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Genotoxic effects of silver nanoparticles on a tropical marine amphipod via feeding exposure. MUTATION RESEARCH/GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2022; 881:503527. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2022.503527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Imade EE, Babalola OO. Biotechnological utilization: the role of Zea mays rhizospheric bacteria in ecosystem sustainability. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:4487-4500. [PMID: 34043079 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11351-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Maize is an essential cereal crop and the third most essential food crop globally. The extensive dependence on pesticides and chemical fertilizers to control pests and increase crop yield, respectively, has generated an injurious impact on soil and animal health. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), which depict a broad array of bacteria inhabiting the root vicinity and root surface, have proven to be a better alternative. These organisms expressly or by implication foster the growth and development of plants by producing and secreting numerous regulatory compounds in the rhizosphere. Some rhizobacteria found to be in association with Zea mays rhizosphere include Bacillus sp., Azotobacter chroococcum, Burkholderia spp., Streptomyces spp., Pseudomonas spp., Paenibacillus spp., and Sphingobium spp. For this review, the mechanism of action of these rhizospheric bacteria was grouped into three, which are bioremediation, biofertilization, and biocontrol. KEY POINTS: • Plant-microbe interaction is vital for ecosystem functioning. • PGPR can produce volatile cues to deter ravaging insects from plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Edoghogho Imade
- Food Security and Safety Niche, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Private Mail Bag X2046, Mmabatho, 2735, South Africa
| | - Olubukola Oluranti Babalola
- Food Security and Safety Niche, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Private Mail Bag X2046, Mmabatho, 2735, South Africa.
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Parisi F, Lazzara G, Merli M, Milioto S, Princivalle F, Sciascia L. Simultaneous Removal and Recovery of Metal Ions and Dyes from Wastewater through Montmorillonite Clay Mineral. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9121699. [PMID: 31795123 PMCID: PMC6955944 DOI: 10.3390/nano9121699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The main objective of this work was to evaluate the potential of Montmorillonite nanoclay (Mt), readily and inexpensively available, for the simultaneous adsorption (and removal) of two classes of pollutants: metal ions and dyes. The attention was focused on two "model" pollutants: Ce(III) and crystal violet (CV). The choice is due to the fact that they are widespread in wastewaters of various origins. These characteristics, together with their effect on human health, make them ideal for studies on water remediation. Moreover, when separated from wastewater, they can be recycled individually in industrial production with no or simple treatment. Clay/pollutant hybrids were prepared under different pH conditions and characterized through the construction of the adsorption isotherms and powder X-ray diffraction. The adsorption behavior of the two contaminants was revealed to be significantly different: the Langmuir model reproduces the adsorption isotherm of Ce(III) better, thus indicating that the clay offers a unique adsorption site to the metal ions, while the Freundlich model proved to be the most reliable for the uptake of CV which implies heterogeneity of adsorption sites. Moreover, metal ions do not adsorb at all under acidic conditions, whereas the dye is able to adsorb under all the investigated conditions. The possibility to modulate the adsorption features by simply changing the pH conditions was successfully employed to develop an efficient protocol for the removal and separation of the different components from aqueous solutions mimicking wastewaters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Parisi
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 17, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (G.L.); (S.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Giuseppe Lazzara
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 17, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (G.L.); (S.M.)
| | - Marcello Merli
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e del Mare, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi, 22, 90123 Palermo, Italy; (M.M.); (L.S.)
| | - Stefana Milioto
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 17, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (G.L.); (S.M.)
| | - Francesco Princivalle
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Geoscienze, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Via Weiss, 1, 34128 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Luciana Sciascia
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e del Mare, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi, 22, 90123 Palermo, Italy; (M.M.); (L.S.)
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Mussali-Galante P, Rodríguez-Lara V, Hernández-Tellez B, Avila-Costa MR, Colín-Barenque L, Bizarro-Nevarez P, Martínez-Levy G, Rojas-Lemus M, Piñón-Zarate G, Saldivar-Osorio L, Diaz-Beck P, Herrera-Enríquez MA, Tovar-Sánchez E, Fortoul TI. Inhaled vanadium pentoxide decrease gamma-tubulin of mouse testes at different exposure times. Toxicol Ind Health 2016; 21:215-22. [PMID: 16342472 DOI: 10.1191/0748233705th232oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Vanadium is an important environmental and industrial pollutant whose concentrations have increased in the last decades. Due to its status as reproductive toxicant and a microtubule damaging agent, the present study investigated by immunohistochemistry the effect of the inhalation of vanadium pentoxide on gamma-tubulin within somatic and testicular germ cells. Male mice inhaled vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) (0.02 M) 1 h/twice a week for 12 weeks. Our results demonstrated that vanadium accumulates in the testes starting with the initial inhalation (24 h), and this pattern remained until the last week of treatment. In general, vanadium was capable of significantly decreasing the percentage of gamma-tubulin in all analyzed testicular cells (Sertoli, Leydig and germ cells) starting with the first week of treatment. For all cell types studied, regression analysis revealed a negative and significant relationship between the percentage of immunopositive cells to gamma-tubulin and exposure time, showing a time dependent response in all cases. Our findings suggest that alterations on this protein might imply changes in microtubule-involved function such as cell division, which in the testes might lead to damage in the spermatogenesis, leading probably to infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Mussali-Galante
- Departamento de Biologia Celular y Tisular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Mexico City
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Gateva S, Jovtchev G, Stergios M. Cytotoxic and clastogenic activity of CdCl2 in human lymphocytes from different donors. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2013; 36:223-230. [PMID: 23631930 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2013.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The sensitivity of human lymphocytes from different donors to CdCl2 using a complex of methods for determination of cytotoxicity and genotoxicity was studied. As endpoints for cytotoxicity the mitotic index (MI) and apoptosis were evaluated. To indicate genotoxicity chromosome aberrations test (CA) was used. The results indicate an individual sensitivity of lymphocytes to CdCl2-induced damage, which is directly depending on the concentration (10(-6), 10(-5), 5×10(-5), 10(-4)mol/l) applied. The assessment of the toxic and genotoxic effect using various endpoints allows more complete risk estimation for organisms exposed to heavy metals. The results have direct practical significance for threat evaluation in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetla Gateva
- Department of Environmental Mutagenesis and Genetic Risk Assessment, Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2 Gagarin Street, Sofia 1113, Bulgaria.
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Sepehri M, Khodaverdiloo H, Zarei M. Fungi and Their Role in Phytoremediation of Heavy Metal-Contaminated Soils. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-33811-3_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
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Abstract
This review summarizes the current knowledge about the general toxicity of thallium (Tl) and its environmental sources, with special emphasis placed on its potential mutagenic, genotoxic, and cytotoxic effects on both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Tl is a nonessential heavy metal that poses environmental and occupational threats as well as therapeutic hazards because of its use in medicine. It is found in two oxidation states, thallous (Tl(+)) and thallic (Tl(3+)), both of which are considered highly toxic to human beings and domestic and wild organisms. Many Tl compounds are colorless, odorless and tasteless, and these characteristics, combined with the high toxicity of TI compounds, have led to their use as poisons. Because of its similarity to potassium ions (K(+)), plants and mammals readily absorb Tl(+) through the skin and digestive and respiratory systems. In mammals, it can cross the placental, hematoencephalic, and gonadal barriers. Inside cells, Tl can accumulate and interfere with the metabolism of potassium and other metal cations, mimicking or inhibiting their action. The effects of Tl on genetic material have not yet been thoroughly explored, and few existing studies have focused exclusively on Tl(+). Both in vivo and in vitro studies indicate that Tl compounds can have a weak mutagenic effect, but no definitive effect on the induction of primary DNA damage or chromosomal damage has been shown. These studies have demonstrated that Tl compounds are highly toxic and lead to changes in cell-cycle progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan José Rodríguez-Mercado
- Unidad de Investigación en Genética y Toxicología Ambiental (UIGTA), Laboratorio L5-PA, Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Investigación Experimental (UMIE-Z), Facultad de Estudios Superiores-Zaragoza, Cuidad de México, México.
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Amin AW. Evaluation of the Genotoxicity of Residual Repeated Applications of Sewage Sludge on M2 Meiocytes of Zea Plants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.3923/rjet.2011.235.250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Kirkland D, Reeve L, Gatehouse D, Vanparys P. A core in vitro genotoxicity battery comprising the Ames test plus the in vitro micronucleus test is sufficient to detect rodent carcinogens and in vivo genotoxins. Mutat Res 2011; 721:27-73. [PMID: 21238603 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2010.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2010] [Revised: 11/12/2010] [Accepted: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In vitro genotoxicity testing needs to include tests in both bacterial and mammalian cells, and be able to detect gene mutations, chromosomal damage and aneuploidy. This may be achieved by a combination of the Ames test (detects gene mutations) and the in vitro micronucleus test (MNvit), since the latter detects both chromosomal aberrations and aneuploidy. In this paper we therefore present an analysis of an existing database of rodent carcinogens and a new database of in vivo genotoxins in terms of the in vitro genotoxicity tests needed to detect their in vivo activity. Published in vitro data from at least one test system (most were from the Ames test) were available for 557 carcinogens and 405 in vivo genotoxins. Because there are fewer publications on the MNvit than for other mammalian cell tests, and because the concordance between the MNvit and the in vitro chromosomal aberration (CAvit) test is so high for clastogenic activity, positive results in the CAvit test were taken as indicative of a positive result in the MNvit where there were no, or only inadequate data for the latter. Also, because Hprt and Tk loci both detect gene-mutation activity, a positive Hprt test was taken as indicative of a mouse-lymphoma Tk assay (MLA)-positive, where there were no data for the latter. Almost all of the 962 rodent carcinogens and in vivo genotoxins were detected by an in vitro battery comprising Ames+MNvit. An additional 11 carcinogens and six in vivo genotoxins would apparently be detected by the MLA, but many of these had not been tested in the MNvit or CAvit tests. Only four chemicals emerge as potentially being more readily detected in MLA than in Ames+MNvit--benzyl acetate, toluene, morphine and thiabendazole--and none of these are convincing cases to argue for the inclusion of the MLA in addition to Ames+MNvit. Thus, there is no convincing evidence that any genotoxic rodent carcinogens or in vivo genotoxins would remain undetected in an in vitro test battery consisting of Ames+MNvit.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kirkland
- Kirkland Consulting, PO Box 79, Tadcaster LS24 0AS, United Kingdom.
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Brumbaugh WG, Mora MA, May TW, Phalen DN. Metal exposure and effects in voles and small birds near a mining haul road in Cape Krusenstern National Monument, Alaska. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2010; 170:73-86. [PMID: 19856120 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-009-1216-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2009] [Accepted: 10/12/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Voles and small passerine birds were live-captured near the Delong Mountain Regional Transportation System (DMTS) haul road in Cape Krusenstern National Monument in northwest Alaska to assess metals exposure and sub-lethal biological effects. Similar numbers of animals were captured from a reference site in southern Cape Krusenstern National Monument for comparison. Histopathological examination of selected organs, and analysis of cadmium, lead, and zinc concentrations in liver and blood samples were performed. Voles and small birds captured from near the haul road had about 20 times greater blood and liver lead concentrations and about three times greater cadmium concentrations when compared to those from the reference site, but there were no differences in zinc tissue concentrations. One vole had moderate metastatic mineralization of kidney tissue, otherwise we observed no abnormalities in internal organs or DNA damage in the blood of any of the animals. The affected vole also had the greatest liver and blood Cd concentration, indicating that the lesion might have been caused by Cd exposure. Blood and liver lead concentrations in animals captured near the haul road were below concentrations that have been associated with adverse biological effects in other studies; however, subtle effects resulting from lead exposure, such as the suppression of the activity of certain enzymes, cannot be ruled out for some individual animals. Results from our 2006 reconnaissance-level study indicate that overall, voles and small birds obtained from near the DMTS road in Cape Krusenstern National Monument were not adversely affected by metals exposure; however, because of the small sample size and other uncertainties, continued monitoring of lead and cadmium in terrestrial habitats near the DMTS road is advised.
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Affiliation(s)
- William G Brumbaugh
- Columbia Environmental Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Columbia, MO, USA
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Role of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria in the Remediation of Metal Contaminated Soils: A Review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-9654-9_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
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Das T, Choudhury AR, Sharma A, Talukder G. Modification of Cytotoxic Effects of Inorganic Arsenic by a Crude Extract of Allium sativum L. in Mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.3109/13880209309082960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tandra Das
- Genetic Toxicology Unit, Centre of Advanced Studies in Cell And Chromosome Research, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Calcutta, 700019, India
| | - Arati Roy Choudhury
- Genetic Toxicology Unit, Centre of Advanced Studies in Cell And Chromosome Research, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Calcutta, 700019, India
| | - Archana Sharma
- Genetic Toxicology Unit, Centre of Advanced Studies in Cell And Chromosome Research, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Calcutta, 700019, India
| | - Geeta Talukder
- Vivekananda Institute of Medical Sciences, 99, Sarat Bose Road, Calcutta, 700026, India
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Ghosh A, Sharma A, Talukder G. Comparison of the Protection Afforded by a Crude Extract of Phyllanthus emblica Fruit and an Equivalent Amount of Synthetic Ascorbic Acid Against the Cytotoxic Effects of Cesium Chloride in Mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.3109/13880209309082927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Ghosh
- Genetic Toxicology Unit, Centre of Advanced Study in Cell and Chromosome Research Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Calcutta, 700 019, India
| | - A. Sharma
- Genetic Toxicology Unit, Centre of Advanced Study in Cell and Chromosome Research Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Calcutta, 700 019, India
| | - G. Talukder
- Genetic Toxicology Unit, Centre of Advanced Study in Cell and Chromosome Research Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Calcutta, 700 019, India
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Reutova NV, Vorobyeva TI, Reutova TV. Some Approaches to Evaluation of the Mutagenic Effect of Industrial Waste on the Environment. RUSS J GENET+ 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s11177-005-0134-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Mohanty S, Das AB, Das P, Mohanty P. Effect of a low dose of aluminum on mitotic and meiotic activity, 4C DNA content, and pollen sterility in rice, Oryza sativa L. cv. Lalat. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2004; 59:70-5. [PMID: 15261725 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2003.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2003] [Revised: 07/08/2003] [Accepted: 07/19/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Aluminum toxicity in acidic soils poses a major threat to plant growth and development. The effects of a low dose of aluminum (50 microM, AlCl3) on various cytological parameters, including mitotic and meiotic chromosomal divisions, in situ nuclear DNA content, interphase nuclear volume (INV), and pollen fertility were compared in untreated (controls) and treated rice plants (Oryza sativa cv. Lalat). The results showed varied chromosomal abnormalities, including chromosome stickiness, laggards, sticky bridge, occurrence of micronuclei, as well as binucleate and multinucleated cells, as a result of aluminum treatment. Aluminum toxicity also inhibited to a small extent the growth of the rice cultivar Lalat. The mitotic and meiotic indexes, even after a prolonged period of recovery, were significantly low. The chromosomal anomalies in the meiotic cells persisted, and plants exhibited a high percentage of pollen sterility (approximately 64%). The nuclear DNA content declined markedly from 11.85 pg in the control to 6.30 pg in the treated plants. The INV also varied significantly between the untreated (controls) and the treated plants. The occurrences of different types of chromosomal aberrations, reduction in the amount of nuclear DNA, and persistence of the phytotoxic effects at the post-treatment stage suggest carcinogenic effects of aluminum on rice plants. The presence of aluminum in acidic soils might thus be extremely hazardous and might cause permanent cytotoxic disorder in rice plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suprava Mohanty
- Regional Plant Resource Centre, Nayapalli, Bhubaneswar, Orissa 751015, India
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Abstract
Inconsistent results among reports on cadmium genotoxicity revealed that certain confounding factors might significantly influence the outcomes of assessment. In Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-W8) cells, chromosome aberration induced by six different cadmium compounds was found positively associated with intracellular cadmium concentration. A parallel association was also observed among different CHO strains treated with same cadmium compound, the cadmium acetate. Both the cadmium-induced chromosome aberration and cadmium uptake were influenced by the presence of fetal calf serum (FCS). The presence of 10% FCS during the 2h treatment period greatly retarded the cellular cadmium uptake, and concurrently reduced the chromosome aberration induction. Other factors such as specific cadmium anion involved and the duration of cadmium treatment period in the investigation also influenced the assessment results of cadmium-induced chromosome aberration. In the protocol with a 2h pulse treatment, cadmium acetate, chloride and sulfate induced more chromosome aberration than cadmium nitrate, carbonate and oxide. When cadmium was present in the culture of the entire treatment period for 18 h, the results went the opposite way. Cadmium nitrate, carbonate and oxide induced significant chromosome aberration, while other three cadmium compounds gave negative results. Cadmium compounds did not induce significant SCE at the same dose level that yielded significant chromosome aberration induction, either in the protocol with the short pulse or long treatment period.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C Wang
- Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, ROC.
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Ali M, Thomson M, Afzal M. Garlic and onions: their effect on eicosanoid metabolism and its clinical relevance. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2000; 62:55-73. [PMID: 10780871 DOI: 10.1054/plef.1999.0124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Garlic (Allium sativum) and onion (Allium cepa) are among the oldest of all cultivated plants. Additionally, both plants have been used as medicinal agents for thousands of years. Both garlic and onion have been shown to have applications as antimicrobial, antithrombotic, antitumor, hypolipidaemic, antiarthritic and hypoglycemic agents. In recent years, extensive research has focussed on the beneficial and medicinal properties of garlic and onions. In particular, the use of these agents in the treatment and prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer is an area of considerable investigation and interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ali
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kuwait University, Safat.
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Abstract
In this study, cultures of human lymphocytes were exposed for 48 h to aqueous suspensions of Zinalco, with different times of corrosion, to test the biocompatibility of this alloy and support its use in medical implants. The results show that the Zinalco concentrations assessed affect the mitotic index (MI) and some also increase the length of DNA migration measured in the comet assay in a significant manner; none of them showed clastogenic nor aneugenic effects. The authors conclude that Zinalco may be considered as an alternative biomaterial and suggest its use for short-term implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- M de los Angeles Aguilar
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Mexico, D.F., Mexico.
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Biswas S, Talukder G, Sharma A. Protection against cytotoxic effects of arsenic by dietary supplementation with crude extract of Emblica officinalis fruit. Phytother Res 1999; 13:513-6. [PMID: 10479764 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1099-1573(199909)13:6<513::aid-ptr525>3.0.co;2-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Dietary administration of a crude aqueous extract of Emblica officinalis Gaertn. fruit reduced significantly the cytotoxic effects of sodium arsenite administered orally. The crude extract (685 mg/kg bw) was given daily by gavaging to age and sex matched laboratory bread Swiss albino mice for 7 and 14 days, followed by a single dose of sodium arsenite (2.5 mg/kg bw = 1/10 of LD(50)). The animals were killed after 24 h and chromosome preparations made following a schedule of colchicine-fixative-air drying-Giemsa. The endpoints screened were chromosomal aberrations and damaged cells. The crude extract reduced arsenic damage bringing the cells almost to the normal level.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Biswas
- Vivekananda Institute of Medical Sciences, 99 Sarat Bose Road, Calcutta 700 026, India
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Altamirano-Lozano M, Valverde M, Alvarez-Barrera L, Molina B, Rojas E. Genotoxic studies of vanadium pentoxide (V(2)O(5)) in male mice. II. Effects in several mouse tissues. TERATOGENESIS, CARCINOGENESIS, AND MUTAGENESIS 1999; 19:243-55. [PMID: 10406888 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1520-6866(1999)19:4<243::aid-tcm1>3.0.co;2-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) was tested for its ability to induce genotoxic damage in six different organs (liver, kidney, lung, spleen, heart, and bone marrow) of mice by using the alkaline Single Cell Gel Electrophoresis (SCGE) assay. Animals were sacrificed 24 h after i.p. administration of the vanadium pentoxide of 23.0, 11.5, or 5.75 microg/g (corresponding to the LD50, 1/2 LD50 and 1/4 LD50, respectively). In all tissues and organs evaluated (except for bone marrow), V2O5 increased the number of cells with damage. Our results showed that i.p. injection of V2O5 induced DNA damage in different organs and tissues, and that this kind of damage can be observed even 24 h after treatment. The analysis of DNA migration and the distribution of DNA damage showed that there are differences in sensitivity between organs and tissues to this compound. In addition the sensitivity of SCGE assay allows the detection of long term DNA damage and the possibility to compare it in various tissues and target organs.
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Migliore L, Cocchi L, Nesti C, Sabbioni E. Micronuclei assay and FISH analysis in human lymphocytes treated with six metal salts. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 1999; 34:279-284. [PMID: 10618176 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2280(1999)34:4<279::aid-em8>3.0.co;2-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The capability of some metal compounds for inducing micronuclei (MN) in human lymphocytes was studied. In this investigation, Al (III), Cd (II), Hg (II), Sb (V), Te (VI), and Tl (I) salts were considered. The FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization) technique with a centromeric probe was coupled with the MN assay in binucleated cells in order to detect both centromere-positive MN (C+ MN) due to malsegregation phenomena and centromere-negative MN (C- MN) due to chromosome breakage. The blood of two young nonsmoking male donors was employed for all experiments. In both donors, all the tested metal compounds, with the exception of Tl(2)SO(4), showed a statistically significant increase of MN compared to controls, at least at one dose. FISH analysis revealed an increase in the fraction of C+ MN for Al, Cd, and Hg compounds, and of C- MN for the Sb salt; however, this was not a statistically significant increase. A different efficiency was observed for the different metal compounds, in particular, KSbO(3) and CH(3)HgCl, which were highly genotoxic, whereas the others showed minimal effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Migliore
- Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Uomo e dell'Ambiente, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
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23
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Choudhury AR, Das T, Sharma A, Talukder G. Inhibition of clastogenic effects of arsenic through continued oral administration of garlic extract in mice in vivo. Mutat Res 1997; 392:237-42. [PMID: 9294023 DOI: 10.1016/s1383-5718(97)00076-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Crude aqueous extract of garlic bulbs (Allium sativum L. single clove variety) was administered by gavage to mice of both sexes daily for up to 30 and 60 days, in doses corresponding to 6 g for a 60 kg human body. Sodium arsenite (at 1/50 of LD50 dose) was injected subcutaneously to mice on every 7th day of the experiment. Chromosome preparations made from bone marrow following flame drying Giemsa schedule were screened for chromosomal aberrations. The clastogenic affects of prolonged exposure to sodium arsenite --a strong clastogen-- was reduced by a highly significant amount when crude garlic extract, in the dose used, was given daily to the mice by intubation for the same period.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Choudhury
- Centre for Advanced Study in Cell and Chromosome Research, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, India
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24
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Liu YC, Huang H. Involvement of calcium-dependent protein kinase C in arsenite-induced genotoxicity in chinese hamster ovary cells. J Cell Biochem 1997. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4644(19970301)64:3<423::aid-jcb9>3.0.co;2-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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25
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Abdouh M, Krzystyniak K, Flipo D, Thérien HM, Fournier M. Cytometric profile of molybdenum-induced contact sensitization versus a strong allergen reaction to oxazolone in murine auricular lymph node (ALN) test. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY 1995; 17:545-54. [PMID: 8586482 DOI: 10.1016/0192-0561(95)00047-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Induction of contact hypersensitivity (CH) by molybdenum chloride (MoCl5) was determined by auricular lymph node (ALN) test in C57B1/6 mice. The ALN test was further improved by immunophenotyping and cytometric analysis of subset-specific cell in the draining node. Skin sensitization was induced by topical ear exposure to 1.0-50% oxazolone and resulted in a strong dose-related ALN reaction. Analogous exposure to MoCl5 resulted in a weaker but marked dose-related reaction, also manifested as an increase in cell number/ALN. Other differences between the oxazolone-induced strong sensitization and the MoCl5-related ALN reaction were: (1) an increase in the total number of Ig+ cells, which was, however, unchanged in the MoCl5-exposed mice; (2) a significant increase in the total number of large/activated T-cell subsets; and (3) a marked shift in the relative percentage of gated large/activated subsets of ALN cells, which was not observed in the MoCl5-exposed animals. Thus, it appeared that the molybdenum exposure induced a nonspecific increase in the cell number/ALN and was not accompanied by any marked activation of the T-cell subsets. Immunotoxicity of a 14 day subchronic exposure to MoCl5 at 1-100 ppm in food was studied by quantification of splenic humoral IgM response to sheep erythrocytes (SRBC). Plaque-forming cells (PFC) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) revealed unchanged humoral exposure in MoCl5-exposed mice. Cytometric assay of fluorescent beads uptake showed unchanged phagocytic activity of peritoneal macrophages from the MoCl5-exposed mice. Immunophenotyping of CD4+, CD8+, Thy 1.2+ and Ig+ cells revealed no effect of MoCl5 exposure on the total count of cell subsets in the ungated populations of spleen, lymph nodes and peripheral blood cells. Molybdenum chloride should thus be considered as a non-immunotoxic and a weak, nonspecific contact irritant.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Abdouh
- Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec á Montréal, Canada
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26
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Jha AM, Singh AC. Clastogenicity of lanthanides: induction of chromosomal aberration in bone marrow cells of mice in vivo. Mutat Res 1995; 341:193-7. [PMID: 7529360 DOI: 10.1016/0165-1218(95)90009-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Clastogenic properties of two lanthanide elements praseodymium (Pr) and neodymium (Nd) were evaluated by employing mouse in vivo chromosomal aberrations (CAs) assay. Praseodymium oxide (Pr6O11) and neodymium oxide (Nd2O3) administered intraperitoneally to Swiss albino mice in vivo induced significant increase in the frequency of CAs in bone marrow cells, when compared to negative control. The number of CAs/cell and percent aberrant cells increased with an increase in the concentration and period of treatment. The effect was maximum when the cells were analysed 12 h after treatment, as compared to 6 and 24 h. This is the first report on the clastogenicity of these elements in mouse in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Jha
- Department of Botany, Samastipur College, India
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27
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Huang RN, Ho IC, Yih LH, Lee TC. Sodium arsenite induces chromosome endoreduplication and inhibits protein phosphatase activity in human fibroblasts. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 1995; 25:188-196. [PMID: 7737136 DOI: 10.1002/em.2850250304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic, strongly associated with increased risks of human cancers, is a potent clastogen in a variety of mammalian cell systems. The effect of sodium arsenite (a trivalent arsenic compound) on chromatid separation was studied in human skin fibroblasts (HFW). Human fibroblasts were arrested in S phase by the aid of serum starvation and aphidicolin blocking and then these cells were allowed to synchronously progress into G2 phase. Treatment of the G2-enriched HFW cells with sodium arsenite (0-200 microM) resulted in arrest of cells in the G2 phase, interference with mitotic division, inhibition of spindle assembly, and induction of chromosome endoreduplication in their second mitosis. Sodium arsenite treatment also inhibited the activities of serine/threonine protein phosphatases and enhanced phosphorylation levels of a small heat shock protein (HSP27). These results suggest that sodium arsenite may mimic okadaic acid to induce chromosome endoreduplication through its inhibitory effect on protein phosphatase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R N Huang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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28
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Abstract
The clastogenic property of two lanthanides, Praseodymium and Neodymium, was evaluated by scoring the frequencies of micronucleated cells in the interphase and chromosome/chromatid aberrations at ana-telophases in root tips of Vicia faba L. The significant increase in the frequency of micronucleated cells coupled with the increase in the frequency of chromosome/chromatid bridges and lagging chromosomes/chromatids suggest that these two are clastogenic for Vicia faba root cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Jha
- Department of Botany, Samastipur college, India
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29
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Jagetia GC, Adiga SK. Cadmium chloride induces dose-dependent increases in the frequency of micronuclei in mouse bone marrow. Mutat Res 1994; 306:85-90. [PMID: 7512206 DOI: 10.1016/0027-5107(94)90170-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MPCE) and normochromatic erythrocytes (MNCE) was studied in Swiss albino mice treated with 0, 0.025, 0.05, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1 and 2 mg/kg body weight of cadmium chloride. It was observed that cadmium chloride induced a dose-dependent increase in the frequency of MPCE and MNCE. However, this increase was significant only after treatment with 0.05 mg/kg of CdCl2 (MPCE). The polychromatic and normochromatic erythrocyte ratio (PCE/NCE ratio) declined with the increase in CdCl2 dose and this depletion was dose-dependent. A significant decline was observed only after 0.25 mg/kg CdCl2. The dose-response relationship for all three parameters was linear-quadratic.
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Affiliation(s)
- G C Jagetia
- Department of Radiobiology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Karnataka, India
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30
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Subhadra AV, Panda BB. Metal-induced genotoxic adaptation in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) to maleic hydrazide and methyl mercuric chloride. Mutat Res 1994; 321:93-102. [PMID: 7510851 DOI: 10.1016/0165-1218(94)90125-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Presoaked seeds of barley, Hordeum vulgare L., were exposed for 2 h to maleic hydrazide (MH), 5 x 10(-2) M or methyl mercuric chloride (MMCl), 10(-4) M with or without a prior conditioning with MH, 5 x 10(-3) M; MMCl, 10(-5) M; cadmium sulfate (CdSO4), 10(-4) M or zinc sulfate (ZnSO4), 10(-1) M; the interexposure time was 2 h. Subsequently as the seeds germinated a number of endpoints were measured that included mitotic index, mitotic chromosome aberrations and micronuclei (MNC) in embryonic shoot cells fixed at 32, 36, 40, 44, 48 and 52 h of recovery, and seedling height on day 7. The results demonstrated that prior conditioning exposure to MH or metals induced genotoxic adaptation to the subsequent challenge exposure to MH and MMCl. Cadmium-induced genotoxic adaptation against either MH or MMCl challenge exposure was, however, significantly prevented when the presoaked seeds were pre-exposed to buthionine sulfoximine, 10(-3) M for 2 h, thereby providing evidence that the underlying mechanism of genotoxic adaptation possibly involved phytochelatins.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Subhadra
- Department of Botany, Berhampur University, Orissa, India
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31
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Yao XL, Jenkins EC, Wisniewski HM. Effect of aluminum chloride on mitogenesis, mitosis, and cell cycle in human short-term whole blood cultures: lower concentrations enhance mitosis. J Cell Biochem 1994; 54:473-7. [PMID: 8014196 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.240540414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Aluminum, the third most common element in the earth's crust (second to oxygen and silicon) and recently suspected by some investigators to be implicated in Alzheimer disease etiology, has been studied in relation to its effect on mitogenesis, mitosis, and cell cycle. We have observed that 2-4 mM concentrations of AlCl3 have decreased the number of cells that undergo mitogenesis (PHA-induced blast transformation) and mitosis in human short term whole blood cultures. We have also shown that the rate of the cell cycle was slowed down, i.e., cell cycle time was increased in the presence of AlCl3. Also, we have demonstrated a reversible effect on aluminum-induced reduced mitotic index in long-term EBV-transformed lymphoblastoid cultures. Although safeguards such as limiting aluminum serum concentrations have been recommended to protect individuals undergoing dialysis, it should be realized that concentration accumulations of aluminum may increase over chronic exposures. Accordingly, if the number of cells stimulated by PHA is reduced in the presence of AlCl3, there may be a reduction of immune competence, since the degree of PHA stimulation has been used as an indicator of immune response. Similar reductions in mitotic index could affect every tissue involved with cell division. Although it may not be the same for higher concentrations, from our results, we have also shown that decreased mitotic rates were reversible in long-term EBV-transformed lymphoblastoid cultures. Increased numbers of mitoses were observed in human short-term whole blood cultures that were exposed to 2 microM concentrations of aluminum chloride.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- X L Yao
- New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island 10314
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32
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Abstract
The mutagenic, carcinogenic and teratogenic effects of vanadium and its compounds are reviewed. It is concluded that vanadium is not clastogenic and only weakly mutagenic; it has marked mitogenic activity affecting the distribution of chromosomes during mitosis and possibly causing aneuploidy. The few positive data on effects of vanadium during development leave it open whether direct effects on the embryo of fetus or physiological disturbances in the mother are responsible. No data exist indicating that vanadium is carcinogenic in animals or man, but since it interferes with mitosis and chromosome distribution, the possibility that vanadium might be carcinogenic under certain conditions cannot be dismissed offhand.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Léonard
- Teratogenicity and Mutagenicity Unit, Catholic University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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33
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Gurr JR, Lin YC, Ho IC, Jan KY, Lee TC. Induction of chromatid breaks and tetraploidy in Chinese hamster ovary cells by treatment with sodium arsenite during the G2 phase. Mutat Res 1993; 319:135-42. [PMID: 7692289 DOI: 10.1016/0165-1218(93)90072-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells with sodium arsenite during the G2 phase induced poorly condensed chromosomes and chromatid breaks. The induction of chromatid breaks was confirmed by the appearance of micronucleated cells after arsenite-treated G2 cells were allowed to re-enter interphase. When the duration of the G2 phase was artificially divided into 4 periods, more chromatid breaks were induced by treatment with arsenite during the very early G2 phase (or G2/S boundary). In addition to the induction of chromatid breaks, arsenite treatment also remarkably retarded the re-entry of mitotic cells into interphase. By replating and incubating arsenite-treated G2 cells in drug-free medium, we subsequently observed the appearance of a population of cells whose DNA content was between 4C and 8C, and metaphase cells with near-tetraploid chromosome numbers in the next mitotic division.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Gurr
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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34
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Roychoudhury A, Das T, Sharma A, Talukder G. Use of crude extract of garlic (Allium sativum L.) in reducing cytotoxic effects of arsenic in mouse bone marrow. Phytother Res 1993. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2650070214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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35
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Abstract
Chromium, like many transition metal elements, is essential to life at low concentrations yet toxic to many systems at higher concentrations. In addition to the overt symptoms of acute chromium toxicity, delayed manifestations of chromium exposure become apparent by subsequent increases in the incidence of various human cancers. Chromium is widely used in numerous industrial processes, and as a result is a contaminant of many environmental systems. Chromium, in its myriad chemical forms and oxidation states, has been well studied in terms of its general chemistry and its interactions with biological molecules. However, the precise mechanisms by which chromium is both an essential metal and a carcinogen are not yet fully clear. The following review does not seek to embellish upon the proposed mechanisms of the toxic and carcinogenic actions of chromium, but rather provides a comprehensive review of these theories. The chemical nature of chromium compounds and how these properties impact upon the interactions of chromium with cellular and genetic targets, including animal and human hosts, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Cohen
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University Medical Center, NY 10016
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36
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Dhir H, Roy AK, Sharma A. Relative efficiency of Phyllanthus emblica fruit extract and ascorbic acid in modifying lead and aluminium-induced sister-chromatid exchanges in mouse bone marrow. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 1993; 21:229-236. [PMID: 8462526 DOI: 10.1002/em.2850210305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The identification of desmutagens and bioantimutagens in plants has prompted the search for additional plant extracts capable of modifying adverse cellular effects of environmental toxicants. The protective action of crude extracts of Phyllanthus emblica fruits (PFE) against lead (Pb) and aluminium (Al)-induced sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) was studied in bone marrow cells of Mus musculus. The modifying effect of the crude extract was compared with that of comparable amounts of synthetic ascorbic acid (AA), a major component of the fruits. Oral administration of PFE or AA for 7 consecutive days before exposure of mice to the metals by intraperitoneal injections reduced the frequencies of SCEs induced by both metals. PFE afforded a more pronounced protective effect than AA in counteracting the genotoxicity induced by both Al and Pb: This difference was significant with Pb. The higher protection afforded by PFE may be attributed to the interaction of AA with other natural ingredients present in the crude fruit extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Dhir
- Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, India
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37
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Das T, Roychoudhury A, Sharma A, Talukder G. Modification of clastogenicity of three known clastogens by garlic extract in mice in vivo. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 1993; 21:383-388. [PMID: 8491218 DOI: 10.1002/em.2850210410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The anticlastogenic activity of crude extract of garlic (Allium sativum L.) was studied in bone marrow cells of mice. Male laboratory-bred Swiss albino mice were given one of three concentrations of the freshly prepared extract (100 mg, 50 mg, and 25 mg/kg body weight) as a dietary supplement by gavage for 6 consecutive days. On the seventh day the mice were administered a single acute dose of two known clastogens, mitomycin C(1.5 mg/kg) and cyclophosphamide (25 mg/kg) or sodium arsenite (2.5 mg/kg), simultaneously with garlic extract. After 24 hr, chromosome preparations were made from the bone marrow cells. The endpoint studied were chromosomal aberrations and damaged cells. Garlic extract alone induced a low level of chromosomal damage. The clastogenicity of all three mutagens were reduced significantly in the animals which had been given garlic extract as dietary supplement. The extent of reduction was different for the three clastogens and may be attributed to the interaction with the different components of the extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Das
- Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, India
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38
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Ghosh A, Sharma A, Talukder G. Relative protection given by extract of Phyllanthus emblica fruit and an equivalent amount of vitamin C against a known clastogen--caesium chloride. Food Chem Toxicol 1992; 30:865-9. [PMID: 1427509 DOI: 10.1016/0278-6915(92)90052-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Aqueous extracts of Phyllanthus emblica L. fruit and an equivalent amount of vitamin C were administered orally by gavage to laboratory-bred Swiss albino mice for 7 days in order to evaluate the protection afforded by the two extracts against clastogenic effects of different doses of caesium chloride (CsCl) on bone marrow cells of Mus musculus in vivo. Both pretreatments significantly reduced the frequency of chromosome aberrations induced by CsCl given at three different doses, indicating that vitamin C, an essential component of P. emblica extract, was the effective agent in protecting against the clastogenicity of the metal salt.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ghosh
- Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, India
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39
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Dhir H, Sharma A, Talukder G. Modifying effect of iron on lead-induced clastogenicity in mouse bone marrow cells. Biol Trace Elem Res 1992; 34:279-86. [PMID: 1384618 DOI: 10.1007/bf02783683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Essential trace elements such as iron (Fe) are known to interact with nonessential metals like lead (Pb), influencing its metabolism. Ferric chloride and lead nitrate were administered intraperitoneally to Swiss albino mice Mus musculus singly and successively, with or without a time gap of 1 h, to study the degree of protection, if any, afforded by iron against the clastogenic effects induced by Pb in bone marrow cells. A decrease in the frequency of lead-induced chromosomal aberrations was observed when Fe was given together with or prior to Pb administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Dhir
- Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, India
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40
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Roy AK, Dhir H, Sharma A. Modification of metal-induced micronuclei formation in mouse bone marrow erythrocytes by Phyllanthus fruit extract and ascorbic acid. Toxicol Lett 1992; 62:9-17. [PMID: 1509511 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4274(92)90072-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The comparative efficacy of Phyllanthus emblica fruit extract, and its main constituent, ascorbic acid, in modifying the cytotoxic action of lead and aluminium was evaluated in vivo in bone marrow cells of Mus musculus. Oral administration of Phyllanthus emblica fruit extract for 7 days before exposure to the metals through intraperitoneal injections reduced the frequency of micronuclei induced by all doses of both metals. Priming with comparable doses of synthetic ascorbic acid reduced micronuclei formation induced by both doses of aluminium and only the lower dose of lead. With the higher dose of lead (20 mg/kg body wt.) priming with ascorbic acid increased the frequency of micronuclei when compared with mice administered lead alone. The greater efficacy of Phyllanthus fruit extract in alleviating metal-induced clastogenicity may be due to the combined action of all ingredients in the crude extract, rather than to ascorbic acid alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Roy
- Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, India
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41
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Abstract
The comparative effects of inorganic and organic tin compounds on chromosomes were assessed in human peripheral blood lymphocytes of healthy donors 20-40 years of age. The endpoints observed were chromosomal abnormalities, sister-chromatid exchanges (SCEs) and cell cycle kinetics. The maximum concentrations which reduced the replicative index by about 50%, of stannic chloride and trimethyltin chloride were 40 micrograms and 2 micrograms per culture respectively. The tested doses were 20 micrograms and 10 micrograms of stannic chloride and 1 microgram and 0.5 microgram of trimethyltin chloride. Both doses of stannic chloride induced a much higher frequency of chromosomal abnormalities (P less than 0.05-P less than 0.001) and a greater reduction of cell cycle kinetics than the corresponding relative doses of trimethyltin chloride. The frequencies of SCEs/cell induced by the latter were, however, slightly higher than those induced by the former.
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Affiliation(s)
- B B Ganguly
- Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, India
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42
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Dhir H, Ghosh S, Sharma A, Talukder G. Interaction between two group IV metals--lead and zirconium--in bone marrow cells of Mus musculus in vivo. Biometals 1992; 5:81-6. [PMID: 1525480 DOI: 10.1007/bf01062218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The interaction between two group IV metals, the highly toxic lead and the relatively inactive and low toxic zirconium, was studied in the bone marrow chromosomes of Mus musculus in vivo. Low and high doses of zirconium oxychloride were fed orally to the experimental mice (i) 2 h before, (ii) 2 h after or (iii) together with different doses of lead nitrate. Protection against lead-induced clastogenicity was observed only when the lower dose of zirconium was administered prior to lead. All other combinations gave an additive or synergistic effect as was seen by significant increases in the frequencies of chromosomal aberrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Dhir
- Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, India
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43
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Abstract
Cancer epidemiology has identified several metal compounds as human carcinogens. Recent evidence suggests that carcinogenic metals induce genotoxicity in a multiplicity of ways, either alone or by enhancing the effects of other agents. This review summarizes current information on the genotoxicity of arsenic, chromium, nickel, beryllium and cadmium compounds and their possible roles in carcinogenesis. Each of these metals is distinct in its primary modes of action; yet there are several mechanisms induced by more than one metal, including: the induction of cellular immunity and oxidative stress, the inhibition of DNA metabolism and repair and the formation of DNA- and/or protein-crosslinks.
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Affiliation(s)
- E T Snow
- Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University Medical Center, Tuxedo 10987
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44
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Ghosh A, Ghosh AK, Sharma A, Talukder G. Modification of cesium toxicity by calcium in mammalian system. Biol Trace Elem Res 1991; 31:139-45. [PMID: 9438035 DOI: 10.1007/bf02990422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between cesium chloride CsCl and calcium chloride CaCl2 was observed in bone marrow chromosomes of mice. The two salts were administered orally to laboratory bred Swiss albino mice in vivo singly or one followed by the other, or both simultaneously. CsCl induced chromosomal aberrations in frequencies directly proportional to the dose administered. The frequency of aberrations was reduced significantly when the two chemicals were administered simultaneously or when CaCl2 was given 2 h before CsCl. Thus, CaCl2 is able to protect against the cytotoxicity of CsCl.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ghosh
- Genetic Toxicology Unit, University of Calcutta, India
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45
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Ghosh S, Sharma A, Talukder G. Relationship of clastogenic effects of zirconium oxychloride to dose and duration of exposure in bone marrow cells of mice in vivo. Toxicol Lett 1991; 55:195-201. [PMID: 1998207 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4274(91)90134-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Zirconium oxychloride was administered as a single oral dose to laboratory-bred Swiss albino mice corresponding to 1/2, 1/6 and 1/20 of the LD50 values. Bone marrow cells were screened after 6, 12 and 24h for chromosomal aberrations following an air-drying-Giemsa schedule. The frequencies of chromosomal breaks and alterations induced increased significantly at a rate directly proportional to the concentration used. The increase was also related to the period after exposure, although to a less extent than the concentration used. No direct relationship could be observed to the sex of the animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ghosh
- Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, India
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Ghosh BB, Talukder G, Sharma A. Frequency of chromosome aberrations induced by trimethyltin chloride in human peripheral blood lymphocytes in vitro: related to age of donors. Mech Ageing Dev 1991; 57:125-37. [PMID: 2051786 DOI: 10.1016/0047-6374(91)90029-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Human peripheral blood lymphocytes of healthy male and female individuals of different age groups were treated with two aqueous doses (0.5 microgram and 1.0 microgram) of trimethyltin chloride in mitogen stimulated and serum supplemented culture medium for 72 h at 37 degrees C. Chromatid and chromosome types of aberrations were observed to be increased in both treated sets in all age groups. Significant variations were observed between age groups (P less than 0.001) and between experimental sets (P less than 0.001). Moreover, interaction of chemical and donors age was statistically highly significant (P less than 0.05-P less than 0.001). However, no linear correlation between the increase of donor's age and aberrations was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- B B Ghosh
- Human Genetics Unit, Centre of Advanced Study, Cell and Chromosome Research, Calcutta, India
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Ghosh AK, Sen S, Palit S, Ghosh A, Sharma A, Talukder G. Comparative efficacy of chlorophyllin in reducing cytotoxicity of some heavy metals. BIOLOGY OF METALS 1991; 4:158-61. [PMID: 1931434 DOI: 10.1007/bf01141307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The potential of chlorophyllin in reducing clastogenicity was studied against two concentrations of each of three potent metallic clastogens (cesium chloride, mercuric chloride and cobalt chloride) in bone marrow cells of mice in vivo. The respective salts and chlorophyllin were administered orally to mice by gavaging in different combinations. Simultaneous administration of chlorophyllin with both concentrations of each salt reduced the clastogenic effects in the order Cs greater than Hg greater than Co. Chlorophyllin could not decrease the clastogenic effects when administered 2 h before the salts.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Ghosh
- Department of Botany, Calcutta University, India
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Ghosh S, Talukder G, Sharma A. Cytogenetic effects of exposure to zirconium oxychloride in human leucocyte cultures. Toxicol In Vitro 1991; 5:295-9. [DOI: 10.1016/0887-2333(91)90005-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/1990] [Revised: 01/03/1991] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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49
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Dhir H, Roy AK, Sharma A, Talukder G. Protection afforded by aqueous extracts ofPhyllanthus species against cytotoxicity induced by lead and aluminium salts. Phytother Res 1990. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2650040503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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50
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Roldán RE, Altamirano LM. Chromosomal aberrations, sister-chromatid exchanges, cell-cycle kinetics and satellite associations in human lymphocyte cultures exposed to vanadium pentoxide. Mutat Res 1990; 245:61-5. [PMID: 2215552 DOI: 10.1016/0165-7992(90)90001-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of human lymphocytes with vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) was not found to increase the frequency of structural chromosomal aberrations (CA) and sister-chromatid exchanges (SCE). However, V2O5 significantly increased polyploid cell frequency; also, the mitotic index (MI) was significantly decreased, and the average generation time (AGT) was significantly increased. Finally, the frequency of cells with satellite associations (SA), the frequency of SA per cell, and the frequency of chromosomes associated increased in treated cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Roldán
- Laboratorio de Citogenética y Mutagénesis, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Profesionales-Zaragoza, UNAM, D.F., Mexico
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