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Kumar DR, Banaś A, Krukiewicz K. Challenges and Advances in Biomarker Detection for Rapid and Accurate Sepsis Diagnosis: An Electrochemical Approach. BIOSENSORS 2024; 14:309. [PMID: 38920613 PMCID: PMC11202072 DOI: 10.3390/bios14060309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 06/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Sepsis is a life-threatening condition with high mortality rates due to delayed treatment of patients. The conventional methodology for blood diagnosis takes several hours, which suspends treatment, limits early drug administration, and affects the patient's recovery. Thus, rapid, accurate, bedside (onsite), economical, and reliable sepsis biomarker reading of the clinical sample is an emergent need for patient lifesaving. Electrochemical label-free biosensors are specific and rapid devices that are able to perform analysis at the patient's bedside; thus, they are considered an attractive methodology in a clinical setting. To reveal their full diagnostic potential, electrode architecture strategies of fabrication are highly desirable, particularly those able to preserve specific antibody-antigen attraction, restrict non-specific adsorption, and exhibit high sensitivity with a low detection limit for a target biomarker. The aim of this review is to provide state-of-the-art methodologies allowing the fabrication of ultrasensitive and highly selective electrochemical sensors for sepsis biomarkers. This review focuses on different methods of label-free biomarker sensors and discusses their advantages and disadvantages. Then, it highlights effective ways of avoiding false results and the role of molecular labels and functionalization. Recent literature on electrode materials and antibody grafting strategies is discussed, and the most efficient methodology for overcoming the non-specific attraction issues is listed. Finally, we discuss the existing electrode architecture for specific biomarker readers and promising tactics for achieving quick and low detection limits for sepsis biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deivasigamani Ranjith Kumar
- Centre for Organic and Nanohybrid Electronics, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 22B, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland;
| | - Angelika Banaś
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Silesian University of Technology, M. Strzody 9, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Krukiewicz
- Centre for Organic and Nanohybrid Electronics, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 22B, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland;
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Silesian University of Technology, M. Strzody 9, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland;
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Toyos-Rodríguez C, Valero-Calvo D, Iglesias-Mayor A, de la Escosura-Muñiz A. Effect of nanoporous membranes thickness in electrochemical biosensing performance: application for the detection of a wound infection biomarker. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1310084. [PMID: 38464543 PMCID: PMC10921427 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1310084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Nanoporous alumina membranes present a honeycomb-like structure characterized by two main parameters involved in their performance in electrochemical immunosening: pore diameter and pore thickness. Although this first one has been deeply studied, the effect of pore thickness in electrochemical-based nanopore immunosensors has been less taken into consideration. Methods: In this work, the influence of the thickness of nanoporous membranes in the steric blockage is studied for the first time, through the formation of an immunocomplex in their inner walls. Finally, the optimal nanoporous membranes were applied to the detection of catalase, an enzyme related with chronic wound infection and healing. Results: Nanoporous alumina membranes with a fixed pore diameter (60 nm) and variable pore thicknesses (40, 60, 100 μm) have been constructed and evaluated as immunosensing platform for protein detection. Our results show that membranes with a thickness of 40 μm provide a higher sensitivity and lower limit-of-detection (LOD) compared to thicker membranes. This performance is even improved when compared to commercial membranes (with 20 nm pore diameter and 60 μm pore thickness), when applied for human IgG as model analyte. A label-free immunosensor using a monoclonal antibody against anti-catalase was also constructed, allowing the detection of catalase in the range of 50-500 ng/mL and with a LOD of 1.5 ng/mL. The viability of the constructed sensor in real samples was also tested by spiking artificial wound infection solutions, providing recovery values of 110% and 118%. Discussion: The results obtained in this work evidence the key relevance of the nanochannel thickness in the biosensing performance. Such findings will illuminate nanoporous membrane biosensing research, considering thickness as a relevant parameter in electrochemical-based nanoporous membrane sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Toyos-Rodríguez
- NanoBioAnalysis Group, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- Biotechnology Institute of Asturias, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - D. Valero-Calvo
- NanoBioAnalysis Group, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- Biotechnology Institute of Asturias, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - A. Iglesias-Mayor
- NanoBioAnalysis Group, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- Biotechnology Institute of Asturias, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - A. de la Escosura-Muñiz
- NanoBioAnalysis Group, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- Biotechnology Institute of Asturias, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
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Varol HS, Herberger T, Kirsch M, Mikolei J, Veith L, Kannan-Sampathkumar V, Brand RD, Synatschke CV, Weil T, Andrieu-Brunsen A. Electropolymerization of Polydopamine at Electrode-Supported Insulating Mesoporous Films. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2023; 35:9192-9207. [PMID: 38027541 PMCID: PMC10653081 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.3c01890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Bioinspired, stimuli-responsive, polymer-functionalized mesoporous films are promising platforms for precisely regulating nanopore transport toward applications in water management, iontronics, catalysis, sensing, drug delivery, or energy conversion. Nanopore technologies still require new, facile, and effective nanopore functionalization with multi- and stimuli-responsive polymers to reach these complicated application targets. In recent years, zwitterionic and multifunctional polydopamine (PDA) films deposited on planar surfaces by electropolymerization have helped surfaces respond to various external stimuli such as light, temperature, moisture, and pH. However, PDA has not been used to functionalize nanoporous films, where the PDA-coating could locally regulate the ionic nanopore transport. This study investigates the electropolymerization of homogeneous thin PDA films to functionalize nanopores of mesoporous silica films. We investigate the effect of different mesoporous film structures and the number of electropolymerization cycles on the presence of PDA at mesopores and mesoporous film surfaces. Our spectroscopic, microscopic, and electrochemical analysis reveals that the amount and location (pores and surface) of deposited PDA at mesoporous films is related to the combination of the number of electropolymerization cycles and the mesoporous film thickness and pore size. In view of the application of the proposed PDA-functionalized mesoporous films in areas requiring ion transport control, we studied the ion nanopore transport of the films by cyclic voltammetry. We realized that the amount of PDA in the nanopores helps to limit the overall ionic transport, while the pH-dependent transport mechanism of pristine silica films remains unchanged. It was found that (i) the pH-dependent deprotonation of PDA and silica walls and (ii) the insulation of the indium-tin oxide (ITO) surface by increasing the amount of PDA within the mesoporous silica film affect the ionic nanopore transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Samet Varol
- Ernst-Berl
Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
- Department
of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician″, Università degli Studi di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Tilmann Herberger
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Marius Kirsch
- Ernst-Berl
Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Joanna Mikolei
- Ernst-Berl
Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Lothar Veith
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Raoul D. Brand
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Justus-Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | | | - Tanja Weil
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Annette Andrieu-Brunsen
- Ernst-Berl
Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
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Majumdar P, Gao R, White HS. Electroprecipitation of Nanometer-Thick Films of Ln(OH) 3 [Ln = La, Ce, and Lu] at Pt Microelectrodes and Their Effect on Electron-Transfer Reactions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:8125-8134. [PMID: 35715230 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c01008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We report investigations of the deposition of nanometer-thick Ln(OH)3 films (Ln = La, Ce, and Lu) and their effect on outer-sphere and inner-sphere electron-transfer reactions. Insoluble Ln(OH)3 films are deposited from aqueous solutions of LaCl3 onto the surface of 12.5 μm radius Pt microdisk electrodes during water or oxygen reduction. Both reactions produce interfacial OH-, which complexes with Ln3+, resulting in the precipitation of Ln(OH)3. Surface analyses by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), SEM-energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy indicate the formation of a 1-2 nm thick uniform film. Outer-sphere electron-transfer reactions (Ru(NH3)63+ reduction, FcMeOH oxidation, and Fe(CN)64-/3- oxidation/reduction) were investigated at Ln(OH)3-modified electrodes of different film thicknesses. The results demonstrate that the steady-state transport-limited current for these reactions decreases with an increase in the film thickness. Moreover, the degree of blockage depends upon the redox species, suggesting that the Ln(OH)3 films are free from pinholes greater than the size of the redox molecules. This suggests that the films are either ionically conducting or that electron tunneling occurs across these thin layers. A similar blocking effect was observed for the inner-sphere reductions of H2O and O2. We further demonstrate that the thickness of La(OH)3 films can be controlled by anodic dissolution. Additionally, we show that La3+ lowers the supersaturation of dissolved H2 required to nucleate a stable nanobubble.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Majumdar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Rui Gao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Henry S White
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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