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Cageling R, Carillo S, Boumeester AJ, Lubbers-Geuijen K, Bones J, Jooß K, Somsen GW. Microfluidic capillary electrophoresis - mass spectrometry for rapid charge-variant and glycoform assessment of monoclonal antibody biosimilar candidates. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2024; 248:116301. [PMID: 38901155 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2024.116301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Early-stage cell line screening is a vital step in developing biosimilars of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). While the quality of the manufactured antibodies is commonly assessed by charge-based separation methods employing UV absorbance detection, these methods lack the ability to identify resolved mAb variants. We evaluated the performance of microfluidic capillary electrophoresis coupled to mass spectrometry (MCE-MS) as a rapid tool for profiling mAb biosimilar candidates from clonal cell lines. A representative originator sample was used to develop the MCE-MS method. The addition of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) to the background electrolyte yielded up to 60-fold enhancement of the protein MS signal. The resulting electropherograms consistently provided resolution of mAb charge variants within 10 min. Deconvoluted mass spectra facilitated the identification of basic variants such as C-terminal lysine and proline amidation, while the acidic variants could be assigned to deamidated forms. The MCE-MS method also allowed the identification of 18 different glycoforms in biosimilar samples. To mimic early-stage cell line selection, samples from five clonal cell lines that all expressed the same biosimilar candidate mAb were compared to their originator mAb. Based on the similarity observed in charge variants and glycoform profiles acquired by MCE-MS, the most promising candidate could be selected. The MCE-MS method demonstrated good overall reproducibility, as confirmed by a transferability study involving two separate laboratories. This study highlights the efficacy of the MCE-MS method for rapid proteoform screening of clonal cell line samples, underscoring its potential significance as an analytical tool in biosimilar process development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Cageling
- Analytical Development, Polpharma Biologics, Yalelaan 46, Utrecht, 3584 CM, the Netherlands; Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1085, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, the Netherlands; Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sara Carillo
- National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Fosters Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, A94 X099, Ireland
| | - Anja J Boumeester
- Analytical Development, Polpharma Biologics, Yalelaan 46, Utrecht, 3584 CM, the Netherlands
| | - Karin Lubbers-Geuijen
- Analytical Development, Polpharma Biologics, Yalelaan 46, Utrecht, 3584 CM, the Netherlands
| | - Jonathan Bones
- National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Fosters Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, A94 X099, Ireland; School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - Kevin Jooß
- Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1085, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, the Netherlands; Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Govert W Somsen
- Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1085, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, the Netherlands; Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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2
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Kašička V. Recent developments in capillary and microchip electroseparations of peptides (2021-mid-2023). Electrophoresis 2024; 45:165-198. [PMID: 37670208 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202300152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
This review article brings a comprehensive survey of developments and applications of high-performance capillary and microchip electromigration methods (zone electrophoresis in a free solution or in sieving media, isotachophoresis, isoelectric focusing, affinity electrophoresis, electrokinetic chromatography, and electrochromatography) for analysis, micropreparation, and physicochemical characterization of peptides in the period from 2021 up to ca. the middle of 2023. Progress in the study of electromigration properties of peptides and various aspects of their analysis, such as sample preparation, adsorption suppression, electroosmotic flow regulation, and detection, are presented. New developments in the particular capillary electromigration methods are demonstrated, and several types of their applications are reported. They cover qualitative and quantitative analysis of synthetic or isolated peptides and determination of peptides in complex biomatrices, peptide profiling of biofluids and tissues, and monitoring of chemical and enzymatic reactions and physicochemical changes of peptides. They include also amino acid and sequence analysis of peptides, peptide mapping of proteins, separation of stereoisomers of peptides, and their chiral analyses. In addition, micropreparative separations and physicochemical characterization of peptides and their interactions with other (bio)molecules by the above CE methods are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Václav Kašička
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
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3
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Gebretsadik H, Kahsay G, Adams E, Van Schepdael A. A comprehensive review of capillary electrophoresis-based techniques for erythropoietin isoforms analysis. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1708:464331. [PMID: 37660565 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Different CE techniques have been used to analyze erythropoietin. These techniques have been shown to be effective in differentiating and quantifying erythropoietin isoforms, including natural and recombinant origins. This review provides a comprehensive overview of various capillary electrophoresis-based techniques used for the analysis of erythropoietin isoforms. The importance of erythropoietin in clinical practice and the necessity for the accurate analysis of its isoforms are first discussed. Various techniques that have been used for erythropoietin isoform analysis are then described. The main body of the review focuses on the different capillary electrophoresis-based methods that have been developed for erythropoietin isoform analysis, including capillary zone electrophoresis and capillary isoelectric focusing. The advantages and drawbacks of each method as well as their applications are discussed. Suggestions into the future directions of the area are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailekiros Gebretsadik
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Herestraat 49, O&N2, PB 923, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Getu Kahsay
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Herestraat 49, O&N2, PB 923, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Erwin Adams
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Herestraat 49, O&N2, PB 923, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ann Van Schepdael
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Herestraat 49, O&N2, PB 923, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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4
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Krebs F, Zagst H, Stein M, Ratih R, Minkner R, Olabi M, Hartung S, Scheller C, Lapizco-Encinas BH, Sänger-van de Griend C, García CD, Wätzig H. Strategies for capillary electrophoresis: Method development and validation for pharmaceutical and biological applications-Updated and completely revised edition. Electrophoresis 2023; 44:1279-1341. [PMID: 37537327 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202300158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
This review is in support of the development of selective, precise, fast, and validated capillary electrophoresis (CE) methods. It follows up a similar article from 1998, Wätzig H, Degenhardt M, Kunkel A. "Strategies for capillary electrophoresis: method development and validation for pharmaceutical and biological applications," pointing out which fundamentals are still valid and at the same time showing the enormous achievements in the last 25 years. The structures of both reviews are widely similar, in order to facilitate their simultaneous use. Focusing on pharmaceutical and biological applications, the successful use of CE is now demonstrated by more than 600 carefully selected references. Many of those are recent reviews; therefore, a significant overview about the field is provided. There are extra sections about sample pretreatment related to CE and microchip CE, and a completely revised section about method development for protein analytes and biomolecules in general. The general strategies for method development are summed up with regard to selectivity, efficiency, precision, analysis time, limit of detection, sample pretreatment requirements, and validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Finja Krebs
- Institute, of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Holger Zagst
- Institute, of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Matthias Stein
- Institute, of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Ratih Ratih
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Surabaya, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Robert Minkner
- Institute, of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Mais Olabi
- Institute, of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Sophie Hartung
- Institute, of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Christin Scheller
- Institute, of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Blanca H Lapizco-Encinas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Kate Gleason College of Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Cari Sänger-van de Griend
- Kantisto BV, Baarn, The Netherlands
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala Universitet, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Carlos D García
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - Hermann Wätzig
- Institute, of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
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Wu G, Yu C, Wang W, Du J, Fu Z, Xu G, Li M, Wang L. Mass Spectrometry-Based Charge Heterogeneity Characterization of Therapeutic mAbs with Imaged Capillary Isoelectric Focusing and Ion-Exchange Chromatography as Separation Techniques. Anal Chem 2023; 95:2548-2560. [PMID: 36656605 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c05071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Imaged capillary isoelectric focusing (icIEF) and ion-exchange chromatography (IEX) are two essential techniques that are routinely used for charge variant analysis of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) during their development and in quality control. These two techniques that separate mAb charge variants based on different mechanisms and IEX have been developed as front-end separation techniques for online mass spectrometry (MS) detection, which is robust for intact protein identification. Recently, an innovative, coupled icIEF-MS technology has been constructed for protein charge variant analysis in our laboratory. In this study, icIEF-MS developed and strong cation exchange (SCX)-MS were optimized for charge heterogeneity characterization of a diverse of mAbs and their results were compared based on methodological validation. It was found that icIEF-MS outperformed SCX-MS in this study by demonstrating outstanding sensitivity, low carryover effect, accurate protein identification, and higher separation resolution although SCX-MS contributed to higher analysis throughput. Ultimately, integrating our novel icIEF-HRMS analysis with the more common SCX-MS can provide a promising and comprehensive strategy for accelerating the development of complex protein therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Daxing District, Beijing 102629, China
| | - Chuanfei Yu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Daxing District, Beijing 102629, China
| | - Wenbo Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Daxing District, Beijing 102629, China
| | - Jialiang Du
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Daxing District, Beijing 102629, China
| | - Zhihao Fu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Daxing District, Beijing 102629, China
| | - Gangling Xu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Daxing District, Beijing 102629, China
| | - Meng Li
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Daxing District, Beijing 102629, China
| | - Lan Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Daxing District, Beijing 102629, China
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Kwok T, Chan SL, Zhou M, Schaefer A, Bo T, Huang T, Li V, Chen T. High‐efficient characterization of complex protein drugs by imaged capillary isoelectric focusing with high‐resolution ampholytes. SEPARATION SCIENCE PLUS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/sscp.202200142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Kwok
- Advanced Electrophoresis Solution Ltd Cambridge Canada
| | - She Lin Chan
- Advanced Electrophoresis Solution Ltd Cambridge Canada
| | - Mike Zhou
- Advanced Electrophoresis Solution Ltd Cambridge Canada
| | - Anna Schaefer
- Advanced Electrophoresis Solution Ltd Cambridge Canada
| | - Tao Bo
- Advanced Electrophoresis Solution Ltd Cambridge Canada
| | - Tiemin Huang
- Advanced Electrophoresis Solution Ltd Cambridge Canada
| | - Victor Li
- Advanced Electrophoresis Solution Ltd Cambridge Canada
| | - Tong Chen
- Advanced Electrophoresis Solution Ltd Cambridge Canada
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