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Krebs F, Zagst H, Stein M, Ratih R, Minkner R, Olabi M, Hartung S, Scheller C, Lapizco-Encinas BH, Sänger-van de Griend C, García CD, Wätzig H. Strategies for capillary electrophoresis: Method development and validation for pharmaceutical and biological applications-Updated and completely revised edition. Electrophoresis 2023; 44:1279-1341. [PMID: 37537327 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202300158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
This review is in support of the development of selective, precise, fast, and validated capillary electrophoresis (CE) methods. It follows up a similar article from 1998, Wätzig H, Degenhardt M, Kunkel A. "Strategies for capillary electrophoresis: method development and validation for pharmaceutical and biological applications," pointing out which fundamentals are still valid and at the same time showing the enormous achievements in the last 25 years. The structures of both reviews are widely similar, in order to facilitate their simultaneous use. Focusing on pharmaceutical and biological applications, the successful use of CE is now demonstrated by more than 600 carefully selected references. Many of those are recent reviews; therefore, a significant overview about the field is provided. There are extra sections about sample pretreatment related to CE and microchip CE, and a completely revised section about method development for protein analytes and biomolecules in general. The general strategies for method development are summed up with regard to selectivity, efficiency, precision, analysis time, limit of detection, sample pretreatment requirements, and validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Finja Krebs
- Institute, of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Holger Zagst
- Institute, of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Matthias Stein
- Institute, of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Ratih Ratih
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Surabaya, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Robert Minkner
- Institute, of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Mais Olabi
- Institute, of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Sophie Hartung
- Institute, of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Christin Scheller
- Institute, of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Blanca H Lapizco-Encinas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Kate Gleason College of Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Cari Sänger-van de Griend
- Kantisto BV, Baarn, The Netherlands
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala Universitet, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Carlos D García
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - Hermann Wätzig
- Institute, of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
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Hajba L, Jeong S, Chung DS, Guttman A. Capillary Gel Electrophoresis of Proteins: Historical overview and recent advances. Trends Analyt Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2023.117024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
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Štěpánová S, Kašička V. Applications of capillary electromigration methods for separation and analysis of proteins (2017–mid 2021) – A review. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1209:339447. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Kašička V. Recent developments in capillary and microchip electroseparations of peptides (2019-mid 2021). Electrophoresis 2021; 43:82-108. [PMID: 34632606 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202100243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The review provides a comprehensive overview of developments and applications of high performance capillary and microchip electroseparation methods (zone electrophoresis, isotachophoresis, isoelectric focusing, affinity electrophoresis, electrokinetic chromatography, and electrochromatography) for analysis, microscale isolation, and physicochemical characterization of peptides from 2019 up to approximately the middle of 2021. Advances in the investigation of electromigration properties of peptides and in the methodology of their analysis, such as sample preparation, sorption suppression, EOF control, and detection, are presented. New developments in the individual CE and CEC methods are demonstrated and several types of their applications are shown. They include qualitative and quantitative analysis, determination in complex biomatrices, monitoring of chemical and enzymatic reactions and physicochemical changes, amino acid, sequence, and chiral analyses, and peptide mapping of proteins. In addition, micropreparative separations and determination of significant physicochemical parameters of peptides by CE and CEC methods are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Václav Kašička
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 6, Czechia
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Farmerie L, Rustandi RR, Loughney JW, Dawod M. Recent advances in isoelectric focusing of proteins and peptides. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1651:462274. [PMID: 34090060 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This review article describes the significant recent advances in Isoelectric Focusing from the period 2015-2020. The review highlights the principles and common challenges faced in Isoelectric Focusing as well as its applications. This review also details the recent advances in various modes of Isoelectric Focusing in various platforms and future directions for the technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily Farmerie
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA; Pennsylvania State University, College of Engineering, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Richard R Rustandi
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - John W Loughney
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Mohamed Dawod
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA.
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Krebs F, Scheller C, Grove-Heike K, Pohl L, Wätzig H. Isoelectric point determination by imaged CIEF of commercially available SARS-CoV-2 proteins and the hACE2 receptor. Electrophoresis 2021; 42:687-692. [PMID: 33533060 PMCID: PMC8013610 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202100015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In order to contribute to the scientific research on the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), we have investigated the isoelectric points (pI) of several related proteins, which are commercially available: the receptor‐binding domain (RBD) with His‐ and Fc‐tag, the S1 subunit with His‐tag, the S1/S2 subunits with His‐tag and the human angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) with His‐tag. First, the theoretical pI values, based on the amino acid (AA) sequences of the proteins, were calculated using the ProtParam tool from the Bioinformatics Resource Portal ExPASy. The proteins were then measured with the Maurice imaged CIEF system (native fluorescence detection), testing various measurement conditions, such as different ampholytes or ampholyte mixtures. Due to isoforms, we get sections with several peaks and not just one peak for each protein. The determined pI range for the RBD/Fc is 8.24–9.32 (theoretical pI: 8.55), for the RBD/His it is 7.36–9.88 (8.91) and for the S1/His it is 7.30–8.37 (7.80). The pI range of the S1/S2/His is 4.41–5.87 (no theoretical pI, AA sequence unknown) and for hACE2/His, the determined global range is 5.19–6.11 (5.60) for all experimental conditions chosen. All theoretically derived values were found within these ranges, usually close to the center. Therefore, we consider theoretical values as useful to make predictions about the isoelectric points of SARS‐CoV‐2 proteins. The experimental conditions had only a minor influence on the pI ranges obtained and mainly influenced the peak shapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Finja Krebs
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Christin Scheller
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Kristina Grove-Heike
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Lena Pohl
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Hermann Wätzig
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
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Li H, Huo J, Sun D, Guo Y, Jiang L, Zhang H, Shi X, Zhao Z, Zhou J, Hu C, Zhang C. Determination of PEGylation homogeneity of polyethylene glycol-modified canine uricase. Electrophoresis 2020; 42:693-699. [PMID: 33247595 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Polyethylene glycol-modified canine uricase (PEG-UHC) was prepared by modifying the ε-amino group of lysine residues on the canine uricase (UHC) protein to near-saturation with 5 kDa monomethoxyl-polyethylene glycol succinimide (mPEG-SPA-5k). In order to accurately determine the PEGylation uniformity of PEG-UHC, CZE, 3-8% gradient gel SDS-PAGE, and imaging CIEF (iCIEF) analyses were compared. CZE could not effectively separate PEG-UHC proteins with different degrees of modification, 3-8% gradient gel SDS-PAGE could separate PEG-UHC into seven gel bands; however, most of the gel bands were smeared or blurred, and the separation of PEG-UHC samples by iCIEF was significantly better than that by 3-8% gradient gel SDS-PAGE. Under denatured conditions, iCIEF separated 12 pI peaks, and could also accurately quantify the relative monomer PEG-UHC content. More than 85% of the total monomeric PEG-UHC was conjugated with 7-12 PEG molecules; of this 85%, approximately 40% was conjugated with 9-10 PEG molecules. These results demonstrated that iCIEF exhibits good potential for determining the PEGylation homogeneity of PEGylated protein drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haigang Li
- College of Pharmacy, Linyi University, Linyi, Shandong, 276000, P.R. China
| | - JingJing Huo
- College of Pharmacy, Linyi University, Linyi, Shandong, 276000, P.R. China
| | - Dan Sun
- Rizhao Institute of Scientific and Technological Information, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Yong Guo
- College of Pharmacy, Linyi University, Linyi, Shandong, 276000, P.R. China
| | - Liang Jiang
- Renrui Biotechnology Inc., Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Haijuan Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Linyi University, Linyi, Shandong, 276000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaowei Shi
- College of Pharmacy, Linyi University, Linyi, Shandong, 276000, P.R. China
| | - Zhilong Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Linyi University, Linyi, Shandong, 276000, P.R. China
| | - Jinchuan Zhou
- College of Pharmacy, Linyi University, Linyi, Shandong, 276000, P.R. China
| | - Chunlan Hu
- Fagen Biomedical Inc., Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Chun Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Linyi University, Linyi, Shandong, 276000, P.R. China.,Renrui Biotechnology Inc., Shandong, P.R. China
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