1
|
Štěpánová S, Kašička V. Determination of physicochemical parameters of (bio)molecules and (bio)particles by capillary electromigration methods. J Sep Sci 2024; 47:e2400174. [PMID: 38867483 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202400174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
The review provides an overview of recent developments and applications of capillary electromigration (CE) methods for the determination of important physicochemical parameters of various (bio)molecules and (bio)particles. These parameters include actual and limiting (absolute) ionic mobilities, effective electrophoretic mobilities, effective charges, isoelectric points, electrokinetic potentials, hydrodynamic radii, diffusion coefficients, relative molecular masses, acidity (ionization) constants, binding constants and stoichiometry of (bio)molecular complexes, changes of Gibbs free energy, enthalpy and entropy and rate constants of chemical reactions and interactions, retention factors and partition and distribution coefficients. For the determination of these parameters, the following CE methods are employed: zone electrophoresis in a free solution or in sieving media, isotachophoresis, isoelectric focusing, affinity electrophoresis, electrokinetic chromatography, and electrochromatography. In the individual sections, the procedures for the determination of the above parameters by the particular CE methods are described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sille Štěpánová
- Electromigration methods, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Václav Kašička
- Electromigration methods, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bílek J, Koval D, Šolínová V, Talele HL, Severa L, Gutiérrez PER, Teplý F, Kašička V. Determination of the binding constants and ionic mobilities of diquat complexes with randomly sulfated cyclodextrins by affinity capillary electrophoresis. J Sep Sci 2024; 47:e2400286. [PMID: 38863086 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202400286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
The enantiomers of diquats (DQs), a new class of functional organic molecules, were recently separated by capillary electrophoresis (CE) with high resolution up to 11.4 within 5-7 min using randomly sulfated α-, β-, and γ-cyclodextrins (CDs) as chiral selectors. These results indicated strong interactions between dicationic diquats and multiply negatively charged sulfated CDs (S-CDs). However, the binding strength of these interactions was not quantified. For that reason, in this study, affinity CE was applied for the determination of the binding constants and ionic mobilities of the complexes of DQ P- and M-enantiomers with CD chiral selectors in an aqueous medium. The non-covalent interactions of 10 pairs of DQ enantiomers with the above CDs were investigated in a background electrolyte (BGE) composed of 22 mM NaOH, 35 mM H3PO4, pH 2.5, and 0.0-1.0 mM concentrations of CDs. The average apparent binding constant and the average actual ionic mobility of the DQ-CD complexes were determined by nonlinear regression analysis of the dependence of the effective mobility of DQ enantiomers on the concentration of CDs in the BGE. The complexes were found to be relatively strong with the averaged apparent binding constants in the range 13 600-547 400 L/mol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Bílek
- Electromigration Methods, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 6, Czechia
| | - Dušan Koval
- Electromigration Methods, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 6, Czechia
| | - Veronika Šolínová
- Electromigration Methods, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 6, Czechia
| | - Harish L Talele
- Electromigration Methods, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 6, Czechia
| | - Lukáš Severa
- Electromigration Methods, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 6, Czechia
| | - Paul E Reyes Gutiérrez
- Electromigration Methods, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 6, Czechia
| | - Filip Teplý
- Electromigration Methods, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 6, Czechia
| | - Václav Kašička
- Electromigration Methods, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 6, Czechia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Witzel MT, Veltri LM, Kostelic M, Elshamy YS, Lucas JA, Lai S, Du C, Wysocki VH, Holland LA. Protein analysis using capillary electrophoresis coupled to mass spectrometry through vibrating sharp-edge spray ionization. Electrophoresis 2024. [PMID: 38577828 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202300298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis (CE) interfaced to mass spectrometry (MS) with electrospray ionization typically incorporates acidic additives or organic solvents to assist in ionization. Vibrating sharp-edge spray ionization (VSSI) is a voltage-free method to interface CE and MS that does not require these additives, making it appealing for protein analyses. CE-VSSI nanoflow sheath separations are performed with low ionic strength aqueous solutions in the sheath to reduce suppression. Serine is also included in the sheath to reduce analyte adduction. Proteins are detected in the 2.5-10 µM range, corresponding to an injected mass range of 0.1-1.2 ng. The anionic proteins β-lactoglobulin and transferrin are resolved using an unmodified fused silica capillary because they do not exhibit nonspecific surface adsorption. Conversely, separations of cationic proteins cytochrome c, ribonuclease A, and α-chymotrypsinogen A in an unmodified capillary require acidic background electrolytes to overcome adsorption. Alternatively, a semipermanent coating comprised self-assembled lipids overcomes surface adsorption at a neutral pH. Separations with zwitterionic and hybrid cationic coatings are complete within 15 or 6 min, respectively. The dimeric form of triosephosphate isomerase was observed at a 60 µM, corresponding to a mass of 19 ng, by dropping the temperature of the MS inlet.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Makenzie T Witzel
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Lindsay M Veltri
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Marius Kostelic
- Resource for Native Mass Spectrometry Guided Structural Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Yousef S Elshamy
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - John A Lucas
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Stella Lai
- Resource for Native Mass Spectrometry Guided Structural Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Chen Du
- Resource for Native Mass Spectrometry Guided Structural Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Vicki H Wysocki
- Resource for Native Mass Spectrometry Guided Structural Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Lisa A Holland
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kašička V. Recent developments in capillary and microchip electroseparations of peptides (2021-mid-2023). Electrophoresis 2024; 45:165-198. [PMID: 37670208 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202300152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
This review article brings a comprehensive survey of developments and applications of high-performance capillary and microchip electromigration methods (zone electrophoresis in a free solution or in sieving media, isotachophoresis, isoelectric focusing, affinity electrophoresis, electrokinetic chromatography, and electrochromatography) for analysis, micropreparation, and physicochemical characterization of peptides in the period from 2021 up to ca. the middle of 2023. Progress in the study of electromigration properties of peptides and various aspects of their analysis, such as sample preparation, adsorption suppression, electroosmotic flow regulation, and detection, are presented. New developments in the particular capillary electromigration methods are demonstrated, and several types of their applications are reported. They cover qualitative and quantitative analysis of synthetic or isolated peptides and determination of peptides in complex biomatrices, peptide profiling of biofluids and tissues, and monitoring of chemical and enzymatic reactions and physicochemical changes of peptides. They include also amino acid and sequence analysis of peptides, peptide mapping of proteins, separation of stereoisomers of peptides, and their chiral analyses. In addition, micropreparative separations and physicochemical characterization of peptides and their interactions with other (bio)molecules by the above CE methods are described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Václav Kašička
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bržezická T, Mlčochová H, Glatz Z, Kohútová L. Contactless conductivity detector as a tool for improving universality and sensitivity of capillary electrophoresis-frontal analysis: Proof of concept. J Sep Sci 2024; 47:e2300667. [PMID: 38234025 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202300667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Drug binding to plasma proteins influences processes such as liberation, adsorption, disposition, metabolism, and elimination of drugs, which are thus one of the key steps of a new drug development. As a result, the characterization of drug-protein interactions is an essential part of these time- and money-consuming processes. It is important to determine not only the binding strength and the stoichiometry of interaction, but also the binding site of a drug on a protein molecule, because two drugs with the same binding site can mutually affect free drug concentration. Capillary electrophoresis-frontal analysis with mobility shift affinity capillary electrophoresis is one of the most used affinity capillary electrophoresis methods for the characterization of these interactions. In this study, a well-known sensitivity problem of most capillary electrophoresis-frontal analyses using ultraviolet detection is solved by its combination with contactless conductivity detection, which provided sixfold lower limits of quantitation and detection. Binding parameters of the human serum albumin-salicylic acid model affinity pair were evaluated by this newly developed approach and by the classical approach with ultraviolet detection primarily used for their mutual comparison. The results of both approaches agreed well and are also in agreement with literature data obtained using different techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taťána Bržezická
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Mlčochová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Glatz
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Kohútová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bržezická T, Glatz Z, Kohútová L. Sensitivity enhancement of capillary electrophoresis-frontal analysis-based method for characterization of drug-protein interactions using on-line sample preconcentration. J Sep Sci 2023; 46:e2300152. [PMID: 37386816 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202300152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis-frontal analysis is one of the most frequently used approaches for the study of plasma protein-drug interactions as a substantial part of new drug development. However, the capillary electrophoresis-frontal analysis typically combined with ultraviolet-visible detection suffers from insufficient concentration sensitivity, particularly for substances with limited solubility and low molar absorption coefficient. The sensitivity problem has been solved in this work by its combination with an on-line sample preconcentration. According to the knowledge of the authors this combination has never been used to characterize plasma protein-drug binding. It resulted in a fully automated and versatile methodology for the characterization of binding interactions. Further, the validated method minimalizes the experimental errors due to a reduction in the manipulation of samples. Moreover, employing an on-line preconcentration strategy with capillary electrophoresis-frontal analysis using human serum albumin-salicylic acid as a model system improves the drug concentration sensitivity 17-fold compared to the conventional method. The value of binding constant (1.51 ± 0.63) · 104 L/mol obtained by this new capillary electrophoresis-frontal analysis modification is in agreement with the value (1.13 ± 0.28) ·104 L/mol estimated by a conventional variant of capillary electrophoresis-frontal analysis without the preconcentration step, as well as with literature data obtained using different techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taťána Bržezická
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Glatz
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Kohútová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
He X, Zhang M, Wei F, Wang S. Affinity character analysis of magnolol and honokiol based on stepwise frontal analysis coupled with cell membrane chromatography. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2023; 1229:123903. [PMID: 37844406 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2023.123903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Magnolol and honokiol have been reported to exhibit anti-cancer activity. However, few studies are in relation to the interaction of magnolol/honokiol with vascular endothelial growth factor 2 (VEGFR2). In this study, a membrane chromatography method based on VEGFR2 was established for the interaction characteristic analysis between drug and receptor. The selectivity, repeatability and stability of the chromatographic model were evaluated using drugs acting on different receptors. The affinity between VEGFR2 and magnolol/honokiol was verified by cell membrane chromatography. The binding sites of magnolol/honokiol and VEGFR2 were analyzed by zonal elution. Especially, the dissociation equilibrium constants (Kd) of magnolol/honokiol and VEGFR2 were measured by zonal elution and stepwise frontal analysis respectively. In addition, the actions of magnolol/honokiol on VEGFR2 were analyzed by stepwise frontal analysis at different temperatures. The results showed that the binding sites of magnolol and honokiol on VEGFR2 were different from sorafenib, indicating that magnolol and honokiol could be used as competitive agents for self-competitive displacement experiment. The Kd values (order of magnitude) of magnolol/honokiol with VEGFR2 measured by stepwise frontal analysis were consistent with the zonal elution results. Honokiol binds VEGFR2 with higher affinity than magnolol. The main forces that stabilize the interactions of honokiol with VEGFR2 are hydrogen bonds and van der Waal's forces, and the main force of magnolol is electrostatic forces. These discoveries could assist in the prediction of drug activity and understanding for the underlying mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshuang He
- Health Science Center, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China; Department of Pharmacy, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Meihui Zhang
- Health Science Center, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Fen Wei
- Health Science Center, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China.
| | - Sicen Wang
- Health Science Center, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China.
| |
Collapse
|