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Tweats D, Eastmond DA, Lynch AM, Elhajouji A, Froetschl R, Kirsch-Volders M, Marchetti F, Masumura K, Pacchierotti F, Schuler M. Role of aneuploidy in the carcinogenic process: Part 3 of the report of the 2017 IWGT workgroup on assessing the risk of aneugens for carcinogenesis and hereditary diseases. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2019; 847:403032. [PMID: 31699349 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Aneuploidy is regarded as a hallmark of cancer, however, its role is complex with both pro- and anti-carcinogenic effects evident. In this IWGT review, we consider the role of aneuploidy in cancer biology; cancer risk associated with constitutive aneuploidy; rodent carcinogenesis with known chemical aneugens; and chemotherapy-related malignant neoplasms. Aneuploidy is seen at various stages in carcinogenesis. However, the relationship between induced aneuploidy occurring after exposure and clonal aneuploidy present in tumours is not clear. Recent evidence indicates that the induction of chromosomal instability (CIN), may be more important than aneuploidy per se, in the carcinogenic process. Down Syndrome, trisomy 21, is associated with altered hematopoiesis in utero which, in combination with subsequent mutations, results in an increased risk for acute megakaryoblastic and lymphoblastic leukemias. In contrast, there is reduced cancer risk for most solid tumours in Down Syndrome. Mouse models with high levels of aneuploidy are also associated with increased cancer risk for particular tumours with long latencies, but paradoxically other types of tumour often show decreased incidence. The aneugens reviewed that induce cancer in humans and animals all possess other carcinogenic properties, such as mutagenicity, clastogenicity, cytotoxicity, organ toxicities, hormonal and epigenetic changes which likely account for, or interact with aneuploidy, to cause carcinogenesis. Although the role that aneuploidy plays in carcinogenesis has not been fully established, in many cases, it may not play a primary causative role. Tubulin-disrupting aneugens that do not possess other properties linked to carcinogenesis, were not carcinogenic in rodents. Similarly, in humans, for the tubulin-disrupting aneugens colchicine and albendazole, there is no reported association with increased cancer risk. There is a need for further mechanistic studies on agents that induce aneuploidy, particularly by mechanisms other than tubulin disruption and to determine the role of aneuploidy in pre-neoplastic events and in early and late stage neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Francesco Marchetti
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Kenichi Masumura
- Division of Genetics and Mutagenesis, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Francesca Pacchierotti
- Health Protection Technology Division, Laboratory of Biosafety and Risk Assessment, ENEA, CR Casaccia, Rome, Italy
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Cr(VI)‐induced genotoxicity and cell cycle arrest in human osteoblast cell line MG‐63. J Appl Toxicol 2019; 39:1057-1065. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Koriem KMM, Idris ZH, Haron HF, Omar NA, Lazain HS. Therapeutic effect of Arctium lappa in Schistosoma haematobium associated kidney disturbance: biochemical and molecular effects. J Parasit Dis 2016; 40:1246-1254. [PMID: 27876925 PMCID: PMC5118288 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-015-0662-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosoma haematobium (S. haematobium) infection has been found to be strongly associated with bladder cancer, which necessitates for discover of a natural new therapeutic agent. The aim of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic effect of Arctium lappa seed extract in S. haematobium associated kidney disturbance. Forty male albino mice were used and divided into four equal groups; group 1 control includes non-infected healthy mice, groups 2, 3 and 4 subcutaneous infected with S. haematobium cercariae. Groups 3 co-treated daily with oral dose of A. lappa seed extract (300 mg/kg, bwt) for 15 days in the same time of S. haematobium infection. Groups 4 post-treated daily for 15 days with oral dose of A. lappa seed extract (300 mg/kg, bwt) after 15 days of S. haematobium infection. The results obtained revealed that S. haematobium significantly decreased kidney weight and serum sodium, potassium and chloride, but increased urinary volume, urinary excretion of sodium, potassium and chloride, serum urea, creatinine and uric acid. Schistosoma haematobium also significantly decreased kidney superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and reduced glutathione levels while increased kidney lipid peroxidation level. Co- and post-treatment with A. lappa seed extract restore all the above parameters to approach the normal values. These results were supported with histopathological examinations. In conclusion, A. lappa seed extract has therapeutic effect in kidney disturbance caused by S. haematobium where co-treatment of A. lappa seed extract was more effective than post-treatment of the extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled M. M. Koriem
- Department of Medical Physiology, Medical Research Division, National Research Centre, El-Buhouth Street, Dokki, Giza, 12622 Egypt
- Integrative Medicine Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute (AMDI), Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), 13200 Penang, Malaysia
| | - Zulzamri H. Idris
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Hasniza F. Haron
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Nurulhuda A. Omar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Halita S. Lazain
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia
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Proctor DM, Suh M, Campleman SL, Thompson CM. Assessment of the mode of action for hexavalent chromium-induced lung cancer following inhalation exposures. Toxicology 2014; 325:160-79. [PMID: 25174529 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2014.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Inhalation of hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] is associated with increased lung cancer risk among workers in several industries, most notably chromate production workers exposed to high concentrations of Cr(VI) (≥100 μg/m(3)), for which clear exposure-response relationships and respiratory irritation and tissue damage have been reported. Data from this industry are used to assess lung cancer risk associated with environmental and current occupational exposures, occurring at concentrations that are significantly lower. There is considerable uncertainty in the low dose extrapolation of historical occupational epidemiology data to assess risk at current exposures because no published or well recognized mode of action (MOA) for Cr(VI)-induced lung tumors exists. We conducted a MOA analysis for Cr(VI)-induced lung cancer evaluating toxicokinetic and toxicological data in humans and rodents and mechanistic data to assess plausibility, dose-response, and temporal concordance for potential MOAs. Toxicokinetic data support that extracellular reduction of Cr(VI), which limits intracellular absorption of Cr(VI) and Cr(VI)-induced toxicity, can be overwhelmed at high exposure levels. In vivo genotoxicity and mutagenicity data are mostly negative and do not support a mutagenic MOA. Further, both chronic bioassays and the epidemiologic literature support that lung cancer occurs at exposures that cause tissue damage. Based on this MOA analysis, the overall weight of evidence supports a MOA involving deposition and accumulation of particulate chromium in the bifurcations of the lung resulting in exceedance of clearance mechanisms and cellular absorption of Cr(VI). Once inside the cell, reduction of Cr(VI) results in oxidative stress and the formation of Cr ligands. Subsequent protein and DNA damage lead to tissue irritation, inflammation, and cytotoxicity. These effects, concomitant with increased cell proliferation, result in changes to DNA sequences and/or methylation status that can lead to tumorigenesis. This MOA supports the use of non-linear approaches when extrapolating lung cancer risk occurring at high concentration occupational exposures to environmentally-relevant exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mina Suh
- ToxStrategies, Inc., Mission Viejo, CA 92692, United States.
| | - Sharan L Campleman
- University of California, Office of the President, Oakland, CA 94612, United States.
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Thompson CM, Proctor DM, Suh M, Haws LC, Kirman CR, Harris MA. Assessment of the mode of action underlying development of rodent small intestinal tumors following oral exposure to hexavalent chromium and relevance to humans. Crit Rev Toxicol 2013; 43:244-74. [PMID: 23445218 PMCID: PMC3604738 DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2013.768596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Revised: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Chronic exposure to high concentrations of hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) in drinking water causes intestinal adenomas and carcinomas in mice, but not in rats. Cr(VI) causes damage to intestinal villi and crypt hyperplasia in mice after only one week of exposure. After two years of exposure, intestinal damage and crypt hyperplasia are evident in mice (but not rats), as are intestinal tumors. Although Cr(VI) has genotoxic properties, these findings suggest that intestinal tumors in mice arise as a result of chronic mucosal injury. To better understand the mode of action (MOA) of Cr(VI) in the intestine, a 90-day drinking water study was conducted to collect histological, biochemical, toxicogenomic and pharmacokinetic data in intestinal tissues. Using MOA analyses and human relevance frameworks proposed by national and international regulatory agencies, the weight of evidence supports a cytotoxic MOA with the following key events: (a) absorption of Cr(VI) from the intestinal lumen, (b) toxicity to intestinal villi, (c) crypt regenerative hyperplasia and (d) clonal expansion of mutations within the crypt stem cells, resulting in late onset tumorigenesis. This article summarizes the data supporting each key event in the MOA, as well as data that argue against a mutagenic MOA for Cr(VI)-induced intestinal tumors.
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Chelidonium majus leaves methanol extract and its chelidonine alkaloid ingredient reduce cadmium-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. J Nat Med 2012; 67:159-67. [DOI: 10.1007/s11418-012-0667-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Herrera LA, Prada D, Andonegui MA, Dueñas-González A. The epigenetic origin of aneuploidy. Curr Genomics 2011; 9:43-50. [PMID: 19424483 PMCID: PMC2674307 DOI: 10.2174/138920208783884883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2008] [Revised: 02/26/2008] [Accepted: 02/26/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Theodore Boveri, eminent German pathologist, observed aneuploidy in cancer cells more than a century ago and suggested that cancer cells derived from a single progenitor cell that acquires the potential for uncontrolled continuous proliferation. Currently, it is well known that aneuploidy is observed in virtually all cancers. Gain and loss of chromosomal material in neoplastic cells is considered to be a process of diversification that leads to survival of the fittest clones. According to Darwin’s theory of evolution, the environment determines the grounds upon which selection takes place and the genetic characteristics necessary for better adaptation. This concept can be applied to the carcinogenesis process, connecting the ability of cancer cells to adapt to different environments and to resist chemotherapy, genomic instability being the driving force of tumor development and progression. What causes this genome instability? Mutations have been recognized for a long time as the major source of genome instability in cancer cells. Nevertheless, an alternative hypothesis suggests that aneuploidy is a primary cause of genome instability rather than solely a simple consequence of the malignant transformation process. Whether genome instability results from mutations or from aneuploidy is not a matter of discussion in this review. It is most likely both phenomena are intimately related; however, we will focus on the mechanisms involved in aneuploidy formation and more specifically on the epigenetic origin of aneuploid cells. Epigenetic inheritance is defined as cellular information—other than the DNA sequence itself—that is heritable during cell division. DNA methylation and histone modifications comprise two of the main epigenetic modifications that are important for many physiological and pathological conditions, including cancer. Aberrant DNA methylation is the most common molecular cancer-cell lesion, even more frequent than gene mutations; tumor suppressor gene silencing by CpG island promoter hypermethylation is perhaps the most frequent epigenetic modification in cancer cells. Epigenetic characteristics of cells may be modified by several factors including environmental exposure, certain nutrient deficiencies, radiation, etc. Some of these alterations have been correlated with the formation of aneuploid cells in vivo. A growing body of evidence suggests that aneuploidy is produced and caused by chromosomal instability. We propose and support in this manuscript that not only genetics but also epigenetics, contribute in a major fashion to aneuploid cell formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A Herrera
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer (UIBC)-Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan)-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (IIBM)-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
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Vincent-Hubert F, Arini A, Gourlay-Francé C. Early genotoxic effects in gill cells and haemocytes of Dreissena polymorpha exposed to cadmium, B[a]P and a combination of B[a]P and Cd. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2011; 723:26-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2011.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2010] [Accepted: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
Aneuploidy has recently been proposed as an initiating event for carcinogenesis. There is significant evidence that carcinogenic metals induce aneuploidy. Here we review the mechanisms for how carcinogenic metals may induce aneuploidy and the evidence that carcinogenic metals induce an aneugenic effect which can destabilize the genome leading to genomic instability and cancer.
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Pacchierotti F, Eichenlaub-Ritter U. Environmental Hazard in the Aetiology of Somatic and Germ Cell Aneuploidy. Cytogenet Genome Res 2011; 133:254-68. [DOI: 10.1159/000323284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Holmes AL, Wise SS, Pelsue SC, Aboueissa AM, Lingle W, Salisbury J, Gallagher J, Wise JP. Chronic exposure to zinc chromate induces centrosome amplification and spindle assembly checkpoint bypass in human lung fibroblasts. Chem Res Toxicol 2010; 23:386-95. [PMID: 20030412 DOI: 10.1021/tx900360w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) compounds are known human lung carcinogens. Solubility plays an important role in its carcinogenicity with the particulate or insoluble form being the most potent. Of the particulate Cr(VI) compounds, zinc chromate appears to be the most potent carcinogen; however, very few studies have investigated its carcinogenic mechanism. In this study, we investigated the ability of chronic exposure to zinc chromate to induce numerical chromosome instability. We found no increase in aneuploidy after a 24 h exposure to zinc chromate, but with more chronic exposures, zinc chromate induced concentration- and time-dependent increases in aneuploidy in the form of hypodiploidy, hyperdiploidy, and tetraploidy. Zinc chromate also induced centrosome amplification in a concentration- and time-dependent manner in both interphase and mitotic cells after chronic exposure, producing cells with centriolar defects. Furthermore, chronic exposure to zinc chromate induced concentration- and time-dependent increases in spindle assembly checkpoint bypass with increases in centromere spreading, premature centromere division, and premature anaphase. Last, we found that chronic exposure to zinc chromate induced a G2 arrest. All together, these data indicate that zinc chromate can induce chromosome instability after prolonged exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amie L Holmes
- Wise Laboratory of Environmental and Genetic Toxicology, Maine Center for Toxicology and Environmental Health, Department of Applied Medical Science, University of Southern Maine, 96 Falmouth Street, Portland, Maine 04104-9300, USA
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Koriem KMM, Farrag ARH, Badawy MA, El-Toumy SA. Role of some Egyptian medicinal plants against liver and kidney toxicity induced by cadmium chloride. Toxicol Mech Methods 2009; 19:524-34. [DOI: 10.1080/15376510903121145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Hays KA, McBee K. Flow cytometric analysis of red-eared slider turtles (Trachemys scripta) from Tar Creek Superfund Site. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2007; 16:353-61. [PMID: 17364238 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-007-0135-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2006] [Accepted: 02/07/2007] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Tar Creek Superfund Site (TCSFS) was heavily mined from the 1890s to 1970 and currently is contaminated with lead, zinc, and cadmium. Flow cytometry (FCM) was used to measure variation in nuclear DNA content of red blood cells collected from Trachemys scripta living within TCSFS and reference sites, Lake Carl Blackwell (LCB) and Sequoyah National Wildlife Refuge (SNWR). We also used atomic absorption spectrometry to measure Pb in blood and carapace and Cd in blood samples of turtles from TCSFS and SNWR. Mean coefficients of variation around the G(1) peak ranged from 5.33 to 5.48 and showed no significant difference between contaminated and reference populations; however, there was a significantly higher frequency of aneuploidy at TCSFS when compared with both reference populations. Blood Pb levels were not significantly different between TCSFS and SNWR populations. Pb levels in carapace samples did not differ significantly between sites; however, Pb levels were higher in carapace than blood for both populations. Blood Cd was significantly higher in animals at TCSFS than SNWR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A Hays
- Department of Zoology and Collection of Vertebrates, Oklahoma State University, 430 Life Sciences West, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
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Holmes AL, Wise SS, Sandwick SJ, Lingle WL, Negron VC, Thompson WD, Wise JP. Chronic Exposure to Lead Chromate Causes Centrosome Abnormalities and Aneuploidy in Human Lung Cells. Cancer Res 2006; 66:4041-8. [PMID: 16618723 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-3312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] compounds are established human lung carcinogens. The carcinogenicity of Cr(VI) is related to its solubility, with the most potent carcinogens being the insoluble particulate Cr(VI) compounds. However, it remains unknown why particulate Cr(VI) is more carcinogenic than soluble Cr(VI). One possible explanation is that particulates may provide more chronic exposures to chromate over time. We found that aneuploid cells increased in a concentration- and time-dependent manner after chronic exposure to lead chromate. Specifically, a 24-hour lead chromate exposure induced no aneugenic effect, whereas a 120-hour exposure to 0.5 and 1 microg/cm2 lead chromate induced 55% and 60% aneuploid metaphases, respectively. We also found that many of these aneuploid cells were able to continue to grow and form colonies. Centrosome defects are known to induce aneuploidy; therefore, we investigated the effects of chronic lead chromate exposure on centrosomes. We found that centrosome amplification in interphase and mitotic cells increased in a concentration- and time-dependent manner with 0.5 and 1 microg/cm2 lead chromate for 120 hours, inducing aberrant centrosomes in 18% and 21% of interphase cells and 32% and 69% of mitotic cells, respectively; however, lead oxide did not induce centrosome amplification in interphase or mitotic cells. There was also an increase in aberrant mitosis after chronic exposure to lead chromate with the emergence of disorganized anaphase and mitotic catastrophe. These data suggest that one possible mechanism for lead chromate-induced carcinogenesis is through centrosome dysfunction, leading to the induction of aneuploidy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amie L Holmes
- Wise Laboratory of Environmental and Genetic Toxicology, University of Southern Maine, Portland, Maine, USA
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Timoshevsky VA, Nazarenko SA. Interphase cytogenetics in estimation of genomic mutations in somatic cells. RUSS J GENET+ 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s11177-005-0051-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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