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Moratin H, Thöle A, Lang J, Ehret Kasemo T, Stöth M, Hagen R, Scherzad A, Hackenberg S. Ag- but Not ZnO-Nanoparticles Disturb the Airway Epithelial Barrier at Subtoxic Concentrations. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2506. [PMID: 37896266 PMCID: PMC10610507 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15102506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhalation is considered to be the most relevant source of human exposure to nanoparticles (NPs); however, only a few investigations have addressed the influence of exposing the respiratory mucosal barrier to subcytotoxic doses. In the nasal respiratory epithelium, cells of the mucosa represent one of the first contact points of the human organism with airborne NPs. Disruption of the epithelial barrier by harmful materials can lead to inflammation in addition to potential intrinsic toxicity of the particles. The aim of this study was to investigate whether subtoxic concentrations of zinc oxide (ZnO)- and silver (Ag)-NPs have an influence on upper airway barrier integrity. Nasal epithelial cells from 17 donors were cultured at the air-liquid interface and exposed to ZnO- and Ag-NPs. Barrier function, quantified by transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER), decreased after treatment with 10 µg/mL Ag-NPs, but FITC-dextran permeability remained stable and no change in mRNA levels of tight junction proteins and E-cadherin was detected by real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). The results indicate that subtoxic concentrations of Ag-NPs may already induce damage of the upper airway epithelial barrier in vitro. The lack of similar disruption by ZnO-NPs of similar size suggests a specific effect by Ag-NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Moratin
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 11, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany (S.H.)
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2
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Mousa AB, Moawad R, Abdallah Y, Abdel-Rasheed M, Zaher AMA. Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Promise Anticancer and Antibacterial Activity in Ovarian Cancer. Pharm Res 2023; 40:2281-2290. [PMID: 37016170 PMCID: PMC10072921 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-023-03505-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ovarian cancer is the most lethal cancer in gynaecology. Surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy are the most often used cancer-fighting strategies. Post-surgery infection is fairly prevalent, especially among people with insufficient immunity. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnOnps) have amazing biomedical features as anticancer and antibacterial agents. METHODS We investigated the behaviour of ZnOnps synthesized by green methods on ovarian cancers using established human ovarian cancer cell lines, besides the antibacterial action toward models of gram + ve and gram -ve bacteria. The cytotoxic effect of ZnOnps was calculated using a Sulforhodamine B (SRB) trial. Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) were tested as models for gram + ve and gram -ve bacteria. The selected bacteria were subjected to concentrations of 20, 40, 80, and 100 μg/ml. RESULTS The synthesized ZnOnps induced 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) at a concentration of 27.45 μg/ml. The diameter of inhibition ranged between 20.16 ± 0.16 and 27 ± 0.57 mm for S. aureus and 25.66 ± 0.33 to 31 ± 0.33 mm for E. coli. ZnOnps antagonistic effect statistically differed with neomycin, cefaclor, and cefadroxil. CONCLUSIONS Green synthesis of ZnOnps is easily prepared, low cost, non-toxic, and eco-friendly. Their cytotoxic action on SKOV3 cells and their antibacterial characteristics pave the way to be an alternative therapy for ovarian cancer and S. aureus and E. coli infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Bakr Mousa
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Raghda Moawad
- Dairy Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Yasmine Abdallah
- Plant Pathology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Mazen Abdel-Rasheed
- Reproductive Health Research Department, National Research Centre, 33 El-Buhouth St, Cairo, 12622, Dokki, Egypt.
| | - Azza M Abdel Zaher
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
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Zhang Y, Dong P, Yang L. The role of nanotherapy in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma by targeting tumor microenvironment. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1189323. [PMID: 37292204 PMCID: PMC10244756 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1189323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) refers to a group of highly malignant and pathogenically complex tumors. Traditional treatment methods include surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. However, with advancements in genetics, molecular medicine, and nanotherapy, more effective and safer treatments have been developed. Nanotherapy, in particular, has the potential to be an alternative therapeutic option for HNSCC patients, given its advantageous targeting capabilities, low toxicity and modifiability. Recent research has highlighted the important role of the tumor microenvironment (TME) in the development of HNSCC. The TME is composed of various cellular components, such as fibroblasts, vascular endothelial cells, and immune cells, as well as non-cellular agents such as cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, extracellular matrix (ECM), and extracellular vesicles (EVs). These components greatly influence the prognosis and therapeutic efficacy of HNSCC, making the TME a potential target for treatment using nanotherapy. By regulating angiogenesis, immune response, tumor metastasis and other factors, nanotherapy can potentially alleviate HNSCC symptoms. This review aims to summarize and discuss the application of nanotherapy that targets HNSCC's TME. We highlight the therapeutic value of nanotherapy for HNSCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Hospital of Dalian University of Technology/Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shenyang, China
| | - Pengbo Dong
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Lu Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cancer Hospital of Dalian University of Technology/Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shenyang, China
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Abstract
The constant evolution and applications of metallic nanoparticles (NPs) make living organisms more susceptible to being exposed to them. Among the most used are zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs). Therefore, understanding the molecular effects of ZnO-NPs in biological systems is extremely important. This review compiles the main mechanisms that induce cell toxicity by exposure to ZnO-NPs and reported in vitro research models, with special attention to mitochondrial damage. Scientific evidence indicates that in vitro ZnO-NPs have a cytotoxic effect that depends on the size, shape and method of synthesis of ZnO-NPs, as well as the function of the cells to which they are exposed. ZnO-NPs come into contact with the extracellular region, leading to an increase in intracellular [Zn2+] levels. The mechanism by which intracellular ZnO-NPs come into contact with organelles such as mitochondria is still unclear. The mitochondrion is a unique organelle considered the “power station” in the cells, participates in numerous cellular processes, such as cell survival/death, multiple biochemical and metabolic processes, and holds genetic material. ZnO-NPs increase intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and, in particular, superoxide levels; they also decrease mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), which affects membrane permeability and leads to cell death. ZnO-NPs also induced cell death through caspases, which involve the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. The expression of pro-apoptotic genes after exposure to ZnO-NPs can be affected by multiple factors, including the size and morphology of the NPs, the type of cell exposed (healthy or tumor), stage of development (embryonic or differentiated), energy demand, exposure time and, no less relevant, the dose. To prevent the release of pro-apoptotic proteins, the damaged mitochondrion is eliminated by mitophagy. To replace those mitochondria that underwent mitophagy, the processes of mitochondrial biogenesis ensure the maintenance of adequate levels of ATP and cellular homeostasis.
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Kad A, Pundir A, Arya SK, Puri S, Khatri M. Meta-analysis of in-vitro cytotoxicity evaluation studies of zinc oxide nanoparticles: Paving way for safer innovations. Toxicol In Vitro 2022; 83:105418. [PMID: 35724836 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2022.105418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Nano-based products have shown their daunting presence in several sectors. Among them, Zinc Oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles wangled the reputation of providing "next-generation solutions" and are being utilized in plethora of products. Their widespread application has led to increased exposure of these particles, raising concerns regarding toxicological repercussions to the human health and environment. The diversity, complexity, and heterogeneity in the available literature, along with correlation of befitting attributes, makes it challenging to develop one systematic framework to predict this toxicity. The present study aims at developing predictive modelling framework to tap the prospective features responsible for causing cytotoxicity in-vitro on exposure to ZnO nanoparticles. Rigorous approach was used to mine the information from complete body of evidence published to date. The attributes, features and experimental conditions were systematically extracted to unmask the effect of varied features. 1240 data points from 76 publications were obtained, containing 14 qualitative and quantitative attributes, including physiochemical properties of nanoparticles, cell culture and experimental parameters to perform meta-analysis. For the first time, the efforts were made to investigate the degree of significance of attributes accountable for causing cytotoxicity on exposure to ZnO nanoparticles. We show that in-vitro cytotoxicity is closely related with dose concentration of nanoparticles, followed by exposure time, disease state of the cell line and size of these nanoparticles among other attributes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaida Kad
- Department of Biotechnology, University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Panjab University, Sector-25, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Archit Pundir
- Department of Biotechnology, University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Panjab University, Sector-25, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Shailendra Kumar Arya
- Department of Biotechnology, University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Panjab University, Sector-25, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Sanjeev Puri
- Department of Biotechnology, University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Panjab University, Sector-25, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Madhu Khatri
- Department of Biotechnology, University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Panjab University, Sector-25, Chandigarh 160014, India; Wellcome trustTrust/DBT IA Early Career Fellow Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India.
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6
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Cellular Effects of Silver Nanoparticle Suspensions on Lung Epithelial Cells and Macrophages. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12073554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background: Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are used in industrial applications as catalysts, sanitary materials, and health supplements. Generally, AgNPs have shown cytotoxicity such as cell membrane damage. However, the mechanisms of their toxicity have not been completely elucidated. Methods: The cellular effects (cell viability, induction of chemokine and cellular oxidative stress) of two AgNP water suspensions (AgNP-A for cosmetic application and AgNP-B for industrial application) on epithelial-like A549 cells and macrophage-like differentiated THP-1 (dTHP-1) cells were examined. Results: AgNPs caused enhancement of IL-8 expression and oxidative stress. The cellular uptake of AgNP-A cells was observed. However, the cellular uptake of AgNP-B into A549 cells was hardly observed. Moreover, the intracellular Ag level was increased by AgNP suspensions exposure. Cell viability was not affected by AgNP suspensions exposure. Conclusions: AgNPs induce chemokine expression and cellular oxidative stress on culture cells. The intracellular Ag level may be important for these cellular effects.
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Hu B, Cheng Z, Liang S. Advantages and prospects of stem cells in nanotoxicology. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 291:132861. [PMID: 34774913 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nanomaterials have been widely used in many fields, especially in biomedical and stem cell therapy. However, the potential risks associated with nanomaterials applications are also gradually increasing. Therefore, effective and robust toxicology models are critical to evaluate the developmental toxicity of nanomaterials. The development of stem cell research provides a new idea of developmental toxicology. Recently, many researchers actively investigated the effects of nanomaterials with different sizes and surface modifications on various stem cells (such as embryonic stem cells (ESCs), adult stem cells, etc.) to study the toxic effects and toxic mechanisms. In this review, we summarized the effects of nanomaterials on the proliferation and differentiation of ESCs, mesenchymal stem cells and neural stem cells. Moreover, we discussed the advantages of stem cells in nanotoxicology compared with other cell lines. Finally, combined with the latest research methods and new molecular mechanisms, we analyzed the application of stem cells in nanotoxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830017, China.
| | - Zhanwen Cheng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Shengxian Liang
- Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development, College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, 071000, China
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Fakhroueian Z, Rajabi S, Salehi N, Tavirani MR, Noori S, Nourbakhsh M. Anticancer properties of novel zinc oxide quantum dot nanoparticles against breast cancer stem-like cells. Anticancer Drugs 2022; 33:e311-e326. [PMID: 34419959 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000001207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) play an essential role in cancer development, metastasis, relapse, and resistance to treatment. In this article, the effects of three synthesized ZnO nanofluids on proliferation, apoptosis, and stemness markers of breast cancer stem-like cells are reported. The antiproliferative and apoptotic properties of ZnO nanoparticles were evaluated on breast cancer stem-like cell-enriched mammospheres by MTS assay and flowcytometry, respectively. The expression of stemness markers, including WNT1, NOTCH1, β-catenin, CXCR4, SOX2, and ALDH3A1 was assessed by real-time PCR. Western blotting was used to analyze the phosphorylation of Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) and Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 (STAT3). Markers of stemness were significantly decreased by ZnO nanofluids, especially sample (c) with code ZnO-148 with a different order of addition of polyethylene glycol solution at the end of formulation, which considerably decreased all the markers compared to the controls. All the studied ZnO nanofluids considerably reduced viability and induced apoptosis of spheroidal and parental cells, with ZnO-148 presenting the most effective activity. Using CD95L as a death ligand and ZB4 as an extrinsic apoptotic pathway blocker, it was revealed that none of the nanoparticles induced apoptosis through the extrinsic pathway. Results also showed a marked inhibition of the JAK/STAT pathway by ZnO nanoparticles; confirmed by downregulation of Mcl-1 and Bcl-XL expression. The present data demonstrated that ZnO nanofluids could combat breast CSCs via decreasing stemness markers, stimulating apoptosis, and suppressing JAK/STAT activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Fakhroueian
- College of Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Petroleum Engineering, University of Tehran
| | - Sadegh Rajabi
- Traditional Medicine and Materia Medica Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
| | | | - Mostafa Rezaei Tavirani
- Proteomics Research Center, Faculty of Paramedical Science, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science
| | | | - Mitra Nourbakhsh
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine
- Finetech in Medicine Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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9
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Cellular Uptake and Toxicological Effects of Differently Sized Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles in Intestinal Cells. TOXICS 2021; 9:toxics9050096. [PMID: 33925422 PMCID: PMC8146923 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9050096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Due to their beneficial properties, the use of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NP) is constantly increasing, especially in consumer-related areas, such as food packaging and food additives, which is leading to an increased oral uptake of ZnO NP. Consequently, the aim of our study was to investigate the cellular uptake of two differently sized ZnO NP (<50 nm and <100 nm; 12–1229 µmol/L) using two human intestinal cell lines (Caco-2 and LT97) and to examine the possible resulting toxic effects. ZnO NP (<50 nm and <100 nm) were internalized by both cell lines and led to intracellular changes. Both ZnO NP caused time- and dose-dependent cytotoxic effects, especially at concentrations of 614 µmol/L and 1229 µmol/L, which was associated with an increased rate of apoptotic and dead cells. ZnO NP < 100 nm altered the cell cycle of LT97 cells but not that of Caco-2 cells. ZnO NP < 50 nm led to the formation of micronuclei in LT97 cells. The Ames test revealed no mutagenicity for both ZnO NP. Our results indicate the potential toxicity of ZnO NP after oral exposure, which should be considered before application.
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10
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Moratin H, Ickrath P, Scherzad A, Meyer TJ, Naczenski S, Hagen R, Hackenberg S. Investigation of the Immune Modulatory Potential of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles in Human Lymphocytes. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11030629. [PMID: 33802496 PMCID: PMC7999554 DOI: 10.3390/nano11030629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NP) are commonly used for a variety of applications in everyday life. In addition, due to its versatility, nanotechnology supports promising approaches in the medical sector. NP can act as drug-carriers in the context of targeted chemo- or immunotherapy, and might also exhibit autonomous immune-modulatory characteristics. Knowledge of potential immunosuppressive or stimulating effects of NP is indispensable for the safety of consumers as well as patients. In this study, primary human peripheral blood lymphocytes of 9 donors were treated with different sub-cytotoxic concentrations of ZnO-NP for the duration of 1, 2, or 3 days. Flow cytometry was performed to investigate changes in the activation profile and the proportion of T cell subpopulations. ZnO-NP applied in this study did not induce any significant alterations in the examined markers, indicating their lack of impairment in terms of immune modulation. However, physicochemical characteristics exert a major influence on NP-associated bioactivity. To allow a precise simulation of the complex molecular processes of immune modulation, a physiological model including the different components of an immune response is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Moratin
- Correspondence: (H.M.); (P.I.); Tel.: +49-931-201-21323 (H.M.)
| | - Pascal Ickrath
- Correspondence: (H.M.); (P.I.); Tel.: +49-931-201-21323 (H.M.)
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11
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Cao Y, Li S, Chen J. Modeling better in vitro models for the prediction of nanoparticle toxicity: a review. Toxicol Mech Methods 2020; 31:1-17. [DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2020.1828521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Cao
- Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry Education, Laboratory of Biochemistry, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, P. R. China
| | - Shuang Li
- Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry Education, Laboratory of Biochemistry, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, P. R. China
| | - Jiamao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry Education, Laboratory of Biochemistry, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, P. R. China
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12
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Ickrath P, Ickrath K, Steinke M, Scherzad A, Kleinsasser N, Lodes N, Bregenzer M, Hagen R, Hackenberg S. DNA Stability, Regeneration Capacity, and Mucociliary Differentiation of Human Nasal Mucosa Cells in Tissue Systems. Tissue Eng Part A 2020; 26:1199-1208. [PMID: 32524916 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2020.0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
For culture models of primary cells of the human nasal mucosa, monocultures with epithelial cells (ECs) are used as well as cocultures with ECs and fibroblasts (FBs). Well-differentiated models of the respiratory nasal epithelium can be used for ecogenotoxicological assessments, for experiments on host/pathogen interactions, or tissue engineering. However, long-term cultivation and repeated passaging may induce a loss of DNA integrity or cell functionality. The aim of this study was to evaluate these parameters in test systems created from primary nasal mucosa cells. Enzymatic and sequential cell isolation from nasal tissue was performed. EC monocultures and compartment-separated EC-FB cocultures were cultivated over three passages under air/liquid interface conditions. DNA stability and regenerative capacity at the DNA and chromosomal level as well as proliferation and cell differentiation were examined. Both methods showed equivalent levels of DNA stability and regenerative capacity over all passages. Sequential growth of the coculture provided higher cell purity, while enzymatic cell harvest was associated with FB contamination in EC culture. Mucociliary differentiation was verified with electron microscopy in both methods. Functionality measured by lipopolysaccharide stimulation of interleukins was constant over long-term cultivation. Our data confirm DNA stability in long-term cell cultivation as well as functional integrity in both culture methods. Sequential cell isolation should be favored over enzymatic isolation due to higher culture purity. Impact statement Cell culture models are frequently used for ecogenotoxicological assessments, for experiments on host/pathogen interactions, or tissue engineering. However, DNA stability and functional integrity after long-term cultivation in such tissue models have not been investigated, yet. This study is the first showing systematic and evident data on DNA damage and functional aspects in primary human cell culture models of nasal epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Ickrath
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Head and Neck Surgery, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Katrin Ickrath
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Head and Neck Surgery, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Maria Steinke
- Chair of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Agmal Scherzad
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Head and Neck Surgery, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Norbert Kleinsasser
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Kepler University Hospital, Linz, Austria
| | - Nina Lodes
- Chair of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Bregenzer
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Head and Neck Surgery, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Rudolf Hagen
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Head and Neck Surgery, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Hackenberg
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Head and Neck Surgery, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Keerthana S, Kumar A. Potential risks and benefits of zinc oxide nanoparticles: a systematic review. Crit Rev Toxicol 2020; 50:47-71. [PMID: 32186437 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2020.1726282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Keerthana
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Raebareli, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - A. Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Raebareli, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Wiesmann N, Tremel W, Brieger J. Zinc oxide nanoparticles for therapeutic purposes in cancer medicine. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:4973-4989. [DOI: 10.1039/d0tb00739k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Zinc oxide nanoparticles are characterized by a good biocompatibility while providing a versatile potential as innovative therapeutic agents in cancer medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Wiesmann
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery
- University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg-University
- Laboratory for Molecular Tumor Biology
- 55131 Mainz
- Germany
| | - Wolfgang Tremel
- Department of Chemistry
- Johannes Gutenberg-University
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
| | - Juergen Brieger
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery
- University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg-University
- Laboratory for Molecular Tumor Biology
- 55131 Mainz
- Germany
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15
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The Radiosensitizing Effect of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles in Sub-Cytotoxic Dosing Is Associated with Oxidative Stress In Vitro. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12244062. [PMID: 31817448 PMCID: PMC6947246 DOI: 10.3390/ma12244062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Radioresistance is an important cause of head and neck cancer therapy failure. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NP) mediate tumor-selective toxic effects. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential for radiosensitization of ZnO-NP. The dose-dependent cytotoxicity of ZnO-NP20 nm and ZnO-NP100 nm was investigated in FaDu and primary fibroblasts (FB) by an MTT assay. The clonogenic survival assay was used to evaluate the effects of ZnO-NP alone and in combination with irradiation on FB and FaDu. A formamidopyrimidine-DNA glycosylase (FPG)-modified single-cell microgel electrophoresis (comet) assay was applied to detect oxidative DNA damage in FB as a function of ZnO-NP and irradiation exposure. A significantly increased cytotoxicity after FaDu exposure to ZnO-NP20 nm or ZnO-NP100 nm was observed in a concentration of 10 µg/mL or 1 µg/mL respectively in 30 µg/mL of ZnO-NP20 nm or 20 µg/mL of ZnO-NP100 nm in FB. The addition of 1, 5, or 10 µg/mL ZnO-NP20 nm or ZnO-NP100 nm significantly reduced the clonogenic survival of FaDu after irradiation. The sub-cytotoxic dosage of ZnO-NP100 nm increased the oxidative DNA damage compared to the irradiated control. This effect was not significant for ZnO-NP20 nm. ZnO-NP showed radiosensitizing properties in the sub-cytotoxic dosage. At least for the ZnO-NP100 nm, an increased level of oxidative stress is a possible mechanism of the radiosensitizing effect.
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Ferrone E, Araneo R, Notargiacomo A, Pea M, Rinaldi A. ZnO Nanostructures and Electrospun ZnO-Polymeric Hybrid Nanomaterials in Biomedical, Health, and Sustainability Applications. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 9:E1449. [PMID: 31614707 PMCID: PMC6835458 DOI: 10.3390/nano9101449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
ZnO-based nanomaterials are a subject of increasing interest within current research, because of their multifunctional properties, such as piezoelectricity, semi-conductivity, ultraviolet absorption, optical transparency, and photoluminescence, as well as their low toxicity, biodegradability, low cost, and versatility in achieving diverse shapes. Among the numerous fields of application, the use of nanostructured ZnO is increasingly widespread also in the biomedical and healthcare sectors, thanks to its antiseptic and antibacterial properties, role as a promoter in tissue regeneration, selectivity for specific cell lines, and drug delivery function, as well as its electrochemical and optical properties, which make it a good candidate for biomedical applications. Because of its growing use, understanding the toxicity of ZnO nanomaterials and their interaction with biological systems is crucial for manufacturing relevant engineering materials. In the last few years, ZnO nanostructures were also used to functionalize polymer matrices to produce hybrid composite materials with new properties. Among the numerous manufacturing methods, electrospinning is becoming a mainstream technique for the production of scaffolds and mats made of polymeric and metal-oxide nanofibers. In this review, we focus on toxicological aspects and recent developments in the use of ZnO-based nanomaterials for biomedical, healthcare, and sustainability applications, either alone or loaded inside polymeric matrices to make electrospun composite nanomaterials. Bibliographic data were compared and analyzed with the aim of giving homogeneity to the results and highlighting reference trends useful for obtaining a fresh perspective about the toxicity of ZnO nanostructures and their underlying mechanisms for the materials and engineering community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloisa Ferrone
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Rome Sapienza, 00184 Rome, Italy.
| | - Rodolfo Araneo
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Rome Sapienza, 00184 Rome, Italy.
| | | | - Marialilia Pea
- Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies-CNR, 00156 Rome, Italy.
| | - Antonio Rinaldi
- Sustainability Department, ENEA, C.R. Casaccia, Santa Maria di Galeria, Rome 00123, Italy.
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Padmanabhan A, Kaushik M, Niranjan R, Richards JS, Ebright B, Venkatasubbu GD. Zinc Oxide nanoparticles induce oxidative and proteotoxic stress in ovarian cancer cells and trigger apoptosis Independent of p53-mutation status. APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE 2019; 487:807-818. [PMID: 32042215 PMCID: PMC7009796 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2019.05.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer continues to be the most lethal among gynecological malignancies and the major cause for cancer-associated mortality among women. Limitations of current ovarian cancer therapeutics is highlighted by the high frequency of drug-resistant recurrent tumors and the extremely poor 5-year survival rates. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) have shown promise in various biomedical applications including utility as anti-cancer agents. Here, we describe the synthesis and characterization of physical properties of ZnO-NPs of increasing particle size (15 nm - 55 nm) and evaluate their benefits as an ovarian cancer therapeutic using established human ovarian cancer cell lines. Our results demonstrate that the ZnO-NPs induce acute oxidative and proteotoxic stress in ovarian cancer cells leading to their death via apoptosis. The cytotoxic effect of the ZnO-NPs was found to increase slightly with a decrease in nanoparticle size. While ZnO-NPs caused depletion of both wild-type and gain-of-function (GOF) mutant p53 protein in ovarian cancer cells, their ability to induce apoptosis was found to be independent of the p53-mutation status in these cells. Taken together, these results highlight the potential of ZnO-NPs to serve as an anti-cancer therapeutic agent for treating ovarian cancers independent of the p53 mutants of the cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achuth Padmanabhan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX. 77030. USA
- Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX. 77030. USA
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX. 77030. USA
- Co-corresponding authors
| | - M Kaushik
- Department of Nanotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Tamil Nadu. 603203. India
| | - R Niranjan
- Department of Nanotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Tamil Nadu. 603203. India
| | - JoAnne S Richards
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX. 77030. USA
- Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX. 77030. USA
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX. 77030. USA
| | - Brandon Ebright
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX. 77030. USA
| | - G Devanand Venkatasubbu
- Department of Nanotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Tamil Nadu. 603203. India
- Co-corresponding authors
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18
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Wintzheimer S, Genin E, Vellutini L, Le Bourdon G, Kessler M, Hackenberg S, Dembski S, Heuzé K. Functionalisation of TiO 2 nanoparticles with a fluorescent organosilane: A synergy enabling their visualisation in biological cells and an enhanced photocatalytic activity. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019; 181:1019-1025. [PMID: 31382329 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.05.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles, such as TiO2 particles, have a great potential for biomedical applications due to their ultra-small size and large specific surface area. However, their detection within cells is to date more than challenging. Thus, implementing fluorescence properties to nanoparticles via their controlled functionalisation with an organic chromophore is an original and efficient strategy to enable their visualization. In this work, a silylated coupling agent bearing a luminescent rhodamine B group was synthesised and grafted on the surface of anatase nanoparticles. The successful functionalisation was demonstrated via zeta potential, dynamic light scattering and diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform analyses. Remarkably, the obtained luminescent TiO2 particles showed an improved photocatalytic activity compared to the pristine nanoparticles. Both, as-synthesised and functionalised TiO2 nanoparticles samples appear to be non-toxic towards malignant and non-malignant cells. Moreover, the detection of the functionalised particles within cultured cells was proven to be easy and efficient via confocal fluorescence microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Wintzheimer
- University Würzburg, Chair of Chemical Technology of Materials Synthesis, Röntgenring 11, 97070 Würzburg, Germany; Univ. Bordeaux, ISM, UMR-5255, F-33400 Talence, France.
| | - E Genin
- Univ. Bordeaux, ISM, UMR-5255, F-33400 Talence, France; CNRS, ISM, UMR5255, F- 33400 Talence, France.
| | - L Vellutini
- Univ. Bordeaux, ISM, UMR-5255, F-33400 Talence, France; CNRS, ISM, UMR5255, F- 33400 Talence, France.
| | - G Le Bourdon
- Univ. Bordeaux, ISM, UMR-5255, F-33400 Talence, France; CNRS, ISM, UMR5255, F- 33400 Talence, France.
| | - M Kessler
- University Clinic Würzburg, Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Head and Neck Surgery, Josef-Schneider-Str. 11, 97080 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - S Hackenberg
- University Clinic Würzburg, Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Head and Neck Surgery, Josef-Schneider-Str. 11, 97080 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - S Dembski
- Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research, ISC, Neunerplatz 2 97082 Würzburg, Germany; University Clinic Würzburg, Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (TERM), Röntgenring 11, 97070 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - K Heuzé
- Univ. Bordeaux, ISM, UMR-5255, F-33400 Talence, France; CNRS, ISM, UMR5255, F- 33400 Talence, France.
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Radeloff K, Radeloff A, Tirado MR, Scherzad A, Hagen R, Kleinsasser NH, Hackenberg S. Long-Term Impact of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles on Differentiation and Cytokine Secretion of Human Adipose-Derived Stromal Cells. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12111823. [PMID: 31195623 PMCID: PMC6600967 DOI: 10.3390/ma12111823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) are widely utilized, for example in manufacturing paints and in the cosmetic industry. In addition, there is raising interest in the application of NPs in stem cell research. However, cytotoxic, genotoxic and pro-inflammatory effects were shown for NPs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of ZnO-NPs on cytokine secretion and differentiation properties of human adipose tissue-derived stromal cells (ASCs). Human ASCs were exposed to the subtoxic concentration of 0.2 µg/mL ZnO-NPs for 24 h. After four weeks of cultivation, adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation procedures were performed. The multi-differentiation potential was confirmed histologically and using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In addition, the gene expression of IL-6, IL-8, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and caspase 3 was analyzed. Over the course of four weeks after ZnO-NPs exposure, no significant differences were detected in the gene expression of IL-6, IL-8, VEGF and caspase 3 compared to non-exposed cells. The differentiation was also not affected by the ZnO-NPs. These findings underline the fact, that functionality of ASCs is likely to be unaffected by ZnO-NPs, despite a long-term disposition of NPs in the cells, supposing that the starting concentration was safely in the non-toxic range. This might provide important information for single-use nanomedical applications of ZnO-NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Radeloff
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Evangelisches Krankenhaus, Carl von Ossietzky-University, 26122 Oldenburg, Germany.
| | - Andreas Radeloff
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Evangelisches Krankenhaus, Carl von Ossietzky-University, 26122 Oldenburg, Germany.
| | - Mario Ramos Tirado
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Head and Neck Surgery, Julius-Maximilian-University, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany.
| | - Agmal Scherzad
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Head and Neck Surgery, Julius-Maximilian-University, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany.
| | - Rudolf Hagen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Head and Neck Surgery, Julius-Maximilian-University, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany.
| | - Norbert H Kleinsasser
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Kepler-University, 4021 Linz, Austria.
| | - Stephan Hackenberg
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Head and Neck Surgery, Julius-Maximilian-University, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany.
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20
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Mancuso L, Manis C, Murgia A, Isola M, Salis A, Piras F, Caboni P, Cao G. Effect of ZnO Nanoparticles on Human Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Viability, Morphology, Particles Uptake, Cell Cycle and Metabolites. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.13005/bbra/2684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite the growing interest in nanoparticles (NPs), the evaluation of their safety use has to be deeply considered, but standardized procedures for the evaluation of their toxicity have not been defined. In vitro methods are ideal in toxicology research because they can rapidly provide reproducible results while preventing the use of animals. Primary cells are considered a better option as model systems for predicting toxicological behavior, although several cell types do not survive enough in culture and isolated cells can have substantial variability when obtained from different donors. Recently, a new test for acute toxicity based on the use of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMMSCs) has been developed and successfully tested in our laboratory following the ICCVAM (Interagency Coordinating Committee on the Validation of Alternative Methods) guidelines [1]. Along these lines, the aim of this study is to evaluate the acute cytotoxicity of ZnO nanoparticles using the new toxicity test based on hBMMSCs, while comparing their behavior with respect to the toxicity of ZnO micrometer ones. For this reason, we assessed the citotoxicity by performing Neutral Red assay, the cellular uptake by transmission electron microscopy and the effects on hBMMSCs cycle by FACS analysis. Furthermore, we also analyzed by means of GC-MS the polar metabolite profile of hBMMSCs samples treated with ZnO micro- and nanoparticles. Our results show that despite the slight differences in terms of cytotoxicity, nano and microparticles show a very different behavior with respect to their effects on hBMMSCs cycle, metabolite profile and cellular uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Mancuso
- Department of Mechanical, Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Cagliari, Piazza d'Armi, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Cristina Manis
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Via Ospedale, 72, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Antonio Murgia
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Via Ospedale, 72, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Michela Isola
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University Citadel of Monserrato - University of Cagliari, S.S. 554 - Bivio for Sestu, 09042-Monserrato-Cagliari- Italy
| | - Andrea Salis
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University Citadel of Monserrato - University of Cagliari -CSGI and CNBS, S.S. 554 - Bivio for Sestu, 09042-Monserrato-Cagliari- Italy
| | - Federica Piras
- P.O. Armando Businco. Servizio di diagnistica citofluorimetrica e trattamento delle cellule staminali. SC Ematologia e Centro Trapianti Midollo Osseo; Via Edward Jenner 09121 Cagliari
| | - Pierluigi Caboni
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Via Ospedale, 72, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Giacomo Cao
- Department of Mechanical, Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Cagliari, Piazza d'Armi, Cagliari, Italy
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Wang J, Gao S, Wang S, Xu Z, Wei L. Zinc oxide nanoparticles induce toxicity in CAL 27 oral cancer cell lines by activating PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy. Int J Nanomedicine 2018; 13:3441-3450. [PMID: 29950828 PMCID: PMC6016020 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s165699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tongue squamous cell carcinoma (tongue cancer) is one of the most common malignancies in the oral maxillofacial region. The tumor easily relapses after surgery, and the prognosis remains poor. Recently, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) were shown to target multiple cancer cell types. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the anticancer effect of ZnO NPs on CAL 27 human tongue cancer cells and identify the role of PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy in this effect. Materials and methods We analyzed the dose-dependent cytotoxic effects of ZnO NPs on CAL 27 cells. Cells were cultured in media containing 0, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, or 100 μg/mL ZnO NPs for 24 h. We further examined the intracellular reactive oxygen species levels, monodansylcadaverine intensity and mitochondrial membrane potential following the administration of 25 μg/mL ZnO NPs for 4, 8, 12, or 24 h and investigated the role of PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy in ZnO NP-induced toxicity in CAL 27 cells. Results The viability of CAL 27 cells decreased after treatment with increasing ZnO NP concentrations. The inhibitory concentration 50% of the ZnO NPs was calculated as 25 μg/mL. The ZnO NPs increased the intracellular reactive oxygen species levels and decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential in a time-dependent manner as well as activated the PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy process in CAL 27 cells. Conclusion Based on our findings, ZnO NPs may possess potential anticancer activity toward tongue cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Wang
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shutao Gao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Handan Central Hospital, Handan, China
| | - Shuyu Wang
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhaonan Xu
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Limin Wei
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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22
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Ickrath P, Wagner M, Scherzad A, Gehrke T, Burghartz M, Hagen R, Radeloff K, Kleinsasser N, Hackenberg S. Time-Dependent Toxic and Genotoxic Effects of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles after Long-Term and Repetitive Exposure to Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14121590. [PMID: 29258234 PMCID: PMC5751007 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14121590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NP) are widely spread in consumer products. Data about the toxicological characteristics of ZnO-NP is still under controversial discussion. The human skin is the most important organ concerning ZnO-NP exposure. Intact skin was demonstrated to be a sufficient barrier against NPs; however, defect skin may allow NP contact to proliferating cells. Within these cells, stem cells are the most important toxicological target for NPs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of ZnO-NP at low-dose concentrations after long-term and repetitive exposure to human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC). Cytotoxic effects of ZnO-NP were measured by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Furthermore, genotoxicity was evaluated by the comet assay. For long-term observation over 6 weeks, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was applied. The results of the study indicated cytotoxic effects of ZnO-NP beginning at high concentrations of 50 μg/mL and genotoxic effects in hMSC exposed to 1 and 10 μg/mL ZnO-NP. Repetitive exposure enhanced cyto- but not genotoxicity. Intracellular NP accumulation was observed up to 6 weeks. The results suggest cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of ZnO-NP. Even low doses of ZnO-NP may induce toxic effects as a result of repetitive exposure and long-term cellular accumulation. This data should be considered before using ZnO-NP on damaged skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Ickrath
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Head and Neck Surgery, University of Wuerzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Martin Wagner
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Head and Neck Surgery, University of Wuerzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Agmal Scherzad
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Head and Neck Surgery, University of Wuerzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Thomas Gehrke
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Head and Neck Surgery, University of Wuerzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Marc Burghartz
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Katharinenhospital Stuttgart, 70174 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Rudolf Hagen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Head and Neck Surgery, University of Wuerzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Katrin Radeloff
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Head and Neck Surgery, University of Wuerzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Norbert Kleinsasser
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Kepler University Hospital, 4021 Linz, Austria.
| | - Stephan Hackenberg
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Head and Neck Surgery, University of Wuerzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany.
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