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Himmelsbach M, Mlynek F, Buchberger W, Madikizela L, Klampfl CW. Analyzing water hyacinth plants from two South African rivers for the detection of seven pharmaceuticals and their metabolites. Electrophoresis 2024. [PMID: 38962846 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202400101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Water hyacinth plants (Eichhornia crassipes Mart.) collected from two South African rivers were analyzed in order to investigate their suitability for judging the presence of pharmaceuticals in the water. Thereby, a number of drugs, including amitriptyline, atenolol, citalopram, orphenadrine, lidocaine, telmisartan, and tramadol, could be detected. Particularly for the latter substance, relatively high concentrations (more than 5000 ng g-1 dry plant material) were detected in the water plants. Subsequently, the plant extracts were also screened for drug-derived transformation products, whereby a series of phase-one metabolites could be tentatively identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Himmelsbach
- Institute of Analytical and General Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
| | - Franz Mlynek
- Institute of Analytical and General Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Buchberger
- Institute of Analytical and General Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
| | - Lawrence Madikizela
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Florida Science Campus, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Christian W Klampfl
- Institute of Analytical and General Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
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2
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Detzlhofer A, Grechhamer C, Madikizela L, Himmelsbach M, Mlynek F, Buchberger W, Klampfl CW. Uptake, translocation, and metabolization of amitriptyline, lidocaine, orphenadrine, and tramadol by cress and pea. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:19649-19657. [PMID: 38363510 PMCID: PMC10927770 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32379-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
The uptake, translocation, and metabolization of four widely used drugs, amitriptyline, orphenadrine, lidocaine, and tramadol, were investigated in a laboratory study. Cress (Lepidium sativum L.) and pea (Pisum sativum L.) were employed as model plants. These plants were grown in tap water containing the selected pharmaceuticals at concentrations ranging from 0.010 to 10 mg L-1, whereby the latter concentration was employed for the (tentative) identification of drug-related metabolites formed within the plant. Thereby, mainly phase I metabolites were detected. Time-resolved uptake studies, with sampling after 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 days, revealed that all four pharmaceuticals were taken up by the roots and further relocated to plant stem and leaves. Also in these studies, the corresponding phase I metabolites could be detected, and their translocation from root to stem (pea only) and finally leaves could be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Detzlhofer
- Institute of Analytical and General Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
| | - Christian Grechhamer
- Institute of Analytical and General Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
| | - Lawrence Madikizela
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Florida Science Campus, Roodepoort, 1710, South Africa
| | - Markus Himmelsbach
- Institute of Analytical and General Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
| | - Franz Mlynek
- Institute of Analytical and General Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Buchberger
- Institute of Analytical and General Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
| | - Christian W Klampfl
- Institute of Analytical and General Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040, Linz, Austria.
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3
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Zellner L, Schiefer T, Himmelsbach M, Mlynek F, Klampfl CW. Uptake and metabolization of four sartan drugs by eight different plants: Targeted and untargeted analyses by HPLC-drift-tube-ion-mobility quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Electrophoresis 2023. [PMID: 37946621 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202300134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the uptake and metabolization of four drugs (plus the associated prodrugs) from the sartan family by eight edible plants. Growing the plants hydroponically in a medium containing the respective drug, more than 40 phases I and II metabolites derived from the four sartan drugs could be tentatively identified. To demonstrate the suitability of the proposed analytical approach for actual environmental samples, garden cress (Lepidium sativum) selected as a model plant was grown in water drawn from the effluent of two local wastewater treatment plants. Thereby, three of the sartans, namely, olmesartan, candesartan, and valsartan, could be found in the plant extracts at concentrations of 3.1, 10.4, and 14.4 ng g-1 , respectively. Additionally, for candesartan and valsartan, a glycosylated transformation product could be detected. In order to extend the present (targeted) workflow also toward the analysis of unknown transformation products (i.e., those not listed in the custom-made database used for this research), a nontargeted approach for the analysis of plant extracts with respect to the presence of drug-related metabolites was developed. Comparison of the targeted and the nontargeted workflows led to the finding of two additional, so far unidentified, transformation products originating from azilsartan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Zellner
- Institute of Analytical and General Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
| | - Thomas Schiefer
- Institute of Analytical and General Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
| | - Markus Himmelsbach
- Institute of Analytical and General Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
| | - Franz Mlynek
- Institute of Analytical and General Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
| | - Christian W Klampfl
- Institute of Analytical and General Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
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Denora M, Candido V, Brunetti G, De Mastro F, Murgolo S, De Ceglie C, Salerno C, Gatta G, Giuliani MM, Mehmeti A, Bartholomeus RP, Perniola M. Uptake and accumulation of emerging contaminants in processing tomato irrigated with tertiary treated wastewater effluent: a pilot-scale study. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1238163. [PMID: 37692419 PMCID: PMC10484752 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1238163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
The reuse of treated wastewater for crop irrigation is vital in water-scarce semi-arid regions. However, concerns arise regarding emerging contaminants (ECs) that persist in treated wastewater and may accumulate in irrigated crops, potentially entering the food chain and the environment. This pilot-scale study conducted in southern Italy focused on tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum L. cv Taylor F1) irrigated with treated wastewater to investigate EC uptake, accumulation, and translocation processes. The experiment spanned from June to September 2021 and involved three irrigation strategies: conventional water (FW), treated wastewater spiked with 10 target contaminants at the European average dose (TWWx1), and tertiary WWTP effluent spiked with the target contaminants at a triple dose (TWWx3). The results showed distinct behavior and distribution of ECs between the TWWx1 and TWWx3 strategies. In the TWWx3 strategy, clarithromycin, carbamazepine, metoprolol, fluconazole, and climbazole exhibited interactions with the soil-plant system, with varying degradation rates, soil accumulation rates, and plant accumulation rates. In contrast, naproxen, ketoprofen, diclofenac, sulfamethoxazole, and trimethoprim showed degradation. These findings imply that some ECs may be actively taken up by plants, potentially introducing them into the food chain and raising concerns for humans and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Denora
- Department of European and Mediterranean Cultures, University of Basilicata, Via Lanera, Matera, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Candido
- Department of European and Mediterranean Cultures, University of Basilicata, Via Lanera, Matera, Italy
| | - Gennaro Brunetti
- Department of Soil, Plant, and Food Science, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco De Mastro
- Department of Soil, Plant, and Food Science, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Sapia Murgolo
- Water Research Institute (IRSA), National Research Council (CNR), Bari, Italy
| | - Cristina De Ceglie
- Water Research Institute (IRSA), National Research Council (CNR), Bari, Italy
| | - Carlo Salerno
- Water Research Institute (IRSA), National Research Council (CNR), Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Gatta
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Food, Natural Resources and Engineering (DAFNE), University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Marcella Michela Giuliani
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Food, Natural Resources and Engineering (DAFNE), University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Andi Mehmeti
- Department of European and Mediterranean Cultures, University of Basilicata, Via Lanera, Matera, Italy
- Mediterranean Agronomic Insitute of Bari (CIHEAM Bari), Valenzano, Italy
| | - Ruud P. Bartholomeus
- KWR Water Research Institute, Nieuwegein, Netherlands
- Soil Physics and Land Management, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Michele Perniola
- Department of European and Mediterranean Cultures, University of Basilicata, Via Lanera, Matera, Italy
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Kovačič A, Andreasidou E, Brus A, Vehar A, Potočnik D, Hudobivnik MJ, Heath D, Pintar M, Maršič NK, Ogrinc N, Blaznik U, Heath E. Contaminant uptake in wastewater irrigated tomatoes. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 448:130964. [PMID: 36860048 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.130964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
As population growth and climate change add to the problem of water scarcity in many regions, the argument for using treated wastewater for irrigation is becoming increasingly compelling, which makes understanding the risks associated with the uptake of harmful chemicals by crops crucial. In this study, the uptake of 14 chemicals of emerging concern (CECs) and 27 potentially toxic elements (PTEs) was studied in tomatoes grown in soil-less (hydroponically) and soil (lysimeters) media irrigated with potable and treated wastewater using LC-MS/MS and ICP-MS. Bisphenol S, 2,4 bisphenol F, and naproxen were detected in fruits irrigated with spiked potable water and wastewater under both conditions, with BPS having the highest concentration (0.034-0.134 µg kg-1 f. w.). The levels of all three compounds were statistically more significant in tomatoes grown hydroponically (<LOQ - 0.137 µg kg-1 f. w.) than in soil (<LOQ - 0.083 µg kg-1 f. w.). Their elemental composition shows differences between tomatoes grown hydroponically or in soil and tomatoes irrigated with wastewater and potable water. Contaminants at determined levels showed low dietary chronic exposure. When the health-based guidance values for the studied CECs are determined, results from this study will be helpful for risk assessors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Kovačič
- Department of Environmental science, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia; International Postgraduate School Jožef Stefan, Jamova cesta 39, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Eirini Andreasidou
- Department of Environmental science, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia; International Postgraduate School Jožef Stefan, Jamova cesta 39, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Anže Brus
- Department of Environmental science, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Anja Vehar
- Department of Environmental science, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia; International Postgraduate School Jožef Stefan, Jamova cesta 39, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Doris Potočnik
- Department of Environmental science, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Marta Jagodic Hudobivnik
- Department of Environmental science, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - David Heath
- Department of Environmental science, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Marina Pintar
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, Ljubljaan 1000, Slovenia
| | - Nina Kacjan Maršič
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, Ljubljaan 1000, Slovenia
| | - Nives Ogrinc
- Department of Environmental science, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia; International Postgraduate School Jožef Stefan, Jamova cesta 39, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Urška Blaznik
- Environmental Health Centre, National Institute of Public Health, Trubarjeva 2, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Ester Heath
- Department of Environmental science, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia; International Postgraduate School Jožef Stefan, Jamova cesta 39, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia.
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Bilbao A, Gibbons BC, Stow SM, Kyle JE, Bloodsworth KJ, Payne SH, Smith RD, Ibrahim YM, Baker ES, Fjeldsted JC. A Preprocessing Tool for Enhanced Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry-Based Omics Workflows. J Proteome Res 2022; 21:798-807. [PMID: 34382401 PMCID: PMC8837709 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.1c00425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The ability to improve the data quality of ion mobility-mass spectrometry (IM-MS) measurements is of great importance for enabling modular and efficient computational workflows and gaining better qualitative and quantitative insights from complex biological and environmental samples. We developed the PNNL PreProcessor, a standalone and user-friendly software housing various algorithmic implementations to generate new MS-files with enhanced signal quality and in the same instrument format. Different experimental approaches are supported for IM-MS based on Drift-Tube (DT) and Structures for Lossless Ion Manipulations (SLIM), including liquid chromatography (LC) and infusion analyses. The algorithms extend the dynamic range of the detection system, while reducing file sizes for faster and memory-efficient downstream processing. Specifically, multidimensional smoothing improves peak shapes of poorly defined low-abundance signals, and saturation repair reconstructs the intensity profile of high-abundance peaks from various analyte types. Other functionalities are data compression and interpolation, IM demultiplexing, noise filtering by low intensity threshold and spike removal, and exporting of acquisition metadata. Several advantages of the tool are illustrated, including an increase of 19.4% in lipid annotations and a two-times faster processing of LC-DT IM-MS data-independent acquisition spectra from a complex lipid extract of a standard human plasma sample. The software is freely available at https://omics.pnl.gov/software/pnnl-preprocessor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aivett Bilbao
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Bryson C Gibbons
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Sarah M Stow
- Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, California 95051, United States
| | - Jennifer E Kyle
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Kent J Bloodsworth
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Samuel H Payne
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Richard D Smith
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Yehia M Ibrahim
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Erin S Baker
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - John C Fjeldsted
- Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, California 95051, United States
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Madikizela LM, Botha TL, Kamika I, Msagati TAM. Uptake, Occurrence, and Effects of Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs and Analgesics in Plants and Edible Crops. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:34-45. [PMID: 34967604 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c06499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The plant uptake of pharmaceuticals that include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and analgesics from contaminated environment has benefits and drawbacks. These pharmaceuticals enter plants mostly through irrigation with contaminated water and application of sewage sludge as soil fertilizer. Aquatic plants withdraw these pharmaceuticals from water through their roots. Numerous studies have observed the translocation of these pharmaceuticals from the roots into the aerial tissues. Furthermore, the occurrence of the metabolites of NSAIDs in plants has been observed. This article provides an in-depth critical review of the plant uptake of NSAIDs and analgesics, their translocation, and toxic effects on plant species. In addition, the occurrence of metabolites of NSAIDs in plants and the application of constructed wetlands using plants for remediation are reviewed. Factors that affect the plant uptake and translocation of these pharmaceuticals are examined. Gaps and future research are provided to guide forthcoming investigations on important aspects that worth explorations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Mzukisi Madikizela
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Florida Science Campus, Roodepoort 1710, South Africa
| | - Tarryn Lee Botha
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Florida Science Campus, Roodepoort 1710, South Africa
| | - Ilunga Kamika
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Florida Science Campus, Roodepoort 1710, South Africa
| | - Titus Alfred M Msagati
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Florida Science Campus, Roodepoort 1710, South Africa
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Lang T, Himmelsbach M, Mlynek F, Buchberger W, Klampfl CW. Uptake and bio-transformation of telmisartan by cress (Lepidium sativum) from sewage treatment plant effluents using high-performance liquid chromatography/drift-tube ion-mobility quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:50790-50798. [PMID: 33973117 PMCID: PMC8445863 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14289-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the uptake and metabolization of the sartan drug telmisartan by a series of plants was investigated. Thereby for seven potential metabolites, modifications on the telmisartan molecule such as hydroxylation and/or glycosylation could be tentatively identified. For two additional signals detected at accurate masses m/z 777.3107 and m/z 793.3096, no suggestions for molecular formulas could be made. Further investigations employing garden cress (Lepidium sativum) as a model plant were conducted. This was done in order to develop an analytical method allowing the detection of these substances also under environmentally relevant conditions. For this reason, the knowledge achieved from treatment of the plants with rather high concentrations of the parent drug (10 mg L-1) was compared with results obtained when using solutions containing telmisartan in the μg - ng L-1 range. Thereby the parent drug and up to three tentative drug-related metabolites could still be detected. Finally cress was cultivated in water taken from a local waste water treatment plant effluent containing 90 ng L-1 of telmisartan and harvested and the cress roots were extracted. In this extract, next to the parent drug one major metabolite, namely telmisartan-glucose could be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Lang
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
| | - Markus Himmelsbach
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
| | - Franz Mlynek
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Buchberger
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
| | - Christian W Klampfl
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040, Linz, Austria.
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Labad F, Montemurro N, Berisha S, Thomaidis NS, Pérez S. One-step extraction and analysis of 45 contaminants of emerging concern using QuEChERS methodology and HR-MS in radish leaves and roots. MethodsX 2021; 8:101308. [PMID: 34434828 PMCID: PMC8374258 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2021.101308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The scarcity of freshwater has led to a considerable increase of the reuse of reclaimed wastewater for irrigation of field crops [1,2]. This practice potentially exposes agricultural produce to a large variety of xenobiotic compounds including contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) which have been widely recognized to be present in wastewater [3]. Common approaches for the extraction of CECs from crops rely on solid-liquid extraction [4], assisted solvent extraction [5], ultra-sound solvent extraction [6] and recently QuEChERS (QUick, Easy, CHeap, Effective, Rugged and Safe) [[7], [8]–9]. Here, eight QuEChERS-based methodologies were compared for their suitability to determine 45 CECs in roots and leaves of soil-grown radish. The key points of the method development were:The development of two single-step analytical methods specific for radish root and leaves, after testing eight different approaches using QuEChERS extraction for the quantitation of 45 CECs. The analytical methodology selected requires minimal time and solvent, making it cost-effective. Methods validation were performed at five concentrations levels (2, 5, 10, 50 and 200 ng g−1), with low limits of quantification between 0.01 and 0.32 ng g−1. The two optimized methodologies may be applied to identify large number of compounds of different families in radish crop. However, validation will be needed to quantify compounds different from the target compounds of this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Labad
- ENFOCHEM Deptartment of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - N Montemurro
- ENFOCHEM Deptartment of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - S Berisha
- Deptartment of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou 157 84, Greece
| | - N S Thomaidis
- Deptartment of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou 157 84, Greece
| | - S Pérez
- ENFOCHEM Deptartment of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26 08034, Barcelona, Spain
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Kuczyńska J, Nieradko-Iwanicka B. Future prospects of ketoprofen in improving the safety of the gastric mucosa. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 139:111608. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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