1
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Hu S, Wang Y, Wang Y, Chen X, Tong R. Dielectrophoretic separation and purification: From colloid and biological particles to droplets. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1731:465155. [PMID: 39032216 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.465155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 07/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
It is indispensable to realize the high level of purification and separation, so that objective particles, such as malignant cells, harmful bacteria, and special proteins or biological molecules, could satisfy the high precise measurement in the pharmaceutical analysis, clinical diagnosis, targeted therapy, and food defense. In addition, this could reveal the intrinsic nature and evolution mechanisms of individual biological variations. Consequently, many techniques related to optical tweezers, microfluidics, acoustophoresis, and electrokinetics can be broadly used to achieve micro- and nano-scale particle separations. Dielectrophoresis (DEP) has been used for various manipulation, concentration, transport, and separation processes of biological particles owing to its early development, mature theory, low cost, and high throughput. Although numerous reviews have discussed the biological applications of DEP techniques, comprehensive descriptions of micro- and nano-scale particle separations feature less frequently in the literature. Therefore, this review summarizes the current state of particle separation attention to relevant technological developments and innovation, including theoretical simulation, microchannel structure, electrode material, pattern and its layout. Moreover, a brief overview of separation applications using DEP in combination with other technologies is also provided. Finally, conclusions, future guidelines, and suggestions for potential promotion are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Hu
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Precision Optical Sensing and Measurement Technology, Qinhuangdao, 066004, China.
| | - Yangcheng Wang
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yanzhe Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Precision Optical Sensing and Measurement Technology, Qinhuangdao, 066004, China
| | - Xiaoming Chen
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Precision Optical Sensing and Measurement Technology, Qinhuangdao, 066004, China
| | - Ruijie Tong
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Precision Optical Sensing and Measurement Technology, Qinhuangdao, 066004, China
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2
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Torres-Castro K, Acuña-Umaña K, Lesser-Rojas L, Reyes DR. Microfluidic Blood Separation: Key Technologies and Critical Figures of Merit. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:2117. [PMID: 38004974 PMCID: PMC10672873 DOI: 10.3390/mi14112117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Blood is a complex sample comprised mostly of plasma, red blood cells (RBCs), and other cells whose concentrations correlate to physiological or pathological health conditions. There are also many blood-circulating biomarkers, such as circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and various pathogens, that can be used as measurands to diagnose certain diseases. Microfluidic devices are attractive analytical tools for separating blood components in point-of-care (POC) applications. These platforms have the potential advantage of, among other features, being compact and portable. These features can eventually be exploited in clinics and rapid tests performed in households and low-income scenarios. Microfluidic systems have the added benefit of only needing small volumes of blood drawn from patients (from nanoliters to milliliters) while integrating (within the devices) the steps required before detecting analytes. Hence, these systems will reduce the associated costs of purifying blood components of interest (e.g., specific groups of cells or blood biomarkers) for studying and quantifying collected blood fractions. The microfluidic blood separation field has grown since the 2000s, and important advances have been reported in the last few years. Nonetheless, real POC microfluidic blood separation platforms are still elusive. A widespread consensus on what key figures of merit should be reported to assess the quality and yield of these platforms has not been achieved. Knowing what parameters should be reported for microfluidic blood separations will help achieve that consensus and establish a clear road map to promote further commercialization of these devices and attain real POC applications. This review provides an overview of the separation techniques currently used to separate blood components for higher throughput separations (number of cells or particles per minute). We present a summary of the critical parameters that should be considered when designing such devices and the figures of merit that should be explicitly reported when presenting a device's separation capabilities. Ultimately, reporting the relevant figures of merit will benefit this growing community and help pave the road toward commercialization of these microfluidic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Torres-Castro
- Biophysical and Biomedical Measurements Group, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA;
- Theiss Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Katherine Acuña-Umaña
- Medical Devices Master’s Program, Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica (ITCR), Cartago 30101, Costa Rica
| | - Leonardo Lesser-Rojas
- Research Center in Atomic, Nuclear and Molecular Sciences (CICANUM), San José 11501, Costa Rica;
- School of Physics, Universidad de Costa Rica (UCR), San José 11501, Costa Rica
| | - Darwin R. Reyes
- Biophysical and Biomedical Measurements Group, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA;
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3
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Deivasigamani R, Mohd Maidin NN, Abdul Nasir NS, Abdulhameed A, Ahmad Kayani AB, Mohamed MA, Buyong MR. A correlation of conductivity medium and bioparticle viability on dielectrophoresis-based biomedical applications. Electrophoresis 2023; 44:573-620. [PMID: 36604943 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202200203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Dielectrophoresis (DEP) bioparticle research has progressed from micro to nano levels. It has proven to be a promising and powerful cell manipulation method with an accurate, quick, inexpensive, and label-free technique for therapeutic purposes. DEP, an electrokinetic phenomenon, induces particle movement as a result of polarization effects in a nonuniform electrical field. This review focuses on current research in the biomedical field that demonstrates a practical approach to DEP in terms of cell separation, trapping, discrimination, and enrichment under the influence of the conductive medium in correlation with bioparticle viability. The current review aims to provide readers with an in-depth knowledge of the fundamental theory and principles of the DEP technique, which is influenced by conductive medium and to identify and demonstrate the biomedical application areas. The high conductivity of physiological fluids presents obstacles and opportunities, followed by bioparticle viability in an electric field elaborated in detail. Finally, the drawbacks of DEP-based systems and the outlook for the future are addressed. This article will aid in advancing technology by bridging the gap between bioscience and engineering. We hope the insights presented in this review will improve cell suspension medium and promote DEP-viable bioparticle manipulation for health-care diagnostics and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Revathy Deivasigamani
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics (IMEN), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nur Nasyifa Mohd Maidin
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics (IMEN), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nur Shahira Abdul Nasir
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics (IMEN), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Aminuddin Bin Ahmad Kayani
- Functional Materials and Microsystems Research Group and the Micro Nano Research Facility, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia.,ARC Research Hub for Connected Sensors for Health, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Mohd Ambri Mohamed
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics (IMEN), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Muhamad Ramdzan Buyong
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics (IMEN), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
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Guan Y, Wang X, Wang Q, Kong B, Yuan M, Zhang S, Huang J, Wang R, Wu Z, Wang Z, Zhao Y, Li W, Liu G. Fabrication and Separation of EGaIn Microparticles from Human Blood Based on Dielectrophoresis Force and a W-Type Electrode. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:3151-3161. [PMID: 36791311 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c03420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Harmful particles such as heavy metal particles in the human body can cause many problems such as kidney stones, gallstones, and cerebrovascular diseases. Therefore, it is critical to separate them from the blood and perform a systematic analysis as early as possible. Here, we apply eutectic gallium indium (EGaIn) microparticles as a model to study the separation of particles from blood, thanks to their properties of low toxicity, excellent degradability, and negligible vapor pressure. In particular, the dielectrophoresis (DEP) separation method is employed to separate EGaIn of different sizes and characteristics in blood. First, the screen-printing method is used to create EGaIn microparticles with diameters of 15, 23, 18, and 11 μm. According to the lifetime test, these microparticles can last more than 1 month, as evidenced by their surface oxidation characteristics. Moreover, a DEP platform with W-type electrodes is developed to sort EGaIn particles from whole human blood. The results show that a sorting efficiency of 95% can be attained, which is similar to the separation efficiency of 98% achieved by finite element analysis (FEA) using COMSOL software based on the orthogonal array experiment method. The proposed study successfully validates the use of the DEP method to separate particles from human blood, providing insights into heavy metal particle separating, drug screening, and cell sorting and potentially broadening the applications in environmental analysis, food engineering, and bioengineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfang Guan
- School of Electromechanical Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- National Engineering Laboratory/Key Laboratory of Henan Province, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xiaoliang Wang
- School of Electromechanical Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Qilong Wang
- School of Electromechanical Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Bingru Kong
- School of Electromechanical Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Maosen Yuan
- School of Electromechanical Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Shukai Zhang
- School of Electromechanical Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Jiangchao Huang
- School of Electromechanical Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Ran Wang
- School of Electromechanical Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Zaihui Wu
- Zhengzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Zongcai Wang
- School of Electromechanical Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yimo Zhao
- School of Electromechanical Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Wujie Li
- School of Electromechanical Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Guangyu Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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5
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Soe MTM, Spiller KL, Noh M. Dielectrophoretic characterization of macrophage phenotypes. Electrophoresis 2022; 43:2440-2452. [PMID: 36050869 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202200046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Different macrophage phenotypes play important roles in diverse biological processes and diseases. In this study, we have characterized the dielectrophoretic responses of human monocytes and macrophage phenotypes: nonactivated (M0), pro-inflammatory (M1), and pro-healing (M2a). Dielectrophoretic responses of cells change as a function of frequency of the applied electric field. We measured the crossover frequency at which cells transition from negative to positive dielectrophoresis (DEP) or vice versa using interdigitated electrodes. For these characterization experiments, we also developed a new low-conductivity media formulation that retained 100% of the initial viability for 1 h. Human THP1 monocytes showed a distinguishable DEP response from mature macrophages. M1 macrophages also showed a distinct DEP response compared to M0 and M2a macrophages. No clear distinction could be drawn between M0 and M2a. The median values of the crossover frequencies of monocytes, M0, M1, and M2a were 38, 21, 11, and 23 kHz, respectively. Membrane capacitances of these cells were calculated consequently, and the values were 0.0111, 0.0128, 0.0244, and 0.0117 F/m2 for monocytes, M0, M1, and M2a, respectively. These results show how bioelectric properties are influenced by changes in macrophage phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Thant Mon Soe
- Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kara L Spiller
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Moses Noh
- Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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6
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Elitas M, Islam M, Korvink JG, Sengul E, Sharbati P, Ozogul B, Kaymaz SV. Quantifying Deformation and Migration Properties of U87 Glioma Cells Using Dielectrophoretic Forces. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:946. [PMID: 36354455 PMCID: PMC9688500 DOI: 10.3390/bios12110946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme is one of the most aggressive malignant primary brain tumors. To design effective treatment strategies, we need to better understand the behavior of glioma cells while maintaining their genetic and phenotypic stability. Here, we investigated the deformation and migration profile of U87 Glioma cells under the influence of dielectrophoretic forces. We fabricated a gold microelectrode array within a microfluidic channel and applied sinusoidal wave AC potential at 3 Vpp, ranging from 30 kHz to 10 MHz frequencies, to generate DEP forces. We followed the dielectrophoretic movement and deformation changes of 100 glioma cells at each frequency. We observed that the mean dielectrophoretic displacements of glioma cells were significantly different at varying frequencies with the maximum and minimum traveling distances of 13.22 µm and 1.37 µm, respectively. The dielectrophoretic deformation indexes of U87 glioma cells altered between 0.027-0.040. It was 0.036 in the absence of dielectrophoretic forces. This approach presents a rapid, robust, and sensitive characterization method for quantifying membrane deformation of glioma cells to determine the state of the cells or efficacy of administrated drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meltem Elitas
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
| | - Monsur Islam
- Institute for Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jan G. Korvink
- Institute for Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Esra Sengul
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
- Department of Physiology Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Pouya Sharbati
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
| | - Beyzanur Ozogul
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
| | - Sumeyra Vural Kaymaz
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
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7
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Martinez-Duarte R, Mager D, Korvink JG, Islam M. Evaluating carbon-electrode dielectrophoresis under the ASSURED criteria. FRONTIERS IN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY 2022; 4:922737. [PMID: 35958120 PMCID: PMC9360481 DOI: 10.3389/fmedt.2022.922737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Extreme point-of-care refers to medical testing in unfavorable conditions characterized by a lack of primary resources or infrastructure. As witnessed in the recent past, considerable interest in developing devices and technologies exists for extreme point-of-care applications, for which the World Health Organization has introduced a set of encouraging and regulating guidelines. These are referred to as the ASSURED criteria, an acronym for Affordable (A), Sensitive (S), Specific (S), User friendly (U), Rapid and Robust (R), Equipment-free (E), and Delivered (D). However, the current extreme point of care devices may require an intermediate sample preparation step for performing complex biomedical analysis, including the diagnosis of rare-cell diseases and early-stage detection of sepsis. This article assesses the potential of carbon-electrode dielectrophoresis (CarbonDEP) for sample preparation competent in extreme point-of-care, following the ASSURED criteria. We first discuss the theory and utility of dielectrophoresis (DEP) and the advantages of using carbon microelectrodes for this purpose. We then critically review the literature relevant to the use of CarbonDEP for bioparticle manipulation under the scope of the ASSURED criteria. Lastly, we offer a perspective on the roadmap needed to strengthen the use of CarbonDEP in extreme point-of-care applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Martinez-Duarte
- Multiscale Manufacturing Laboratory, Mechanical Engineering Department, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United States
- *Correspondence: Rodrigo Martinez-Duarte
| | - Dario Mager
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Jan G. Korvink
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Jan G. Korvink
| | - Monsur Islam
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Monsur Islam
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8
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Sengul E, Sharbati P, Elitas M, Islam M, Korvink JG. Analysis of U87 glioma cells by dielectrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2022; 43:1357-1365. [PMID: 35366348 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202100374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme is the most aggressive and invasive brain cancer consisting of genetically and phenotypically altering glial cells. It has massive heterogeneity due to its highly complex and dynamic microenvironment. Here, electrophysiological properties of U87 human glioma cell line were measured based on a dielectrophoresis phenomenon to quantify the population heterogeneity of glioma cells. Dielectrophoretic forces were generated using a gold-microelectrode array within a microfluidic channel when 3 Vpp and 100, 200, 300, 400, 500 kHz, 1, 2, 5, and 10 MHz frequencies were applied. We analyzed the dielectrophoretic behavior of 500 glioma cells, and revealed that the crossover frequency of glioma cells was around 140 kHz. A quantifying dielectrophoretic movement of the glioma cells exhibited three distinct glioma subpopulations: 50% of the glioma cells experienced strong, 30% of the cells were spread in the microchannel by moderate, and the rest of the cells experienced very weak positive dielectrophoretic forces. Our results demonstrated the dielectrophoretic spectra of U87 glioma cell line. Dielectrophoretic responses of glioma cells linked population heterogeneity to membrane properties of glioma cells rather than their size distribution in the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra Sengul
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Pouya Sharbati
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Meltem Elitas
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Monsur Islam
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Microstructure Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Jan G Korvink
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Microstructure Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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Duncan JL, Davalos RV. A review: Dielectrophoresis for characterizing and separating similar cell subpopulations based on bioelectric property changes due to disease progression and therapy assessment. Electrophoresis 2021; 42:2423-2444. [PMID: 34609740 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202100135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews the use of dielectrophoresis for high-fidelity separations and characterizations of subpopulations to highlight the recent advances in the electrokinetic field as well as provide insight into its progress toward commercialization. The role of cell subpopulations in heterogeneous clinical samples has been studied to deduce their role in disease progression and therapy resistance for instances such as cancer, tissue regeneration, and bacterial infection. Dielectrophoresis (DEP), a label-free electrokinetic technique, has been used to characterize and separate target subpopulations from mixed samples to determine disease severity, cell stemness, and drug efficacy. Despite its high sensitivity to characterize similar or related cells based on their differing bioelectric signatures, DEP has been slowly adopted both commercially and clinically. This review addresses the use of dielectrophoresis for the identification of target cell subtypes in stem cells, cancer cells, blood cells, and bacterial cells dependent on cell state and therapy exposure and addresses commercialization efforts in light of its sensitivity and future perspectives of the technology, both commercially and academically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josie L Duncan
- Bioelectromechanical Systems Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA.,Bioelectromechanical Systems Laboratory, Wake Forest School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Rafael V Davalos
- Bioelectromechanical Systems Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA.,Bioelectromechanical Systems Laboratory, Wake Forest School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
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Islam M, Sadaf A, Gómez MR, Mager D, Korvink JG, Lantada AD. Carbon fiber/microlattice 3D hybrid architecture as multi-scale scaffold for tissue engineering. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 126:112140. [PMID: 34082951 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Multiscale 3D carbon architectures are of particular interest in tissue engineering applications, as these structures may allow for three-dimensional cell colonization essential for tissue growth. In this work, carbon fiber/microlattice hybrid architectures are introduced as innovative multi-scale scaffolds for tissue engineering. The microlattice provides the design freedom and structural integrity, whereas the fibrous component creates a cellular microenvironment for cell colonization. The hybrid structures are fabricated by carbonization of stereolithographically 3D printed epoxy microlattice architectures which are pre-filled with cotton fibers within the empty space of the architectures. The cotton filling result in less shrinkage of the architecture during carbonization, as the tight confinement of the fibrous material prevents the free-shrinkage of the microlattices. The hybrid architecture exhibits a compressive strength of 156.9±25.6 kPa, which is significantly higher than an empty carbon microlattice architecture. Furthermore, the hybrid architecture exhibits a flexible behavior up to 30% compressive strain, which is also promising towards soft-tissue regeneration. Osteoblast-like murine MC3T3-E1 cells are cultured within the 3D hybrid structures. Results show that the cells are able to not only proliferate on the carbon microlattice elements as well as along the carbon fibers, but also make connections with each other across the inner pores created by the fibers, leading to a three-dimensional cell colonization. These carbon fiber/microlattice hybrid structures are promising for future fabrication of functionally graded scaffolds for tissue repair applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monsur Islam
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
| | - Ahsana Sadaf
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Milagros Ramos Gómez
- Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Parque Científico y Tecnológico, M40, km. 38, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Dario Mager
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Jan G Korvink
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Andrés Díaz Lantada
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
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Gustafson KT, Huynh KT, Heineck D, Bueno J, Modestino A, Kim S, Gower A, Armstrong R, Schutt CE, Ibsen SD. Automated fluorescence quantification of extracellular vesicles collected from blood plasma using dielectrophoresis. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:1318-1332. [PMID: 33877235 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc00940g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Tumor-secreted exosomes and other extracellular vesicles (EVs) in circulation contain valuable biomarkers for early cancer detection and screening. We have previously demonstrated collection of cancer-derived nanoparticles (NPs) directly from whole blood and plasma with a chip-based technique that uses a microelectrode array to generate dielectrophoretic (DEP) forces. This technique enables direct recovery of NPs from whole blood and plasma. The biomarker payloads associated with collected particles can be detected and quantified with immunostaining. Accurately separating the fluorescence intensity of stained biomarkers from background (BG) levels becomes a challenge when analyzing the blood from early-stage cancer patients in which biomarker concentrations are low. To address this challenge, we developed two complementary techniques to standardize the quantification of fluorescently immunolabeled biomarkers collected and concentrated at predictable locations within microfluidic chips. The first technique was an automated algorithm for the quantitative analysis of fluorescence intensity at collection regions within the chip compared to levels at adjacent regions. The algorithm used predictable locations of particle collection within the chip geometry to differentiate regions of collection and BG. We successfully automated the identification and removal of optical artifacts from quantitative calculations. We demonstrated that the automated system performs nearly the same as a human user following a standard protocol for manual artifact removal with Pearson's r-values of 0.999 and 0.998 for two different biomarkers (n = 36 patients). We defined a usable dynamic range of fluorescence intensities corresponding to 1 to 2000 arbitrary units (a.u.). Fluorescence intensities within the dynamic range increased linearly with respect to exposure time and particle concentration. The second technique was the implementation of an internal standard to adjust levels of biomarker fluorescence based on the relative collection efficiency of the chip. Use of the internal standard reduced variability in measured biomarker levels due to differences in chip-to-chip collection efficiency, especially at low biomarker concentrations. The internal standard did not affect linear trends between fluorescence intensity and exposure time. Adjustments using the internal standard improved linear trends between fluorescence intensity and particle concentration. The optical quantification techniques described in this paper can be easily adapted for other lab-on-a-chip platforms that have predefined regions of biomarker or particle collection and that rely on fluorescence detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle T Gustafson
- Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research Center, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, USA.
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12
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Sarno B, Heineck D, Heller MJ, Ibsen SD. Dielectrophoresis: Developments and applications from 2010 to 2020. Electrophoresis 2021; 42:539-564. [PMID: 33191521 PMCID: PMC7986072 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The 20th century has seen tremendous innovation of dielectrophoresis (DEP) technologies, with applications being developed in areas ranging from industrial processing to micro- and nanoscale biotechnology. From 2010 to present day, there have been 981 publications about DEP. Of over 2600 DEP patents held by the United States Patent and Trademark Office, 106 were filed in 2019 alone. This review focuses on DEP-based technologies and application developments between 2010 and 2020, with an aim to highlight the progress and to identify potential areas for future research. A major trend over the last 10 years has been the use of DEP techniques for biological and clinical applications. It has been used in various forms on a diverse array of biologically derived molecules and particles to manipulate and study them including proteins, exosomes, bacteria, yeast, stem cells, cancer cells, and blood cells. DEP has also been used to manipulate nano- and micron-sized particles in order to fabricate different structures. The next 10 years are likely to see the increase in DEP-related patent applications begin to result in a greater level of technology commercialization. Also during this time, innovations in DEP technology will likely be leveraged to continue the existing trend to further biological and medical-focused applications as well as applications in microfabrication. As a tool leveraged by engineering and imaginative scientific design, DEP offers unique capabilities to manipulate small particles in precise ways that can help solve problems and enable scientific inquiry that cannot be addressed using conventional methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Sarno
- Oregon Health and Science University–The Knight Cancer Institute's Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research CenterPortlandORUSA
- University of California San Diego–NanoengineeringLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Daniel Heineck
- Oregon Health and Science University–The Knight Cancer Institute's Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research CenterPortlandORUSA
| | - Michael J. Heller
- Oregon Health and Science University–The Knight Cancer Institute's Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research CenterPortlandORUSA
- University of California San Diego–NanoengineeringLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Stuart D. Ibsen
- Oregon Health and Science University–The Knight Cancer Institute's Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research CenterPortlandORUSA
- Oregon Health and Science University–Biomedical EngineeringPortlandORUSA
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Sengul E, Kara O, Yildizhan Y, Martinez-Duarte R, Elitas M. Single Cell Level Dielectrophoretic Responses & Dielectrophoretic Deformations of Monocytes to Quantify Population Heterogeneity. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2020; 2020:2221-2226. [PMID: 33018449 DOI: 10.1109/embc44109.2020.9176521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Single-cell dielectrophoretic movement and dielectrophoretic deformation of monocyte cells were interrogated applying 20 Vpp, 50 kHz to 1 MHz signal in the 3D carbon electrode array. Heterogeneity of the monocyte population is shown in terms of the crossover frequencies, translational movement, and deformation index of the cells. The results presented that crossover range for monocytes was 100 kHz - 200 kHz, the translational movement of the cells was rapidly altered when the initial positions of the cells were in the negative dielectrophoretic region. Finally, the deformation index of the monocyte population varied from 0.5 to 1.5.
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Elitas M, Sengul E. Quantifying Heterogeneity According to Deformation of the U937 Monocytes and U937-Differentiated Macrophages Using 3D Carbon Dielectrophoresis in Microfluidics. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11060576. [PMID: 32521676 PMCID: PMC7345647 DOI: 10.3390/mi11060576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A variety of force fields have thus far been demonstrated to investigate electromechanical properties of cells in a microfluidic platform which, however, are mostly based on fluid shear stress and may potentially cause irreversible cell damage. This work presents dielectric movement and deformation measurements of U937 monocytes and U937-differentiated macrophages in a low conductive medium inside a 3D carbon electrode array. Here, monocytes exhibited a crossover frequency around 150 kHz and presented maximum deformation index at 400 kHz and minimum deformation index at 1 MHz frequencies at 20 Vpeak-peak. Although macrophages were differentiated from monocytes, their crossover frequency was lower than 50 kHz at 10 Vpeak-peak. The change of the deformation index for macrophages was more constant and lower than the monocyte cells. Both dielectric mobility and deformation spectra revealed significant differences between the dielectric responses of U937 monocytes and U937-differentiated macrophages, which share the same origin. This method can be used for label-free, specific, and sensitive single-cell characterization. Besides, damage of the cells by aggressive shear forces can, hence, be eliminated and cells can be used for downstream analysis. Our results showed that dielectric mobility and deformation have a great potential as an electromechanical biomarker to reliably characterize and distinguish differentiated cell populations from their progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meltem Elitas
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey;
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +90-538-810-2930
| | - Esra Sengul
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey;
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Liang W, Yang X, Wang J, Wang Y, Yang W, Liu L. Determination of Dielectric Properties of Cells using AC Electrokinetic-based Microfluidic Platform: A Review of Recent Advances. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:E513. [PMID: 32438680 PMCID: PMC7281274 DOI: 10.3390/mi11050513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cell dielectric properties, a type of intrinsic property of cells, can be used as electrophysiological biomarkers that offer a label-free way to characterize cell phenotypes and states, purify clinical samples, and identify target cancer cells. Here, we present a review of the determination of cell dielectric properties using alternating current (AC) electrokinetic-based microfluidic mechanisms, including electro-rotation (ROT) and dielectrophoresis (DEP). The review covers theoretically how ROT and DEP work to extract cell dielectric properties. We also dive into the details of differently structured ROT chips, followed by a discussion on the determination of cell dielectric properties and the use of these properties in bio-related applications. Additionally, the review offers a look at the future challenges facing the AC electrokinetic-based microfluidic platform in terms of acquiring cell dielectric parameters. Our conclusion is that this platform will bring biomedical and bioengineering sciences to the next level and ultimately achieve the shift from lab-oriented research to real-world applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfeng Liang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shenyang Jianzhu University, Shenyang 110168, China; (X.Y.); (J.W.)
| | - Xieliu Yang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shenyang Jianzhu University, Shenyang 110168, China; (X.Y.); (J.W.)
| | - Junhai Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shenyang Jianzhu University, Shenyang 110168, China; (X.Y.); (J.W.)
| | - Yuechao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China;
| | - Wenguang Yang
- School of Electromechanical and Automotive Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China;
| | - Lianqing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China;
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Sivaramakrishnan M, Kothandan R, Govindarajan DK, Meganathan Y, Kandaswamy K. Active microfluidic systems for cell sorting and separation. CURRENT OPINION IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobme.2019.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Characterization of the Dielectrophoretic Response of Different Candida Strains Using 3D Carbon Microelectrodes. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11030255. [PMID: 32121163 PMCID: PMC7143313 DOI: 10.3390/mi11030255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Bloodstream infection with Candida fungal cells remains one of the most life-threatening complications among hospitalized patients around the world. Although most of the cases are still due to Candida albicans, the rising incidence of infections caused by other Candida strains that may not respond to traditional anti-fungal treatments merits the development of a method for species-specific isolation of Candida. To this end, here we present the characterization of the dielectrophoresis (DEP) response of Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis and Candida parapsilosis. We complement such characterization with a study of the Candida cells morphology. The Candida strains exhibited subtle differences in their morphology and dimensions. All the Candida strains exhibited positive DEP in the range 10-500 kHz, although the strength of the DEP response was different for each Candida strain at different frequencies. Only Candida tropicalis showed positive DEP at 750 kHz. The current results show potential for manipulation and enrichment of a specific Candida strain at specific DEP conditions towards aiding in the rapid identification of Candida strains to enable the effective and timely treatment of Candida infections.
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