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van der Leede B, Weiner S, Van Doninck T, De Vlieger K, Schuermans A, Tekle F, Geys H, van Heerden M, De Jonghe S, Van Gompel J. Testing of acetaminophen in support of the international multilaboratory in vivo rat Pig-a assay validation trial. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2020; 61:508-525. [PMID: 32187737 PMCID: PMC7317746 DOI: 10.1002/em.22368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Acetaminophen, a nonmutagenic compound as previously concluded from bacteria, in vitro mammalian cell, and in vivo transgenic rat assays, presented a good profile as a nonmutagenic reference compound for use in the international multilaboratory Pig-a assay validation. Acetaminophen was administered at 250, 500, 1,000, and 2,000 mg·kg-1 ·day-1 to male Sprague Dawley rats once daily in 3 studies (3 days, 2 weeks, and 1 month with a 1-month recovery group). The 3-Day and 1-Month Studies included assessments of the micronucleus endpoint in peripheral blood erythrocytes and the comet endpoint in liver cells and peripheral blood cells in addition to the Pig-a assay; appropriate positive controls were included for each assay. Within these studies, potential toxicity of acetaminophen was evaluated and confirmed by inclusion of liver damage biomarkers and histopathology. Blood was sampled pre-treatment and at multiple time points up to Day 57. Pig-a mutant frequencies were determined in total red blood cells (RBCs) and reticulocytes (RETs) as CD59-negative RBC and CD59-negative RET frequencies, respectively. No increases in DNA damage as indicated through Pig-a, micronucleus, or comet endpoints were seen in treated rats. All positive controls responded as appropriate. Data from this series of studies demonstrate that acetaminophen is not mutagenic in the rat Pig-a model. These data are consistent with multiple studies in other nonclinical models, which have shown that acetaminophen is not mutagenic. At 1,000 mg·kg-1 ·day-1 , Cmax values of acetaminophen on Day 28 were 153,600 ng/ml and 131,500 ng/ml after single and repeat dosing, respectively, which were multiples over that of clinical therapeutic exposures (2.6-6.1 fold for single doses of 4,000 mg and 1,000 mg, respectively, and 11.5 fold for multiple dose of 4,000 mg) (FDA 2002). Data generated were of high quality and valid for contribution to the international multilaboratory validation of the in vivo Rat Pig-a Mutation Assay.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandy Weiner
- Janssen Research & DevelopmentSpring House, PennsylvaniaUSA
| | | | | | | | - Fetene Tekle
- Janssen Research & DevelopmentBeerse, AntwerpBelgium
| | - Helena Geys
- Janssen Research & DevelopmentBeerse, AntwerpBelgium
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Grando AC, Guimarães NN, de Souza AP, Lehmann M, Cunha KS, Dihl RR. Assessment of complex genomic alterations induced by AZT, 3TC, and the combination AZT +3TC. Drug Chem Toxicol 2018; 43:429-434. [PMID: 30208744 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2018.1504959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) regimens are based on the use of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), which are the main drugs used by patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The use of NRTIs combinations has afforded clear clinical benefits to patients undergoing HAART. However, the combination of two NRTIs may increase the risk of genomic instability in comparison with the drugs administered individually. We analyzed the ability of zidovudine (AZT) and lamivudine (3TC), and the combination AZT +3TC to induce complex genomic alterations using the cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) assay in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO)-K1 cells. The 24-h cell treatment with individual NRTIs showed that AZT increased micronucleus frequencies and nucleoplasmic bridges (NPBs). No significant differences were observed for any parameters investigated after exposure of CHO-K1 cells to 3TC. The combination AZT +3TC significantly increased micronucleus frequencies. Analysis of interaction between these drugs suggested that antagonism occurs in all AZT +3TC concentrations. These results highlight the importance to investigate the genotoxic profile of NRTIs to develop safer intervention strategies in antiretroviral treatment protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allyne Cristina Grando
- Laboratory of Genetic Toxicity and Cellular Toxic-Genetic Analysis, Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology Applied to Health (PPGBioSaúde), Lutheran University of Brazil, Canoas, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Paula de Souza
- Laboratory of Genetic Toxicity and Cellular Toxic-Genetic Analysis, Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology Applied to Health (PPGBioSaúde), Lutheran University of Brazil, Canoas, Brazil
| | - Mauricio Lehmann
- Laboratory of Genetic Toxicity and Cellular Toxic-Genetic Analysis, Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology Applied to Health (PPGBioSaúde), Lutheran University of Brazil, Canoas, Brazil
| | - Kênya Silva Cunha
- Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Goiás, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Rafael Rodrigues Dihl
- Laboratory of Genetic Toxicity and Cellular Toxic-Genetic Analysis, Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology Applied to Health (PPGBioSaúde), Lutheran University of Brazil, Canoas, Brazil
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de Moraes Filho AV, Carvalho CDJS, Carneiro CC, do Vale CR, Lima DCDS, Carvalho WF, Vieira TB, Silva DDME, Cunha KS, Chen-Chen L. Genotoxic and Cytotoxic Effects of Antiretroviral Combinations in Mice Bone Marrow. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165706. [PMID: 27806085 PMCID: PMC5091838 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Commonly used guidelines for the management of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection (highly active antiretroviral therapy, HAART) include drug combinations such as tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) + lamivudine (3TC) and combivir [zidovudine (AZT) + 3TC] + efavirenz (EFV). These combinations may enhance the genotoxic effects induced by such drugs individually, since the therapy requires lifelong adherence and the drugs have unknown effects during treatment. Thus, the evaluation of the benefits and risks of HAART is of great importance. In order to assess the cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of three concentrations of each of the antiretroviral combinations TDF + 3TC (800 + 400, 1600 + 800, and 3200 + 1600 mg/kg body weight, BW) and combivir + EFV (200 + 100 + 400, 400 + 200 + 800, and 800 + 400 + 1600 mg/kg BW) after two exposure periods (24 h and 48 h), in the present study the in vivo comet assay (single-cell gel electrophoresis) and the mouse bone marrow micronucleus test were used. Neither TDF + 3TC nor combivir + EFV induced DNA damage at any concentrations tested after 24 h or 48 h using the comet assay. After 24 h, both combinations increased the micronucleus frequency at all concentrations tested. After 48 h, combivir + EFV increased the micronucleated polychromatic erythrocyte (MNPCE) frequency at the two highest concentrations tested. Polychromatic erythrocytes (PCE)/normochromatic erythrocytes (NCE) ratio was high for both combinations, suggesting that they can be mitogenic. Since genotoxicity may be related to carcinogenesis, it is necessary to conduct further studies to verify the long-term mutagenic effects of these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aroldo Vieira de Moraes Filho
- Laboratório de Radiobiologia e Mutagênese, Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Campus Samambaia, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Caixa Postal 131, 74001–970, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Cláudia de Jesus Silva Carvalho
- Laboratório de Radiobiologia e Mutagênese, Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Campus Samambaia, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Caixa Postal 131, 74001–970, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Cristiene Costa Carneiro
- Laboratório de Radiobiologia e Mutagênese, Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Campus Samambaia, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Caixa Postal 131, 74001–970, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Camila Regina do Vale
- Laboratório de Radiobiologia e Mutagênese, Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Campus Samambaia, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Caixa Postal 131, 74001–970, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Débora Cristina da Silva Lima
- Laboratório de Radiobiologia e Mutagênese, Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Campus Samambaia, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Caixa Postal 131, 74001–970, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Wanessa Fernandes Carvalho
- Laboratório de Radiobiologia e Mutagênese, Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Campus Samambaia, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Caixa Postal 131, 74001–970, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Thiago Bernardi Vieira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Campus Universitário de Nova Xavantina, BR 158, Caixa Postal 8, 78.690–000, Nova Xavantina, MT, Brazil
| | - Daniela de Melo e Silva
- Laboratório de Radiobiologia e Mutagênese, Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Campus Samambaia, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Caixa Postal 131, 74001–970, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Kênya Silva Cunha
- Laboratório de Radiobiologia e Mutagênese, Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Campus Samambaia, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Caixa Postal 131, 74001–970, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Lee Chen-Chen
- Laboratório de Radiobiologia e Mutagênese, Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Campus Samambaia, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Caixa Postal 131, 74001–970, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
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Pediatric Human Immunodeficiency Virus infection and cancer in the Highly Active Antiretroviral Treatment (HAART) era. Cancer Lett 2014; 347:38-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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de Oliveira HM, Damiani AP, Dias RDO, Romão PRT, Andrade VM. Effect of antiretroviral drugs on the DNA damage in mice. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2014; 37:390-395. [PMID: 24441026 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2013.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In order to investigate the effects of two non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) on the DNA damage in vivo, nevirapine (NVP; 3.3 mg/kg), efavirenz (EFV; 10 mg/kg) or saline were administered orally. Acute effects were analyzed 24 h after the administration of a single NNRTI dose, and subchronic effects 24 h after the last dose. Peripheral blood, brain, heart and liver samples were subjected to genotoxicity analyses and polychromatic erythrocytes from the bone marrow to micronucleus test. The micronucleus test did not reveal any significant differences between animals from the acute or subchronic groups. Comet assay showed that acute and subchronic NNRTI treatment did not cause any significant DNA damage in heart, liver or peripheral blood cells. However, increased damage indexes and frequencies were observed in the brain of mice, subchronically treated with EFV. This result suggests for the first time that this drug might induce genotoxicity in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Martins de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Molecular-LABIM, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Adriani Paganini Damiani
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Molecular-LABIM, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Renata de Oliveira Dias
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Molecular-LABIM, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Pedro R T Romão
- Laboratório de Imunologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Rua Sarmento Leite 245, 90050-170 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Vanessa M Andrade
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Molecular-LABIM, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil.
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Comparative analysis of genetic toxicity of antiretroviral combinations in somatic cells of Drosophila melanogaster. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 53:299-309. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Revised: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Detection of PIGO-deficient cells using proaerolysin: a valuable tool to investigate mechanisms of mutagenesis in the DT40 cell system. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33563. [PMID: 22428069 PMCID: PMC3299801 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
While isogenic DT40 cell lines deficient in DNA repair pathways are a great tool to understand the DNA damage response to genotoxic agents by a comparison of cell toxicity in mutants and parental DT40 cells, no convenient mutation assay for mutagens currently exists for this reverse-genetic system. Here we establish a proaerolysin (PA) selection-based mutation assay in DT40 cells to identify glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchor deficient cells. Using PA, we detected an increase in the number of PA-resistant DT40 cells exposed to MMS for 24 hours followed by a 5-day period of phenotype expression. GPI anchor synthesis is catalyzed by a series of phosphatidylinositol glycan complementation groups (PIGs). The PIG-O gene is on the sex chromosome (Chromosome Z) in chicken cells and is critical for GPI anchor synthesis at the intermediate step. Among all the mutations detected in the sequence levels observed in DT40 cells exposed to MMS at 100 µM, we identified that ∼55% of the mutations are located at A:T sites with a high frequency of A to T transversion mutations. In contrast, we observed no transition mutations out of 18 mutations. This novel assay for DT40 cells provides a valuable tool to investigate the mode of action of mutations caused by reactive agents using a series of isogenic mutant DT40 cells.
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Campos PB, Sartore RC, Ramalho BL, Costa ES, Rehen SK. Cycle arrest and aneuploidy induced by zidovudine in murine embryonic stem cells. Mutagenesis 2012; 27:431-6. [DOI: 10.1093/mutage/ger093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
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Guimarães NN, de Andrade HHR, Lehmann M, Dihl RR, Cunha KS. The genetic toxicity effects of lamivudine and stavudine antiretroviral agents. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2011; 9:771-81. [PMID: 20377473 DOI: 10.1517/14740331003702384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD The nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) are used in antiretroviral therapy worldwide for the treatment of HIV infections. These drugs act by blocking reverse transcriptase enzyme activity, causing pro-viral DNA chain termination. As a consequence, NRTIs could cause genomic instability and loss of heterozygosity. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW This review highlights the toxic and genotoxic effects of NRTIs, particularly lamivudine (3TC) and stavudine (d4T) analogues. In addition, a battery of short-term in vitro and in vivo systems are described to explain the potential genotoxic effects of these NRTIs as a single drug or a complexity of highly active antiretroviral therapy. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN The readers will gain an understanding of a secondary effect that could be induced by 3TC and d4T treatments. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Considering that AIDS has become a chronic disease, more comprehensive toxic genetic studies are needed, with particular attention to the genetic alterations induced by NRTIs. These alterations play a primary role in carcinogenesis and are also involved in secondary and subsequent steps of carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilza Nascimento Guimarães
- Laboratório de Genética Toxicológica, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular (DBBM), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, GO, Brasil
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Wu Q, Beland FA, Chang CW, Fang JL. XPC is essential for nucleotide excision repair of zidovudine-induced DNA damage in human hepatoma cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2010; 251:155-62. [PMID: 21192964 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2010.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2010] [Revised: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Zidovudine (3'-azido-3'-dexoythymidine, AZT), a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, can be incorporated into DNA and cause DNA damage. The mechanisms underlying the repair of AZT-induced DNA damage are unknown. To investigate the pathways involved in the recognition and repair of AZT-induced DNA damage, human hepatoma HepG2 cells were incubated with AZT for 2 weeks and the expression of DNA damage signaling pathways was determined using a pathway-based real-time PCR array. Compared to control cultures, damaged DNA binding and nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathways showed significantly increased gene expression. Further analysis indicated that AZT treatment increased the expression of genes associated with NER, including XPC, XPA, RPA1, GTF2H1, and ERCC1. Western blot analysis demonstrated that the protein levels of XPC and GTF2H1 were also significantly up-regulated. To explore further the function of XPC in the repair of AZT-induced DNA damage, XPC expression was stably knocked down by 71% using short hairpin RNA interference. In the XPC knocked-down cells, 100 μM AZT treatment significantly increased [³H]AZT incorporation into DNA, decreased the total number of viable cells, increased the release of lactate dehydrogenase, induced apoptosis, and caused a more extensive G2/M cell cycle arrest when compared to non-transfected HepG2 cells or HepG2 cells transfected with a scrambled short hairpin RNA sequence. Overall, these data indicate that XPC plays an essential role in the NER repair of AZT-induced DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiangen Wu
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
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Lourenço ED, do Amaral VS, Lehmann M, Dihl RR, Schmitt VM, Cunha KS, Reguly ML, de Andrade HHR. Micronuclei induced by reverse transcriptase inhibitors in mononucleated and binucleated cells as assessed by the cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay. Genet Mol Biol 2010; 33:756-60. [PMID: 21637587 PMCID: PMC3036155 DOI: 10.1590/s1415-47572010005000084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2009] [Accepted: 06/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the clastogenic and/or aneugenic potential of three nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (zidovudine - AZT, lamivudine - 3TC and stavudine - d4T) using the cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) assay in human lymphocyte cultures. All three inhibitors produced a positive response when tested in binucleated cells. The genotoxicity of AZT and 3TC was restricted to binucleated cells since there was no significant increase in the frequency of micronuclei in mononucleated cells. This finding indicated that AZT and 3TC caused chromosomal breakage and that their genotoxicity was related to a clastogenic action. In addition to the positive response observed with d4T in binucleated cells, this drug also increased the frequency of micronuclei in mononucleated cells, indicating clastogenic and aneugenic actions. Since the structural differences between AZT and 3TC and AZT and d4T involve the 3' position in the 2'-deoxyribonucleoside and in an unsaturated 2',3',dideoxyribose, respectively, we suggest that an unsaturated 2', 3', dideoxyribose is responsible for the clastogenic and aneugenic actions of d4T.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloir D Lourenço
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Diagnóstico Genético e Molecular, Universidade Luterana do Brazil, Canoas, RS Brazil
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Van Calsteren K, Verbesselt R, Van Bree R, Heyns L, de Bruijn E, de Hoon J, Amant F. Substantial Variation in Transplacental Transfer of Chemotherapeutic Agents in a Mouse Model. Reprod Sci 2010; 18:57-63. [DOI: 10.1177/1933719110379650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristel Van Calsteren
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division Gynecologic Oncology and Experimental Laboratory of Gynecology, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rene Verbesselt
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rieta Van Bree
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Experimental Laboratory of Gynecology, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium
| | - Liesbeth Heyns
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division Gynecologic Oncology and Experimental Laboratory of Gynecology, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ernst de Bruijn
- Laboratory of Medical Oncology, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan de Hoon
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frédéric Amant
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division Gynecologic Oncology, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium
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Von Tungeln LS, Churchwell MI, Doerge DR, Shaddock JG, McGarrity LJ, Heflich RH, Gamboa da Costa G, Marques MM, Beland FA. DNA adduct formation and induction of micronuclei and mutations in B6C3F1/Tkmice treated neonatally with acrylamide or glycidamide. Int J Cancer 2009; 124:2006-15. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Mutagenic and recombinagenic effects of lamivudine and stavudine antiretrovirals in somatic cells of Drosophila melanogaster. Food Chem Toxicol 2009; 47:578-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2008.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2008] [Revised: 11/18/2008] [Accepted: 12/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Koujitani T, Ton TVT, Lahousse SA, Hong HHL, Wakamatsu N, Sills RC. K-ras cancer gene mutations in lung tumors from female Swiss (CD-1) mice exposed transplacentally to 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2008; 49:720-726. [PMID: 18800350 DOI: 10.1002/em.20420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A transplacental carcinogenicity study was conducted by exposing pregnant Swiss (CD-1) mice to 0, 50, 100, 200, or 300 mg 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT)/kg body weight (BW) daily for the duration of gestation (18-19 days) [National Toxicology Program,2006]. The incidence of alveolar/bronchiolar adenomas and carcinomas in the 200 and 300 mg/kg groups was significantly higher (P = 0.027 and 0.007, respectively) in male offspring, but not in females (P = 0.338 and 0.315, respectively). The purpose of the present study was to evaluate K-ras mutation status in lung tumors from the female offspring in AZT exposed groups and to determine whether at the molecular level there were signature K-ras mutations in lung tumors that were different from spontaneous tumors. K-ras mutation was detected by cycle sequencing of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-amplified DNA, isolated from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded lung tumors. K-ras mutations were detected in 17 of 28 (61%) lung tumors from the female offspring in AZT exposed groups. No K-ras mutations were detected in the 8 tumors examined from the female control group. The predominant mutations were Codon 12 G-->T transversions in the 50, 100, and 300 mg/kg groups, and Codon 12 G-->C transversions in the 200 and 300 mg/kg groups. K-ras Codon 12 G-->T transversions (TGT mutations) may be induced by oxidative DNA damage and 8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG), while K-ras Codon 12 G-->C transversions (CGT mutations) may be due to further oxidative lesions of guanine and 8-oxoG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takatoshi Koujitani
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
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Incidence of cancer in children perinatally exposed to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. AIDS 2008; 22:2165-77. [PMID: 18832880 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e328311d18b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Long-term studies of tolerance to perinatal exposure to antiretroviral nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors are required, in view of the potential genotoxicity of some of these molecules. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the incidence of cancers in uninfected children born to HIV-infected mothers. METHOD Cancers were detected in a nationwide prospective cohort of children born to HIV-infected mothers by standardized questionnaire during the prospective follow-up period of 2 years; thereafter, they were detected by spontaneous pharmacovigilance declaration and by crosschecking data with the national registries of childhood cancer. Standardized incidence ratio for incidence comparisons with general population. RESULTS Ten cases of cancer were detected among the 9127 exposed HIV-uninfected children (median age: 5.4 years, 53 052 person-years of follow-up). The overall incidence did not differ significantly from that expected for the general population: 10 cases observed versus 8.9 and 9.6 expected depending on whether 1990-1999 or 2000-2004 national rates were used as reference [standardized incidence ratio of 1.1 (0.3-1.5) and 1.0 (0.5-1.9)]. Five cases of central nervous system cancer were observed (standardized incidence ratio of 3.1 [1.0-7.2] P = 0.05 and 2.4 [0.8-5.6], P = 0.12). The relative risk of cancer for children exposed to didanosine-lamivudine combination was higher than that for zidovudine monotherapy [hazard ratio: 13.6 (2.5-73.9)]. CONCLUSION This study did not evidence an overall increase in cancer risk in nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor exposed children until 5 years of age. Results suggesting associations with specific nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor combinations need further investigations. A longer surveillance, including differential analysis of the different cancer sites and various nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors administered is warranted.
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Desai VG, Lee T, Moland CL, Branham WS, Von Tungeln LS, Beland FA, Fuscoe JC. Effect of short-term exposure to zidovudine (AZT) on the expression of mitochondria-related genes in skeletal muscle of neonatal mice. Mitochondrion 2008; 9:9-16. [PMID: 18824140 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2008.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2008] [Revised: 08/27/2008] [Accepted: 09/05/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Zidovudine (3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine; AZT) is the main anti-retroviral drug given to HIV-1-infected pregnant women during pregnancy and to their infants after birth to reduce mother-to-child transmission of the virus. In animal studies, however, a significant mitochondrial morphological damage has been reported in skeletal muscle as a consequence of transplacental or perinatal exposure to AZT. Because proper muscle function is highly dependent on efficient mitochondrial function and information on AZT-induced mitochondrial toxicity during neonatal exposure is limited, we investigated the effect of AZT on the expression of 542 mitochondria-related genes encoded by both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA in the skeletal muscle of infant male and female mice using microarray technology. Animals were treated orally by gavage with AZT at 0, 10, 50, 100, and 200mg/kg body weight/day from postnatal day (PND) 1 through 8 and were sacrificed at 1- and 2-h following the last dose on PND 8. These doses in mice correspond to 0, 1.1, 5.5, 11.0, and 22.0mg/kg AZT in human infants [Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER) 2005. Pharmacology and Toxicology, Guidance for industry. Estimating the maximum safe dose in initial clinical trials for therapeutics in adult healthy volunteers, p. 7. http://www.fda.gov/cder/guidance/index.htm.]. Microarray data were analyzed for effects of time, sex, treatment, and their interactions using a fixed effect linear model. The results showed modest, but significant, dose-related responses in the expression level of genes associated with apoptosis, fatty acid metabolism, mitochondrial DNA maintenance, and various mitochondrial membrane transporters. The transcription levels were not significantly different at both time points and were not sex dependent. The results suggest that changes in expression of mitochondria-related genes in skeletal muscle may be an initial response to short-term AZT exposure in infant mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varsha G Desai
- Center for Functional Genomics, Division of Systems Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA.
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Bryce SM, Bemis JC, Dertinger SD. In vivo mutation assay based on the endogenous Pig-a locus. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2008; 49:256-264. [PMID: 18288722 DOI: 10.1002/em.20379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The product of the X-chromosome's Pig-a gene acts in the first step of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor biosynthesis, and is thereby essential for attaching certain proteins to the cell surface. The experiments described herein were designed to evaluate whether lack of GPI-anchored proteins could form the basis of an in vivo mutation assay. Specifically, we used a CD59-negative cell surface phenotype to denote Pig-a mutation. Besides anti-CD59-PE, two other fluorescent reagents were used: thiazole orange to differentiate mature erythrocytes, reticulocytes (RETs), and leukocytes; and anti-CD61 to resolve platelets. These experiments were performed with Sprague Dawley rats, and focused on two cell populations, total erythrocytes and RETs. The ability of the analytical method to enumerate CD59-negative erythrocytes was initially assessed with reconstruction experiments whereby mutant-mimicking cells were added to control bloods. Subsequently, female rats were treated on three occasions with the model mutagens ENU (100 mg/kg/day) or DMBA (40 mg/kg/day). Blood specimens were harvested at various intervals, as late as 6 weeks post-exposure. Considering all week 4-6 data, we found that CD59-negative cells ranged from 239 to 855 x 10(-6) and 82 to 405 x 10(-6) for ENU and DMBA, respectively. These values were consistently greater than those observed for negative control rats (18 +/- 19 x 10(-6)). The elevated frequencies observed for the genotoxicant-exposed animals were usually higher for RETs compared to total erythrocytes. These data support the hypothesis that an efficient in vivo mutation assay can be developed around flow cytometric enumeration of erythrocytes and/or RETs that exhibit aberrant GPI-anchored protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Bryce
- Litron Laboratories, 200 Canal View Blvd., Rochester, New York 14620, USA
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Kasameyer E, Connolly L, Lasarev M, Turker MS. The spectra of large second-step mutations are similar for two different mouse autosomes. Mutat Res 2008; 637:66-72. [PMID: 17714739 PMCID: PMC2233933 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2007.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2007] [Revised: 07/05/2007] [Accepted: 07/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Loss of tumor suppressor gene expression via mutations plays a critical role in cancer development, particularly when occurring in heterozygous cells. These so-called "second-step" mutational events are often large in size and arise most often from chromosome loss, mitotic recombination, or interstitial deletion. An open question in cancer research is whether different chromosomes are equally susceptible to formation of large mutations, or alternatively if the unique sequence of each chromosome will lead to chromosome-specific mutational spectra. To address this question, the spectra of second-step mutations were determined for chromosomes 8 and 11 in Aprt and Tk mutants, respectively, isolated from primary kidney clones heterozygous for both loci. The results showed that the spectra of large mutational events were essentially the same. This observation suggests that internal and external cellular environments provide the driving force for large autosomal mutational events, and that chromosome structure per se is the substrate upon which these forces act.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Kasameyer
- Center for Research on Occupational and Environmental Toxicology (CROET), Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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