
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science (ACES), AIIM Facility, University of Wollongong, Innovation Campus, New South Wales 2500, Australia.
| | - Sepidar Sayyar
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science (ACES), AIIM Facility, University of Wollongong, Innovation Campus, New South Wales 2500, Australia.
- Australian National Fabrication Facility - Materials Node, University of Wollongong, Innovation Campus, New South Wales 2500, Australia
| | - Brett Paull
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS) and, ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science (ACES), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7005, Australia
| | - Jun Chen
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science (ACES), AIIM Facility, University of Wollongong, Innovation Campus, New South Wales 2500, Australia.
| | - Peter C Innis
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science (ACES), AIIM Facility, University of Wollongong, Innovation Campus, New South Wales 2500, Australia.
- Australian National Fabrication Facility - Materials Node, University of Wollongong, Innovation Campus, New South Wales 2500, Australia
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7
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Fosso Tene PL, Weltin A, Tritz F, Defeu Soufo HJ, Brandstetter T, Rühe J. Cryogel Monoliths for Analyte Enrichment by Capture and Release. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:11041-11048. [PMID: 34506153 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c01638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A platform based on cryogel monoliths in small capillaries, which allows very strong enrichment of an analyte through a capture and release process, is described. For their preparation, a photoreactive copolymer solution containing capture molecules of interest is filled into a capillary, frozen in, and then photochemically transformed into cryogel monoliths through C,H-insertion cross-linking reactions. As a test example, the platform is used for the preconcentration of dopamine from bovine serum albumin and urine samples through capture and release processes. During capture from a large volume and release into a smaller volume, the platform shows recovery rates up to 97% and allows up to a roughly 630-fold enrichment of the concentration of the analyte. The presented platform could be used as a disposable device for the purification and enrichment of a variety of cis-diol-containing samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick L Fosso Tene
- Chemistry & Physics of Interfaces, Department of Microsystems Engineering - IMTEK, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Weltin
- Laboratory for Sensors, Department of Microsystems Engineering - IMTEK, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Florian Tritz
- Chemistry & Physics of Interfaces, Department of Microsystems Engineering - IMTEK, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Herve J Defeu Soufo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Brandstetter
- Chemistry & Physics of Interfaces, Department of Microsystems Engineering - IMTEK, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Rühe
- Chemistry & Physics of Interfaces, Department of Microsystems Engineering - IMTEK, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
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8
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Lee H, Sohn S, Alizadeh S, Kwon S, Kim TJ, Park SM, Soh HT, Mani A, Kim SJ. Overlimiting Current in Nonuniform Arrays of Microchannels: Recirculating Flow and Anticrystallization. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:5438-5446. [PMID: 33784095 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c05049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Overlimiting current (OLC) through electrolytes interfaced with perm-selective membranes has been extensively researched for understanding fundamental nano-electrokinetics and developing efficient engineering applications. This work studies how a network of microchannels in a nonuniform array, which mimics a natural pore configuration, can contribute to OLC. Here, micro/nanofluidic devices are fabricated with arrays of parallel microchannels with nonuniform size distributions, which are faced with a perm-selective membrane. All cases maintain the same surface and bulk conduction to allow probing of the sensitivity only by the nonuniformity. Rigorous experimental and theoretical investigation demonstrates that overlimiting conductance has a maximum value depending on the nonuniformity. Furthermore, in operando visualization reveals that the nonuniform arrays induce flow loops across the microchannel network enhancing advective transport. This recirculating flow eliminates local salt accumulations so that it can effectively suppress undesirable salt crystallization. Therefore, these results can significantly advance not only the fundamental understanding of the driving mechanism of the OLC but also the design rule of electrochemical membrane applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyekyung Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seoyun Sohn
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Shima Alizadeh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Soonhyun Kwon
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Jin Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Seung-Min Park
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Hyongsok Tom Soh
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Ali Mani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Sung Jae Kim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Nano System Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Inter-university Semiconductor Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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9
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Zhiyue M, Xichen Y, Li R, Yang Y, Huicheng F, Peng S. Recent advances in paper-based preconcentrators by utilizing ion concentration polarization. Electrophoresis 2021; 42:1340-1351. [PMID: 33768593 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
One of the most cited limitations of biochemical detection is its poor sensitivity, owing to the relatively high complexity of micro-samples. Moreover, some samples cannot be easily self-replicated and their abundance cannot be increased through traditional technologies. Therefore, the preconcentration of low-abundance samples is a key requirement for microfluidic biological analysis. In recent years, the ion-concentration polarization phenomenon has aroused widespread interest in the application of microfluidic technology. In addition, paper-based materials are readily available, easy to modify, and exhibit good hydrophilicity. The study of the ion-concentration polarization preconcentration of micro-samples in paper-based microfluidic chips is of considerable significance. In this review, we discuss the development and applications of ion-concentration polarization paper-based preconcentrator in the past 5 years, with emphasis on key progresses in chip fabrication and performance optimization under different conditions. The current needs and development prospects in this field have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zhiyue
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environment Biophysics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Xichen
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, P. R. China.,Research and Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environment Biophysics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, P. R. China.,Yangtze River Delta Research Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Taicang, P. R. China
| | - Ren Li
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, P. R. China.,Research and Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environment Biophysics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Yang Yang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, Chongqing University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Feng Huicheng
- Unmanned System Research Institute, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, P. R. China.,MOE Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Systems for Aerospace, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Shang Peng
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, P. R. China.,Research and Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environment Biophysics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, P. R. China
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10
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Liao LW, Chen PH, Tsai SY, Tripathi A, Paulose AK, Chang SJ, Wang YL. Rapid β-human chorionic gonadotropin detection in urine with electric-double-layer gated field-effect transistor biosensors and a handheld device. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2021; 15:024106. [PMID: 33868535 PMCID: PMC8043248 DOI: 10.1063/5.0042522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In this experimental study, a portable biosensor was developed to detect β-human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG), which is extensively used in pregnancy tests and serves as a biomarker for ectopic pregnancy. The sensor used is an electric-double-layer field-effect transistor biosensor with the extended-gate design. Bias voltage is applied on the sensor to measure the resulting drain current signals. Gold electrode surface is functionally activated with an anti-β-hCG antibody to capture β-hCG protein. Fluorescence imaging technique is utilized to confirm the surface functionalization. The biosensor demonstrates a dynamically wide range of molecules as detection targets at very low sample concentrations, which shows the potential to detect ectopic pregnancy in very early stages and easily keep track of its periodic changes. It can be produced en masse and does not use additional labels/reagents or pre-processing techniques for the sample. This biosensor can significantly reduce the manufacturing costs and is comparable with the currently available commercial ß-hCG assays. It is suitable for early diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy with low cost and easy operation at home with urine samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Wen Liao
- Department of Power Mechanical Engineering,
National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013,
Taiwan
| | - Po-Hsuan Chen
- Department of Power Mechanical Engineering,
National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013,
Taiwan
| | - Shu-Yi Tsai
- Department of Power Mechanical Engineering,
National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013,
Taiwan
| | - Adarsh Tripathi
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing
Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Akhil K. Paulose
- Department of Power Mechanical Engineering,
National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013,
Taiwan
| | - Shing-Jyh Chang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hsinchu
MacKay Memorial Hospital, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Lin Wang
- Department of Power Mechanical Engineering,
National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013,
Taiwan
- Author to whom correspondence should be
addressed:
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11
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Lee D, Lee JW, Kim C, Lee D, Chung S, Yoon DS, Lee JH. Highly efficient and scalable biomarker preconcentrator based on nanoelectrokinetics. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 176:112904. [PMID: 33349535 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Micro/nanofluidics are excellent candidates for biological sample preparation. However, the limited process volume in micro/nanofluidics is the main hurdle limiting their practical applications. To date, most micro/nanofluidics have processed sample volumes of several microliters and have rarely been used to handle large-volume samples. Herein, we propose a microfluidic paper-based large-volume preconcentrator (u-LVP) for enrichment and purification of biomarkers (e.g., miRNA) using ion concentration polarization. A Nafion (ion-selective nanoporous membrane)-functionalized multilayer cellulose paper enables microscale division of milliliter-scale samples, thus electrokinetically separating and preconcentrating the biomarker in different locations within the u-LVP. By inserting collecting discs at optimal positions in the u-LVP, the enriched biomarker is simply recovered with high efficiency. With this approach, as an exemplary biomarker, miRNA-21 in human serum was separated from proteins and preconcentrated with an effective preconcentration factor exceeding 6.63 and a recovery rate above 84%. Thus, our platform offers new opportunities and benefits for biomarker, diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dohwan Lee
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee Won Lee
- CALTH. Inc. Changeop-ro 54, Seongnam, Gyeonggi, 13449, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheonjung Kim
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongho Lee
- CALTH. Inc. Changeop-ro 54, Seongnam, Gyeonggi, 13449, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Chung
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Sung Yoon
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jeong Hoon Lee
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Sabbagh B, Stolovicki E, Park S, Weitz DA, Yossifon G. Tunable Nanochannels Connected in Series for Dynamic Control of Multiple Concentration-Polarization Layers and Preconcentrated Molecule Plugs. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:8524-8533. [PMID: 33226817 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c02973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Integration of ionic permselective medium (e.g., nanochannels, membranes) within microfluidic channels has been shown to enable on-chip desalination, sample purification, bioparticle sorting, and biomolecule concentration for enhanced detection sensitivity. However, the ion-permselective mediums are generally of fixed properties and cannot be dynamically tuned. Here we study a microfluidic device consisting of an array of individually addressable elastic membranes connected in series on top of a single microfluidic channel that can be deformed to locally reduce the channel cross-section into a nanochannel. Dynamic tunability of the ion-permselective medium, as well as controllability of its location and ionic permselectivity, introduces a new functionality to microfluidics-based lab-on-a-chip devices, for example, dynamic localization of preconcentrated biomolecule plugs at different sensing regions for multiplex detection. Moreover, the ability to simultaneously form a series of preconcentrated plugs at desired locations increases parallelization of the system and the trapping efficiency of target analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barak Sabbagh
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Micro- and Nanofluidics Laboratory, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City 32000, Israel
| | - Elad Stolovicki
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Sinwook Park
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Micro- and Nanofluidics Laboratory, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City 32000, Israel
| | - David A Weitz
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Gilad Yossifon
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Micro- and Nanofluidics Laboratory, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City 32000, Israel
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13
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Park S, Buhnik-Rosenblau K, Abu-Rjal R, Kashi Y, Yossifon G. Periodic concentration-polarization-based formation of a biomolecule preconcentrate for enhanced biosensing. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:23586-23595. [PMID: 33210690 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr05930g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ionic concentration-polarization (CP)-based biomolecule preconcentration is an established method for enhancing the detection sensitivity of target biomolecules. However, the formed preconcentrated biomolecule plug rapidly sweeps over the surface-immobilized antibodies, resulting in a short-term overlap between the capture agent and the analyte, and subsequently suboptimal binding. To overcome this, we designed a setup allowing for the periodic formation of a preconcentrated biomolecule plug by activating the CP for predetermined on/off intervals. This work demonstrated the feasibility of cyclic CP actuation and optimized the sweeping conditions required to obtain the maximum retention time of a preconcentrated plug over a desired sensing region and enhanced detection sensitivity. The ability of this method to efficiently preconcentrate different analytes and to successfully increase immunoassay sensitivity underscore its potential in immunoassays serving the clinical and food testing industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinwook Park
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Micro- and Nanofluidics Laboratory, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City 3200000, Israel.
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14
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Yu S, Sun W, Zhang P, Chen Y, Yan L, Geng L, Yulin D. High Sensitive Visual Protein Detection by Microfluidic Lateral Flow Assay with On-Stripe Multiple Concentration. Chromatographia 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-020-03932-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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15
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Tutorial review: Enrichment and separation of neutral and charged species by ion concentration polarization focusing. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1128:149-173. [PMID: 32825899 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Ion concentration polarization focusing (ICPF) is an electrokinetic technique, in which analytes are enriched and separated along a localized electric field gradient in the presence of a counter flow. This field gradient is generated by depletion of ions of the background electrolyte at an ion permselective junction. In this tutorial review, we summarize the fundamental principles and experimental parameters that govern selective ion transport and the stability of the enriched analyte plug. We also examine faradaic ICP (fICP), in which local ion concentration is modulated via electrochemical reactions as an attractive alternative to ICP that achieves similar performance with a decrease in both power consumption and Joule heating. The tutorial covers important challenges to the broad application of ICPF including undesired pH gradients, low volumetric throughput, samples that induce biofouling or are highly conductive, and limited approaches to on- or off-chip analysis. Recent developments in the field that seek to address these challenges are reviewed along with new approaches to maximize enrichment, focus uncharged analytes, and achieve enrichment and separation in water-in-oil droplets. For new practitioners, we discuss practical aspects of ICPF, such as strategies for device design and fabrication and the relative advantages of several types of ion selective junctions and electrodes. Lastly, we summarize tips and tricks for tackling common experimental challenges in ICPF.
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16
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Ngom SM, Flores-Galicia F, Delapierre FD, Pallandre A, Gamby J, Le Potier I, Haghiri-Gosnet AM. Electropreconcentration diagrams to optimize molecular enrichment with low counter pressure in a nanofluidic device. Electrophoresis 2020; 41:1617-1626. [PMID: 32557702 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Concentration polarization (CP)-based focusing electrokinetics nanofluidic devices have been developed in order to simultaneously detect and enrich highly diluted analytes on-a-chip. However, stabilization of focal points over long time under the application of the electric field remains as a technical bottleneck. If pressure-assisted preconcentration methods have been proposed to stabilize propagating modes at low inverse Dukhin number ( 1 / D u ≪ 1 ) , these recent protocols remain laborious for optimizing experimental parameters. In this paper, "electric field E/counter-pressure P" diagrams have been established during pressure-assisted electro-preconcentration of fluorescein as a model molecule. Such E/P diagram allows direct observation of the region for which the optimal counter-pressure P leads to a stable focusing regime. This region of stable focusing is shown to vary depending of the nanoslit length (100 μm < Lnanoslit < 500 μm) and the nature of the background electrolyte (KCl and NaCl). Longer nanoslits (500 μm) produce stabilization at low counter-pressure P, whereas NaCl offers a narrower region of stable focusing in the E/P diagram compared to KCl. Finally, the ability of such pressure-assisted protocol to concentrate negatively charged proteins has been tested with a more applicative protein, i.e., ovalbumin. The corresponding E/P diagram confirms the existence of the stable focusing regime at both low electric field E (≤20 V) and counter-pressure P (≤0.4 bar). With an enrichment factor as high as 70 after 2 min for ovalbumin at a concentration of 10 μM, such pressure-assisted nanofluidic electro-preconcentration protocol appears very promising to concentrate and detect biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sokhna-Mery Ngom
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre de Nanosciences et Nanotechnologies C2N, UMR9001, Palaiseau, 91120, France
| | - Fatima Flores-Galicia
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre de Nanosciences et Nanotechnologies C2N, UMR9001, Palaiseau, 91120, France
| | - François-Damien Delapierre
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre de Nanosciences et Nanotechnologies C2N, UMR9001, Palaiseau, 91120, France
| | - Antoine Pallandre
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Physique, UMR8000, Orsay, 91405, France
| | - Jean Gamby
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre de Nanosciences et Nanotechnologies C2N, UMR9001, Palaiseau, 91120, France
| | - Isabelle Le Potier
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre de Nanosciences et Nanotechnologies C2N, UMR9001, Palaiseau, 91120, France
| | - Anne-Marie Haghiri-Gosnet
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre de Nanosciences et Nanotechnologies C2N, UMR9001, Palaiseau, 91120, France
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17
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Cho I, Lee H, Kim SJ. Dynamic analysis of the extended space charge layer using chronopotentiometric measurements. MICRO AND NANO SYSTEMS LETTERS 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s40486-020-00112-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIn this paper, we experimentally verified the length (LESC) and the concentration (cESC) of the extended space charge (ESC) layer in front of the electrical double layer (EDL) using the chronopotentiometric measurement and the equivalent circuit model analysis. From the experimentation, the coupled-response of the EDL and the ESC layer was discriminated from the contribution of electro-osmotic flow (EOF). In addition, we derived the potential differences across the ESC (VESC) layer using the circuit model of the ICP layer under rigorous consideration of ESC and EDL. As a result, we obtained that VESC was linearly proportional to the square of the applied current (iapplied). Hence, LESC and cESC were quantitatively provided, where LESC is linear to the iapplied and cESC is constant regardless of iapplied. Thus, this experimentation could not only clarify an essential ICP theory but also guide in ESC-based applications.
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Abstract
Perm-selective ion transportation in a nanoscale structure such as nanochannel, nanoporous membrane or nanojunction has been extensively studied with aids of nanofabrication technology for a decade. While theoretical and experimental advances pushed the phenomenon to seminal innovative applications, its basic observation has relied only on an indirect analysis such as current-voltage relation or fluorescent imaging adjacent to the nanostructures. Here we experimentally, for the first time, demonstrated a direct visualization of perm-selective ion transportation through the nanoscale space using an ionic plasma generation. A micro/nanofluidic device was employed for a micro bubble formation, plasma negation and penetration of the plasma along the nanojunction. The direct observation provided a keen evidence of perm-selectivity, i.e. allowing cationic species and rejecting anionic species. Furthermore, we can capture the plasma of lithium, which has lower mobility than sodium in aqueous state, passed the nanojunction faster than sodium due to the absence of hydrated shells around lithium. This simple, but essential visualization technique would be effective means not only for advancing the fundamental nanoscale electrokinetic study as well as interfacial ion transportation between liquid and plasma but also for providing the insight of new innovative engineering applications.
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Abstract
Nanofluidic systems offer new functionalities for the development of high sensitivity biosensors, but many of the interesting electrokinetic phenomena taking place inside or in the proximity of nanostructures are still not fully characterized. Here, to better understand the accumulation phenomena observed in fluidic systems with asymmetric nanostructures, we study the distribution of the ion concentration inside a long (more than 90 µm) micrometric funnel terminating with a nanochannel. We show numerical simulations, based on the finite element method, and analyze how the ion distribution changes depending on the average concentration of the working solutions. We also report on the effect of surface charge on the ion distribution inside a long funnel and analyze how the phenomena of ion current rectification depend on the applied voltage and on the working solution concentration. Our results can be used in the design and implementation of high-performance concentrators, which, if combined with high sensitivity detectors, could drive the development of a new class of miniaturized biosensors characterized by an improved sensitivity.
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20
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Choi J, Baek S, Kim HC, Chae JH, Koh Y, Seo SW, Lee H, Kim SJ. Nanoelectrokinetic Selective Preconcentration Based on Ion Concentration Polarization. BIOCHIP JOURNAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13206-020-4109-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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21
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Pezzuoli D, Angeli E, Repetto D, Ferrera F, Guida P, Firpo G, Repetto L. Nanofluidic-Based Accumulation of Antigens for Miniaturized Immunoassay. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20061615. [PMID: 32183234 PMCID: PMC7146560 DOI: 10.3390/s20061615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The continuous advances of Nanofluidics have been stimulating the development of novel nanostructures and strategies to accumulate very diluted analytes, for implementing a new class of high sensitivity miniaturized polymeric sensors. We take advantage of the electrokinetic properties of these structures, which allow accumulating analytes inside asymmetric microfluidic structures to implement miniaturized sensors able to detect diluted solutions down to nearly 1.2 pg/mL. In particular, exploiting polydimethylsiloxane devices, fabricated by using the junction gap breakdown technique, we concentrate antigens inside a thin microfunnel functionalized with specific antibodies to favor the interaction and, if it is the case, the recognition between antigens in solution and antibodies anchored to the surface. The transduction mechanism consists in detecting the fluorescence signal of labeled avidin when it binds to biotinylated antigens. Here, we demonstrate that exploiting these electrokinetic phenomena, typical of nanofluidic structures, we succeeded in concentrating biomolecules in correspondence of a 1 pL sensing region, a strategy that grants to the device performance comparable to standard immunoassays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Pezzuoli
- Department of Physics, University of Genoa, via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genoa, Italy
| | - Elena Angeli
- Department of Physics, University of Genoa, via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genoa, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Diego Repetto
- Department of Physics, University of Genoa, via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genoa, Italy
| | - Francesca Ferrera
- Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genoa, viale Benedetto XV 9, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Patrizia Guida
- Department of Physics, University of Genoa, via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genoa, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Firpo
- Department of Physics, University of Genoa, via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genoa, Italy
| | - Luca Repetto
- Department of Physics, University of Genoa, via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genoa, Italy
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22
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Gao H, Sun R, He L, Qian ZJ, Zhou C, Hong P, Sun S, Mo R, Li C. In Situ Growth Visualization Nanochannel Membrane for Ultrasensitive Copper Ion Detection under the Electric Field Enrichment. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:4849-4858. [PMID: 31904212 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b21714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The transport of ionic species through nanochannels plays an important role in the basic research and practical application of nanofluidic devices. Here, a visualized CdSe@ZIF-8/PAA nanochannel membrane was created by employing in situ growth of zeolite imidazole skeleton (ZIF-8) and CdSe quantum dots (CdSe QDs) on a porous anodized aluminum oxide (PAA) membrane surface using CdSe QDs, 2-methylimidazole, and zinc nitrate as the precursor solvents. ZIF-8 is a kind of metal-organic framework, a microporous material that possesses strong metal adsorption capacity. In addition, CdSe quantum dots have fluorescent properties. The nanochannel membrane detects copper ions (Cu2+) by quenching the fluorescence intensity by the interaction between Cu2+ and Se and S atoms. The direct potential of 5 V was applied to achieve Cu2+ enrichment at the nanochannel interface, and the fluorescence change was observed. The CdSe@ZIF-8/PAA nanochannel membrane has a good linear range of concentration (0.01 pM-1 μM) for Cu2+ detection. With the help of nanochannel enrichment, its detection limit reaches 4 fM. In addition, this nanochannel membrane has good selectivity for Cu2+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongli Gao
- School of Chemistry and Environment, College of Food Science and Technology , Guangdong Ocean University, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory , Zhanjiang 524088 , China
- College of Food and Bioengineering , Henan Science and Technology University , Luoyang 471023 , China
| | - Ruikun Sun
- School of Chemistry and Environment, College of Food Science and Technology , Guangdong Ocean University, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory , Zhanjiang 524088 , China
| | - Lei He
- School of Chemistry and Environment, College of Food Science and Technology , Guangdong Ocean University, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory , Zhanjiang 524088 , China
| | - Zhong-Ji Qian
- School of Chemistry and Environment, College of Food Science and Technology , Guangdong Ocean University, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory , Zhanjiang 524088 , China
| | - Chunxia Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Environment, College of Food Science and Technology , Guangdong Ocean University, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory , Zhanjiang 524088 , China
| | - Pengzhi Hong
- School of Chemistry and Environment, College of Food Science and Technology , Guangdong Ocean University, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory , Zhanjiang 524088 , China
| | - Shengli Sun
- School of Chemistry and Environment, College of Food Science and Technology , Guangdong Ocean University, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory , Zhanjiang 524088 , China
| | - Rijian Mo
- School of Chemistry and Environment, College of Food Science and Technology , Guangdong Ocean University, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory , Zhanjiang 524088 , China
| | - Chengyong Li
- School of Chemistry and Environment, College of Food Science and Technology , Guangdong Ocean University, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory , Zhanjiang 524088 , China
- Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University , Shenzhen 518108 , China
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23
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Hügle M, Behrmann O, Raum M, Hufert FT, Urban GA, Dame G. A lab-on-a-chip for free-flow electrophoretic preconcentration of viruses and gel electrophoretic DNA extraction. Analyst 2020; 145:2554-2561. [DOI: 10.1039/c9an02333j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A lab-on-a-chip for FFE preconcentration of viruses and gel electrophoretic DNA extraction: complete preparation of amplifiable DNA from dilute specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Hügle
- Laboratory for Sensors
- Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK)
- University of Freiburg
- Freiburg
- Germany
| | - Ole Behrmann
- Laboratory for Sensors
- Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK)
- University of Freiburg
- Freiburg
- Germany
| | - Madlen Raum
- Laboratory for Sensors
- Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK)
- University of Freiburg
- Freiburg
- Germany
| | - Frank T. Hufert
- Institute of Microbiology and Virology
- Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane
- Neuruppin
- Germany
| | - Gerald A. Urban
- Laboratory for Sensors
- Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK)
- University of Freiburg
- Freiburg
- Germany
| | - Gregory Dame
- Institute of Microbiology and Virology
- Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane
- Neuruppin
- Germany
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24
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Lu B, Maharbiz MM. Ion concentration polarization (ICP) of proteins at silicon micropillar nanogaps. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223732. [PMID: 31682605 PMCID: PMC6827887 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Fast detection of low-abundance protein remains a challenge because detection speed is limited by analyte transport to the detection site of a biosensor. In this paper, we demonstrate a scalable fabrication process for producing vertical nanogaps between micropillars which enable ion concentration polarization (ICP) enrichment for fast analyte detection. Compared to horizontal nanochannels, massively paralleled vertical nanogaps not only provide comparable electrokinetics, but also significantly reduce fluid resistance, enabling microbead-based assays. The channels on the device are straightforward to fabricate and scalable using conventional lithography tools. The device is capable of enriching protein molecules by >1000 fold in 10 min. We demonstrate fast detection of IL6 down to 7.4 pg/ml with only a 10 min enrichment period followed by a 5 min incubation. This is a 162-fold enhancement in sensitivity compared to that without enrichment. Our results demonstrate the possibility of using silicon/silica based vertical nanogaps to mimic the function of polymer membranes for the purpose of protein enrichment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bochao Lu
- UC Berkeley-UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California–Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Michel M. Maharbiz
- UC Berkeley-UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California–Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department, University of California–Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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25
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Ouyang W, Han J. Universal amplification-free molecular diagnostics by billion-fold hierarchical nanofluidic concentration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:16240-16249. [PMID: 31358642 PMCID: PMC6697892 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1904513116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid and reliable detection of ultralow-abundance nucleic acids and proteins in complex biological media may greatly advance clinical diagnostics and biotechnology development. Currently, nucleic acid tests rely on enzymatic processes for target amplification (e.g., PCR), which have many inherent issues restricting their implementation in diagnostics. On the other hand, there exist no protein amplification techniques, greatly limiting the development of protein-based diagnosis. We report a universal biomolecule enrichment technique termed hierarchical nanofluidic molecular enrichment system (HOLMES) for amplification-free molecular diagnostics using massively paralleled and hierarchically cascaded nanofluidic concentrators. HOLMES achieves billion-fold enrichment of both nucleic acids and proteins within 30 min, which not only overcomes many inherent issues of nucleic acid amplification but also provides unprecedented enrichment performance for protein analysis. HOLMES features the ability to selectively enrich target biomolecules and simultaneously deplete nontargets directly in complex crude samples, thereby enormously enhancing the signal-to-noise ratio of detection. We demonstrate the direct detection of attomolar nucleic acids in urine and serum within 35 min and HIV p24 protein in serum within 60 min. The performance of HOLMES is comparable to that of nucleic acid amplification tests and near million-fold improvement over standard enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for protein detection, being much simpler and faster in both applications. We additionally measured human cardiac troponin I protein in 9 human plasma samples, and showed excellent agreement with ELISA and detection below the limit of ELISA. HOLMES is in an unparalleled position to unleash the potential of protein-based diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ouyang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Jongyoon Han
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139;
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
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26
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KITAGAWA F, WAKAGI S, TAKEGAWA Y, NUKATSUKA I. Highly Sensitive Analysis in Capillary Electrophoresis Using Large-volume Sample Stacking with an Electroosmotic Flow Pump Combined with Field-amplified Sample Injection. ANAL SCI 2019; 35:889-893. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.19p106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fumihiko KITAGAWA
- Department of Frontier Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University
| | - Shinichiro WAKAGI
- Department of Frontier Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University
| | - Yuuki TAKEGAWA
- Department of Frontier Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University
| | - Isoshi NUKATSUKA
- Department of Frontier Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University
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27
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Han SI, Lee D, Kim H, Yoo YK, Kim C, Lee J, Kim KH, Kim H, Lee D, Hwang KS, Yoon DS, Lee JH. Electrokinetic Size-Based Spatial Separation of Micro/Nanospheres Using Paper-Based 3D Origami Preconcentrator. Anal Chem 2019; 91:10744-10749. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sung Il Han
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Dohwan Lee
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Hyerin Kim
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Kyoung Yoo
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheonjung Kim
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Junwoo Lee
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang Hyeon Kim
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungsuk Kim
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongho Lee
- CALTH. Inc. Changeop-ro 54, Seongnam, Gyeonggi 13449, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyo Seon Hwang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Sung Yoon
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hoon Lee
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
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28
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Bishop JD, Hsieh HV, Gasperino DJ, Weigl BH. Sensitivity enhancement in lateral flow assays: a systems perspective. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:2486-2499. [PMID: 31251312 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00104b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Lateral flow assays (LFAs) are rapid, inexpensive, easy-to-manufacture and -use tests widely employed in medical and environmental applications, particularly in low resource settings. Historically, LFAs have been stigmatized as having limited sensitivity. However, as their global usage expands, extensive research has demonstrated that it is possible to substantially improve LFA sensitivity without sacrificing their advantages. In this critical review, we have compiled state-of-the-art approaches to LFA sensitivity enhancement. Moreover, we have organized and evaluated these approaches from a system-level perspective, as we have observed that the advantages and disadvantages of each approach have arisen from the integrated and tightly interconnected chemical, physical, and optical properties of LFAs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Helen V Hsieh
- Intellectual Ventures Laboratory, Bellevue, 98007 WA, USA.
| | | | - Bernhard H Weigl
- Intellectual Ventures Laboratory, Bellevue, 98007 WA, USA. and Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA.
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29
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KITAGAWA F, OSANAI O, NUKATSUKA I. LVSEP Analysis of Cationic Analytes in Non-Aqueous Capillary Electrophoresis. CHROMATOGRAPHY 2019. [DOI: 10.15583/jpchrom.2019.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fumihiko KITAGAWA
- Department of Frontier Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University
| | - Osamu OSANAI
- Department of Frontier Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University
| | - Isoshi NUKATSUKA
- Department of Frontier Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University
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30
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Lee S, Park S, Kim W, Moon S, Kim HY, Lee H, Kim SJ. Nanoelectrokinetic bufferchannel-less radial preconcentrator and online extractor by tunable ion depletion layer. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2019; 13:034113. [PMID: 31186822 PMCID: PMC6542650 DOI: 10.1063/1.5092789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Among various preconcentration strategies using nanofluidic platforms, a nanoscale electrokinetic phenomenon called ion concentration polarization (ICP) has been extensively utilized due to several advantages such as high preconcentration factor and no need of complex buffer exchange process. However, conventional ICP preconcentrator had difficulties in the recovery of preconcentrated sample and complicated buffer channels. To overcome these, bufferchannel-less radial micro/nanofluidic preconcentrator was developed in this work. Radially arranged microchannel can maximize the micro/nano membrane interface so that the samples were preconcentrated from each microchannel. All of preconcentrated plugs moved toward the center pipette tip and can be easily collected by just pulling out the tip installed at the center reservoir. For a simple and cost-effective fabrication, a commercial printer was used to print the nanoporous membrane as "Nafion-junction device." Various analytes such as polystyrene particle, fluorescent dye, and dsDNA were preconcentrated and extracted with the recovery ratio of 85.5%, 79.0%, and 51.3%, respectively. Furthermore, we used a super inkjet printer to print the silver electrode instead of nanoporous membrane to preconcentrate either type of charged analytes as "printed-electrode device." A Faradaic reaction was used as the main mechanism, and we successfully demonstrated the preconcentration of either negatively or positively charged analytes. The presented bufferchannel-less radial preconcentrator would be utilized as a practical and handy platform for analyzing low-abundant molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangjun Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Sungmin Park
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | | | | | | | - Hyomin Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, South Korea
| | - Sung Jae Kim
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed: and
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31
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High-performance bioanalysis based on ion concentration polarization of micro-/nanofluidic devices. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:4007-4016. [PMID: 30972474 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-01756-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Revised: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Micro-/nanofluidics has received considerable attention over the past two decades, which allows efficient biomolecule trapping and preconcentration due to ion concentration polarization (ICP) within nanostructures. The rich scientific content related to ICP has been widely exploited in different applications including protein concentration, biomolecules sensing and detection, cell analysis, and water purification. Compared to pure microfluidic devices, micro-/nanofluidic devices show a highly efficient sample enrichment capacity and nonlinear electrokinetic flow feature. These two unique characterizations make the micro-/nanofluidic systems promising in high-performance bioanalysis. This review provides a comprehensive description of the ICP phenomenon and its applications in bioanalysis. Perspectives are also provided for future developments and directions of this research field.
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32
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Kim W, Oh J, Kwon S, Kim K, Kim SJ. Quantifying the pH shift induced by selective anodic electrochemical reactions in the ion concentration polarization phenomenon. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:1359-1369. [PMID: 30869092 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc01363b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the ion concentration polarization (ICP) phenomenon has been actively utilized for low abundance biomolecular preconcentration applications. Since ICP significantly rearranges the ion distribution near a permselective membrane, its detailed investigation should be conducted for developing efficient platforms. In particular, proton transport through the membrane critically affects the pH of sample solutions so that continuous monitoring or batch measurement of pH is the priority task to be carried out. Moreover, electrochemical reactions have been overlooked, even though an overpotential is applied to preconcentrate a sample under physiological conditions, and the electrodes are in direct contact with the sample biomolecules. In this work, we experimentally visualized and directly measured how the electrochemical reaction dominated the preconcentration efficiency using two types of electrode configurations; large exposed electrode area (LEEA) and small exposed electrode area (SEEA). Interestingly, significant pH variation was confirmed only in the case of SEEA. As a result, the BSA preconcentration was impeded within a short period in the case of SEEA, but loss-free preconcentration was achieved in the case of LEEA. Therefore, one should pay careful attention to the electrode design of electrokinetic operation, especially when pH-sensitive biomolecules are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonseok Kim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Kitagawa F, Tanigawa-Joh K, Terashita S, Fujiki R, Nukatsuka I, Sueyoshi K, Otsuka K. On-line sample preconcentration by polarity switching in floating electrode-integrated microchannel. Electrophoresis 2019; 40:2478-2483. [PMID: 30637781 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we found that the polarity switching was effective to enrich and separate fluorescent analytes which have weakly-dissociated groups in a floating platinum electrode (width, 50 µm; thickness, 2.5 µm)-integrated straight-channel in microchip electrophoresis (MCE). In the straight channel filled with an Alexa Flour 488 (AF488) solution, a sharp peak was observed after the polarity inversion with a 530-fold enhancement of the sensitivity relative to the conventional MCE analysis. By using a fluorescent pH indicator, we verified that a sharp high-pH zone was generated nearby the floating electrode and moved toward the anode with maintaining the high pH, which induced the sample enrichment like a dynamic pH junction mechanism. In the floating electrode-embedded channel, the mixture of AF488-labeled proteins was also well concentrated and separated within 100 s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumihiko Kitagawa
- Department of Frontier Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
| | - Kana Tanigawa-Joh
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Satomi Terashita
- Department of Frontier Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
| | - Ryohei Fujiki
- Department of Frontier Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
| | - Isoshi Nukatsuka
- Department of Frontier Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
| | - Kenji Sueyoshi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Osaka Prefecture University Graduate School of Engineering, Sakai, Japan
| | - Koji Otsuka
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Ouyang W, Li Z, Han J. Pressure-Modulated Selective Electrokinetic Trapping for Direct Enrichment, Purification, and Detection of Nucleic Acids in Human Serum. Anal Chem 2018; 90:11366-11375. [PMID: 30157631 PMCID: PMC6785752 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b02330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Micro total-analysis systems (μTAS) have been extensively developed for the detection of nucleic acids (NAs) in resource-limited settings in recent years, yet the sample-preparation steps that interface real-world samples with on-chip analytics remain as the technical bottleneck. We report pressure-modulated selective electrokinetic trapping (PM-SET) for the direct enrichment, purification, and detection of NAs in human serum in one step without involving tedious solid-phase extraction, chemical amplification, and surface-hybridization-based assays. Under appropriately modulated hydrostatic pressures, NAs in human serum were selectively enriched in an electrokinetic concentrator with the majority of background proteins removed, achieving an enrichment factor of >4800 in 15 min. A sequence-specific NA was detected simultaneously during the enrichment process using a complementary morpholino (MO) probe, realizing a limit of detection of 3 pM in 15 min. PM-SET greatly reduces the cost, time, and complexity of sample preparation for NA detection and could be easily interfaced with existing NA-detection devices to achieve true sample-to-answer biomolecular analytics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ouyang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
- Research Laboratory of Electronics , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Zirui Li
- Institute of Laser and Optoelectronic Intelligent Manufacturing, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering , Wenzhou University , Wenzhou 325035 , PR China
| | - Jongyoon Han
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
- Research Laboratory of Electronics , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
- Institute of Laser and Optoelectronic Intelligent Manufacturing, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering , Wenzhou University , Wenzhou 325035 , PR China
- Department of Biological Engineering , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
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35
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Ouyang W, Ye X, Li Z, Han J. Deciphering ion concentration polarization-based electrokinetic molecular concentration at the micro-nanofluidic interface: theoretical limits and scaling laws. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:15187-15194. [PMID: 29790562 PMCID: PMC6637655 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr02170h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The electrokinetic molecular concentration (EMC) effect at the micro-nanofluidic interface, which enables million-fold preconcentration of biomolecules, is one of the most compelling yet least understood nanofluidic phenomena. Despite the tremendous interests in EMC and the substantial efforts devoted, the detailed mechanism of EMC remains an enigma so far owing to its high complexity, which gives rise to the significant scientific controversies outstanding for over a decade and leaves the precise engineering of EMC devices infeasible. We report a series of experimental and theoretical new findings that decipher the mechanism of EMC. We demonstrate the first elucidation of two separate operating regimes of EMC, and establish the first theoretical model that analytically yet concisely describes the system. We further unveil the dramatically different scaling behaviors of EMC in the two regimes, thereby clarifying the long-lasting controversies. We believe this work represents important progress towards the scientific understanding of EMC and related nano-electrokinetic systems, and would enable the rational design and optimization of EMC devices for a variety of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ouyang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
,
Cambridge
, Massachusetts
02139
, USA
.
- Research Laboratory of Electronics
, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
,
Cambridge
, Massachusetts
02139
, USA
| | - Xinghui Ye
- Institute of Laser and Optoelectronic Intelligent Manufacturing
, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering
, Wenzhou University
,
Wenzhou
, 325035
, P.R. China
.
| | - Zirui Li
- Institute of Laser and Optoelectronic Intelligent Manufacturing
, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering
, Wenzhou University
,
Wenzhou
, 325035
, P.R. China
.
| | - Jongyoon Han
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
,
Cambridge
, Massachusetts
02139
, USA
.
- Research Laboratory of Electronics
, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
,
Cambridge
, Massachusetts
02139
, USA
- Institute of Laser and Optoelectronic Intelligent Manufacturing
, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering
, Wenzhou University
,
Wenzhou
, 325035
, P.R. China
.
- Department of Biological Engineering
, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
,
Cambridge
, Massachusetts
02139
, USA
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36
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Yamamoto S, Okada F, Kinoshita M, Suzuki S. On-line microchip electrophoresis-mediated preconcentration of cationic compounds utilizing cationic polyacrylamide gels fabricated by in situ photopolymerization. Analyst 2018; 143:4429-4435. [DOI: 10.1039/c8an01159a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A simple and efficient method was developed for the fabrication of a cationic sample preconcentrator on a channel of a commercial poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) microchip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachio Yamamoto
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Kindai University
- Higashi-osaka, Osaka
- Japan
| | - Fuka Okada
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Kindai University
- Higashi-osaka, Osaka
- Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Kinoshita
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Kindai University
- Higashi-osaka, Osaka
- Japan
- Antiaging Center
| | - Shigeo Suzuki
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Kindai University
- Higashi-osaka, Osaka
- Japan
- Antiaging Center
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