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Rodrigues MA, Probst CE, Zayats A, Davidson B, Riedel M, Li Y, Venkatachalam V. The in vitro micronucleus assay using imaging flow cytometry and deep learning. NPJ Syst Biol Appl 2021; 7:20. [PMID: 34006858 PMCID: PMC8131758 DOI: 10.1038/s41540-021-00179-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The in vitro micronucleus (MN) assay is a well-established assay for quantification of DNA damage, and is required by regulatory bodies worldwide to screen chemicals for genetic toxicity. The MN assay is performed in two variations: scoring MN in cytokinesis-blocked binucleated cells or directly in unblocked mononucleated cells. Several methods have been developed to score the MN assay, including manual and automated microscopy, and conventional flow cytometry, each with advantages and limitations. Previously, we applied imaging flow cytometry (IFC) using the ImageStream® to develop a rapid and automated MN assay based on high throughput image capture and feature-based image analysis in the IDEAS® software. However, the analysis strategy required rigorous optimization across chemicals and cell lines. To overcome the complexity and rigidity of feature-based image analysis, in this study we used the Amnis® AI software to develop a deep-learning method based on convolutional neural networks to score IFC data in both the cytokinesis-blocked and unblocked versions of the MN assay. We show that the use of the Amnis AI software to score imagery acquired using the ImageStream® compares well to manual microscopy and outperforms IDEAS® feature-based analysis, facilitating full automation of the MN assay.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Artiom Zayats
- Amnis Flow Cytometry, Luminex Corporation, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Bryan Davidson
- Amnis Flow Cytometry, Luminex Corporation, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael Riedel
- Amnis Flow Cytometry, Luminex Corporation, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Yang Li
- Amnis Flow Cytometry, Luminex Corporation, Seattle, WA, USA
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Takeiri A, Matsuzaki K, Motoyama S, Yano M, Harada A, Katoh C, Tanaka K, Mishima M. High-content imaging analyses of γH2AX-foci and micronuclei in TK6 cells elucidated genotoxicity of chemicals and their clastogenic/aneugenic mode of action. Genes Environ 2019; 41:4. [PMID: 30766621 PMCID: PMC6362597 DOI: 10.1186/s41021-019-0117-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The in vitro micronucleus (MN) test is an important component of a genotoxicity test battery that evaluates chemicals. Although the standard method of manually scoring micronucleated (MNed) cells by microscope is a reliable and standard method, it is laborious and time-consuming. A high-throughput assay system for detecting MN cells automatically has long been desired in the fields of pharmaceutical development or environmental risk monitoring. Although the MN test per se cannot clarify whether the mode of MN induction is aneugenic or clastogenic, this clarification may well be made possible by combining the MN test with an evaluation of γH2AX, a sensitive marker of DNA double strand breaks (DSB). In the present study, we aimed to establish a high-content (HC) imaging assay that automatically detects micronuclei (MNi) and simultaneously measures γH2AX foci in human lymphoblastoid TK6 cells. Results TK6 cells were fixed on the bottom of each well in 96-well plates hypotonically, which spreads the cells thinly to detach MNi from the primary nuclei. Then, the number of MNi and immunocytochemically-stained γH2AX foci were measured using an imaging analyzer. The system correctly judged 4 non-genotoxins and 13 genotoxins, which included 9 clastogens and 4 aneugens representing various genotoxic mechanisms, such as DNA alkylation, cross-linking, topoisomerase inhibition, and microtubule disruption. Furthermore, all the clastogens induced both γH2AX foci and MNi, while the aneugens induced only MNi, not γH2AX foci; therefore, the HC imaging assay clearly discriminated the aneugens from the clastogens. Additionally, the test system could feasibly analyze cell cycle, to add information about a chemical’s mode of action. Conclusions A HC imaging assay to detect γH2AX foci and MNi in TK6 cells was established, and the assay provided information on the aneugenic/clastogenic mode of action. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s41021-019-0117-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Takeiri
- Fuji Gotemba Research Laboratories, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka, 412-8513 Japan
| | - Kaori Matsuzaki
- Fuji Gotemba Research Laboratories, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka, 412-8513 Japan
| | - Shigeki Motoyama
- Fuji Gotemba Research Laboratories, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka, 412-8513 Japan
| | - Mariko Yano
- Fuji Gotemba Research Laboratories, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka, 412-8513 Japan
| | - Asako Harada
- Fuji Gotemba Research Laboratories, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka, 412-8513 Japan
| | - Chiaki Katoh
- Fuji Gotemba Research Laboratories, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka, 412-8513 Japan
| | - Kenji Tanaka
- Fuji Gotemba Research Laboratories, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka, 412-8513 Japan
| | - Masayuki Mishima
- Fuji Gotemba Research Laboratories, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka, 412-8513 Japan
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Guo X, Ni J, Dai X, Zhou T, Yang G, Xue J, Wang X. Biphasic regulation of spindle assembly checkpoint by low and high concentrations of resveratrol leads to the opposite effect on chromosomal instability. MUTATION RESEARCH. GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2018; 825:19-30. [PMID: 29307372 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Resveratrol (RSV) is a naturally occurring polyphenolic phytoalexin possessing numerous health-promoting effects. Chromosomal instability (CIN), usually results from defective spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC), is a major contributor to many diseases. While it's recently recognized that RSV exhibits a nonlinear dose response for disease prevention, whether it's the case for its role in CIN remains unknown. Here, we investigated the potential of a broad range of RSV concentrations (0.01-100μM) on CIN and the underlying mechanisms in human normal colon epithelial NCM460 cells. CIN was measured by cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay; mitotic fidelity was determined by aberrant mitosis analysis; SAC activity was assessed by nocodazole-challenge assay, and the expression of SAC genes was examined by RT-qPCR. We found that 0.1μM RSV significantly reduced CIN (P<0.01), while 100μM RSV significantly induced it (P<0.05). Mitotic infidelity was significantly prevented by 0.1μM RSV but promoted by 100μM RSV (P<0.05 for both). Moreover, the function of SAC was sustained and impaired by 0.1μM and 100μM RSV, respectively. Several SAC genes, including Aurora-B, Aurora-C, Plk-1 and CENP-E, were significantly up-regulated and down-regulated by 0.1μM and 100μM RSV, respectively (P<0.05). In conclusion, RSV exhibited a biphasic dose-dependent effect on CIN that was exerted via the regulation of mitotic fidelity through the SAC network. The health implications of these findings were summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xihan Guo
- School of Life Sciences, The Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China; School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, China
| | - Juan Ni
- School of Life Sciences, The Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China
| | - Xueqin Dai
- School of Life Sciences, The Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, The Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China
| | - Guofang Yang
- China Gene Health Management Group, Ltd., Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Jinglun Xue
- China Gene Health Management Group, Ltd., Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xu Wang
- School of Life Sciences, The Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China; School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, China.
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