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Etesami H, Jeong BR, Raheb A. Arsenic (As) resistant bacteria with multiple plant growth-promoting traits: Potential to alleviate As toxicity and accumulation in rice. Microbiol Res 2023; 272:127391. [PMID: 37121023 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2023.127391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
A currently serious agronomic concern for paddy soils is arsenic (As) contamination. Paddy soils are mostly utilized for rice cultivation. Arsenite (As(III)) is prevalent in paddy soils, and its high mobility and toxicity make As uptake by rice substantially greater than that by other food crops. Globally, interest has increased towards using As-resistant plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) to improve plant metal tolerance, promote plant growth, and immobilize As to prevent its uptake and accumulation in the edible parts of rice as much as possible. This review focuses on the As-resistant PGPB characteristics influencing rice growth and the mechanisms by which they function to alleviate As toxicity stress in rice plants. Several recent examples of mechanisms responsible for decreasing the availability of As to rice and coping with As stresses facilitated by the PGPB with multiple PGP traits (e.g., phosphate and silicate solubilization, the production of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase, phytohormones, and siderophore, N2 fixation, sulfate reduction, the biosorption, bioaccumulation, methylation, and volatilization of As, and arsenite oxidation) are also reviewed. In addition, future research needs about the application of As-resistant PGPB with PGP traits to mitigate As accumulation in rice plants are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Etesami
- Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Byoung Ryong Jeong
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University (GNU), Jinju 52828, South Korea
| | - Alireza Raheb
- Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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2
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Wei C, Song L, Qin L. Heterologous expression of HsPstS gene reducing arsenic accumulation and improving As-tolerance in transgenic tobaccos by enhancing CAT activity. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 282:153940. [PMID: 36774705 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2023.153940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic (As) is a toxic metalloid element that affects plant growth and development. Reducing the uptake of arsenic by plants via genetic engineering strategy can effectively improve the tolerance and safety of economic crops in As-contaminated soil. In this paper, the HsPstS gene coded ABC-type periplasmic phosphate-binding protein (PBP) of Halomonas strain GFAJ-1 was introduced into tobacco K326 by Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation to create transgenic tobaccos. Under As stress, NBT and DAB staining of tobacco leaves showed significant accumulation of H2O2 in wild-type and CK plants, and the further determination showed that the H2O2 content in CK plants was higher than that in transgenic plants except for L35S-2 and LREL-4 at 3 d after stress. Generally, the activity of antioxidant enzymes (CAT and POD) in tobaccos increased first and then decreased under As stress, and the CAT activity in most transgenic tobacco plants was significantly higher than that in wild-type and CK plants at 5 d after stress. By contrast, POD activity in CK and wild-type plants was significantly higher than that in transgenic tobaccos except for L35S-2. Additionally, As content determination showed that all transgenic tobacco plants except for CK showed the characteristic of low As-accumulation, especially in transgenic tobaccos L35S-2 and LREL-4, which suggested that the introduction of HsPstS could significantly reduce the As absorption in HsPstS-contained transgenic tobaccos, while there was no significant influence on agronomic traits and photosynthetic characteristics of transgenic tobaccos compared with wild-type ones. Interestingly, the introduction of HsPstS gene also reduced the content of nicotine and nornicotine in transgenic tobacco plants, while there was no significant difference on K content between transgenic and non-transgenic tobaccos. These results above provided ideal parental materials for cultivating tobacco germplasm with the characteristic of low As-accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Wei
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Institute of Agro-Bioengineering/College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Li Song
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Institute of Agro-Bioengineering/College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Lijun Qin
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Institute of Agro-Bioengineering/College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
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3
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Kumar S, Choudhary AK, Suyal DC, Makarana G, Goel R. Leveraging arsenic resistant plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria for arsenic abatement in crops. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 425:127965. [PMID: 34894510 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic is a toxic metalloid categorized under class 1 carcinogen and is detrimental to both plants and animals. Agricultural land in several countries is contaminated with arsenic, resulting in its accumulation in food grains. Increasing global food demand has made it essential to explore neglected lands like arsenic-contaminated lands for crop production. This has posed a severe threat to both food safety and security. Exploration of arsenic-resistant plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) is an environment-friendly approach that holds promise for both plant growth promotion and arsenic amelioration in food grains. However, their real-time performance is dependent upon several biotic and abiotic factors. Therefore, a detailed analysis of associated mechanisms and constraints becomes inevitable to explore the full potential of available arsenic-resistant PGPR germplasm. Authors in this review have highlighted the role and constraints of arsenic-resistant PGPR in reducing the arsenic toxicity in food crops, besides providing the details of arsenic transport in food grains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Kumar
- ICAR-Research Complex for Eastern Region, Patna 800014, Bihar, India
| | | | - Deep Chandra Suyal
- Department of Microbiology, Akal College of Basic Sciences, Eternal University, Baru Sahib, Sirmour, 173101, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Govind Makarana
- ICAR-Research Complex for Eastern Region, Patna 800014, Bihar, India
| | - Reeta Goel
- GLA University, Mathura 281406, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Ahammed GJ, Yang Y. Anthocyanin-mediated arsenic tolerance in plants. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 292:118475. [PMID: 34763015 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plants detoxify toxic metal(loid)s by accumulating diverse metabolites. Beside scavenging excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by metal(loid)s, some metabolites chelate metal(loid) ions. Classically, thiol-containing compounds, especially glutathione (GSH) and phytochelatins (PCs) are thought to be the major chelators that conjugate with metal(loid)s in the cytoplasm followed by transport and sequestration in the vacuole. In addition to this classical detoxification pathway, a role for secondary metabolites in metal(loid) detoxification has recently emerged. In particular, anthocyanins, a kind of flavonoids with ROS scavenging potential, contribute to enhanced arsenic tolerance in several plant species. Evidence is accumulating that, in analogy to GSH and PCs, anthocyanins may conjugate with arsenic followed by vacuolar sequestration in the detoxification event. Exogenous application or endogenous accumulation of anthocyanins enhances arsenic tolerance, leading to improved plant growth and productivity. The application of some plant hormones and signaling molecules stimulates endogenous anthocyanin synthesis which confers tolerance to arsenic stress. Anthocyanin biosynthesis is transcriptionally regulated by several transcription factors, including myeloblastosis (MYBs). The light-regulated transcription factor elongated hypocotyl 5 (HY5) also affects anthocyanin biosynthesis, but its role in arsenic tolerance remains elusive. Here, we review the mechanism of arsenic detoxification in plants and the potential role of anthocyanins in arsenic tolerance beyond the classical points of view. Our analysis proposes that anthocyanin manipulation in crop plants may ensure sustainable crop yield and food safety in the marginal lands prone to arsenic pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Golam Jalal Ahammed
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, Henan, China
| | - Youxin Yang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Postharvest Technology and Nondestructive Testing of Fruits & Vegetables, Collaborative Innovation Center of Post-Harvest Key Technology and Quality Safety of Fruits and Vegetables, College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China.
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Sagonda T, Adil MF, Sehar S, Rasheed A, Joan HI, Ouyang Y, Shamsi IH. Physio-ultrastructural footprints and iTRAQ-based proteomic approach unravel the role of Piriformospora indica-colonization in counteracting cadmium toxicity in rice. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 220:112390. [PMID: 34098428 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Due to its immense capability to concentrate in rice grain and ultimately in food chain, cadmium (Cd) has become the cause of an elevated concern among agriculturists, scientists and the environmental activists. Symbiotic association of Piriformospora indica (P. indica) has been characterized as a potential aid in combating heavy metal stress in plants for sustainable crop production but our scant knowledge regarding ameliorative tendency of P. indica against Cd, specifically in rice, necessitates an in-depth investigation. This study aimed at elaborating the underlying mechanisms involved in P. indica-mediated tolerance against Cd stress in two rice genotypes, IR8 and ZX1H, varying in Cd accumulation pattern. Either colonized or un-inoculated with P. indica, seedlings of both genotypes were subjected to Cd stress. The results showed that P. indica colonization significantly supported plant biomass, photosynthetic attributes and chlorophyll contents in Cd stressed plants. P. indica colonization sustained chloroplast integrity and reduced Cd translocation (46% and 64%), significantly lowering malondialdehyde (MDA) content (11.3% and 50.4%) compared to uninoculated roots under Cd stress in IR8 and ZX1H, respectively. A genotypic difference was evident when a 2-fold enhancement in root peroxidase (POD) activity was recorded in P. indica colonized IR8 plants as compared to ZX1H. The root proteomic analysis was performed using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) and the results showed that P. indica alleviates Cd stress in rice via down-regulation of key glycolysis cycle enzymes in a bid to reduce energy consumption by the plants and possibly re-directing it to Cd defense response pathways; and up-regulation of glutamine synthetase, a key enzyme in the L-Arg-dependent pathway for nitric oxide (NO) production, which acts as a stress signaling molecule, thus conferring tolerance by reduction of NO-mediated modification of essential proteins in response to Cd stress. Conclusively, both the tested genotypes benefited from P. indica symbiosis at varying levels by an enhanced detoxification capacity and signaling efficiency in response to stress. Hence, a step forward towards the employment of an environmentally sound and self-renewing approach holding the hope for a healthy future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tichaona Sagonda
- Department of Agronomy, Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Muhammad Faheem Adil
- Department of Agronomy, Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Shafaque Sehar
- Department of Agronomy, Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Adeela Rasheed
- Department of Agronomy, Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Heren Issaka Joan
- Department of Agronomy, Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Younan Ouyang
- China National Rice Research Institute (CNRRI), Fuyang 311400, PR China
| | - Imran Haider Shamsi
- Department of Agronomy, Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China.
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Modulation of Key Physio-Biochemical and Ultrastructural Attributes after Synergistic Application of Zinc and Silicon on Rice under Cadmium Stress. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10010087. [PMID: 33406626 PMCID: PMC7824249 DOI: 10.3390/plants10010087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Excessive industrialization and the usage of pesticides plague the farming soils with heavy metals, reducing the quality of arable land. Assessing phytoavailability of cadmium (Cd) from growth medium to plant system is crucial and necessitates precise and timely monitoring of Cd to ensure food safety. Zinc (Zn) and silicon (Si) have singularly demonstrated the potential to ameliorate Cd toxicity and are important for agricultural production, human health, and environment in general. However, Zn-Si interaction on Cd toxicity alleviation, their effects and underlying mechanisms are still fragmentarily understood. Seven treatments were devised besides control to evaluate the single and combined effects of Zn and Si on the physio-biochemical attributes and ultrastructural fingerprints of Cd-treated rice genotypes, i.e., Cd tolerant “Xiushui-110” and Cd sensitive “HIPJ-1”. Supplementation of both Zn and Si promoted plant biomass, photosynthetic parameters, ionic balance, and improved chloroplast ultrastructure with minimized Cd uptake and malondialdehyde (MDA) content due to the activation of antioxidant enzymes in Cd stressed plants. The combined effects of 10 μM Zn and 15 μM Si on 15 μM Cd displayed a greater reduction in Cd uptake and root-leaf MDA content, while enhancing photosynthetic activity, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and root-leaf ultrastructure particularly in HIPJ-1, whilst Xiushui-110 had an overall higher leaf catalase (CAT) activity and a higher root length and shoot height was observed in both genotypes compared to the Cd 15 µM treatment. Alone and combined Zn and Si alleviation treatments reduced Cd translocation from the root to the stem for HIPJ-1 but not for Xiushui-110. Our results confer that Zn and Si singularly and in combination are highly effective in reducing tissue Cd content in both genotypes, the mechanism behind which could be the dilution effect of Cd due to improved biomass and competitive nature of Zn and Si, culminating in Cd toxicity alleviation. This study could open new avenues for characterizing interactive effects of simultaneously augmented nutrients in crops and provide a bench mark for crop scientists and farmers to improve Cd tolerance in rice.
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Adil MF, Sehar S, Chen G, Chen ZH, Jilani G, Chaudhry AN, Shamsi IH. Cadmium-zinc cross-talk delineates toxicity tolerance in rice via differential genes expression and physiological / ultrastructural adjustments. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 190:110076. [PMID: 31838231 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.110076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the physiological and molecular response of crop genotypes could be useful in eco-toxicological evaluation with cadmium (Cd) and could be a strategy to solve heavy metal contamination in agriculture. This study corroborates unique patterns of Cd accumulation and molecular mechanisms adopted by plants to acquire Cd tolerance and counteractive effects of zinc (Zn) against Cd toxicity. Two rice (Oryza sativa) genotypes (Heizhan 43 and Yinni 801) differing in cadmium tolerance and its accumulation in plant tissues were investigated hydroponically using two Cd levels [Cd10 (10 μM L-1) and Cd15 (15 μM L-1)] and two Zn levels [Zn25 (25 μM L-2) and Zn50 (50 μM L-1)] and their combinations. Cadmium toxicity rendered substantial reduction in plant height, biomass, chlorophyll contents and photosynthesis as compared to the control plants after 15 days of treatment. Supplementation of Zn evidently ameliorated Cd toxicity by minimizing the reduction in plant growth, chlorophyll contents and photosynthetic attributes (Pn, gs, Ci, and Tr). Comparatively, lower accumulation of Cd in Yinni 801 under combined treatments revealed a preferential uptake of Zn in this genotype. A cross-talk among Cd, Zn, Fe, Ca and K correlated with fluctuating gs, Ci and Tr. Both genotypes also differed in morphological alterations of cell membrane, chloroplasts and appearance of enlarged plastoglobuli along with distorted mitochondria. An increased ascorbate peroxidase activity in roots of Yinni 801 presented a defensive strategy. Relative expression of Cd and Zn ion transporter genes also confirmed the genotypic background of phenotypic divergence. The OsLCT1 and OsHMA2 expression was significant in Heizhan 43, indicating possible translocation of Cd from shoot to grains contrary to Yinni 801, which accumulated Cd in shoot and showed stunted growth. Zn supplementation promises tolerance to Cd in Yinni 801 by differential expression of putative genes for Cd translocation with minimum ultrastructural modifications by maintaining physiological functions in contrast to Heizhan 43.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Faheem Adil
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resource, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Shafaque Sehar
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resource, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang Chen
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resource, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong-Hua Chen
- School of Science and Health, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Ghulam Jilani
- Institute of Soil Science, PMAS Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, 46300, Pakistan
| | - Arshad Nawaz Chaudhry
- Institute of Soil Science, PMAS Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, 46300, Pakistan
| | - Imran Haider Shamsi
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resource, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China.
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Lwalaba JLW, Louis LT, Zvobgo G, Fu L, Mwamba TM, Mukobo Mundende RP, Zhang G. Copper alleviates cobalt toxicity in barley by antagonistic interaction of the two metals. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 180:234-241. [PMID: 31096127 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.04.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cobalt (Co) commonly co-exists with copper (Cu) in natural soils, but the information about their combined effects on plants is poorly available. In this study, we hydroponically investigated the combined effects of Co and Cu on two barley genotypes differing in Co toxicity tolerance to reveal the interaction pattern of these two metals. The results showed that single treatment of Co or Cu at the dose of 100 μM led to a significant decrease of growth and photosynthetic rate, and a significant increase of lipid peroxidation, ROS radicals as well as anti-oxidative enzyme (SOD, CAT and GR) activities and glutathione content, with the extent of effect being less in Yan66 than Ea52. The combined treatment of Co and Cu alleviated the toxicity of both metals in comparison with each metal treatment alone, as reflected by improved growth and photosynthesis, and much slight oxidative stress. The alleviation of metal toxicity upon combined treatment is mainly attributed to a drastic reduction of Co uptake and its translocation from roots to shoots. It may be suggested that interaction of Co and Cu on their uptake and movement in plants is antagonistic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Lwalaba Wa Lwalaba
- Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resource, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China; Department of Crops Sciences, Faculty of Agronomy, Université de Lubumbashi, PO Box 1825, Lubumbashi, DR, Congo
| | - Laurence Tennyson Louis
- Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resource, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Gerald Zvobgo
- Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resource, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Liangbo Fu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resource, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Theodore Mulembo Mwamba
- Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resource, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China; Department of Crops Sciences, Faculty of Agronomy, Université de Lubumbashi, PO Box 1825, Lubumbashi, DR, Congo
| | | | - Guoping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resource, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China.
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Zvobgo G, Sagonda T, Lwalaba JLW, Mapodzeke JM, Muhammad N, Chen G, Shamsi IH, Zhang G. Transcriptomic comparison of two barley genotypes differing in arsenic tolerance exposed to arsenate and phosphate treatments. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2018; 130:589-603. [PMID: 30121511 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic (As) is a ubiquitous metalloid and toxic to plants. Chemical similarity between arsenate and phosphate (P) indicates possible antagonism between them in uptake and transportation. However, there is little study to reveal the interaction of As and P at transcriptional level. In this study RNA-sequencing was conducted on the two barley genotypes differing in As tolerance. A total of 2942 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were inclusively expressed in both genotypes under As (100 μM) and As (100 μM) + P (50 μM), and these DEGs included hormonal signaling, stress responsive, transport related and transcription factors. P addition in the culture solution inhibited the KEGG pathways related to ABC transporters, ether lipid metabolism, linolenic acid metabolism, endocytosis and RNA transport. ZDB160 had a higher expression of DEGs associated with hormone signaling, secondary metabolites and stress defense under P conditions compared to ZDB475, which might explain its tolerance mechanism to As under P condition. The abscisic acid, jasmonic acid and salicylic acid signaling pathways were also significantly regulated under As + P conditions, which may also account for genotypic differences. Finally we drew up a hypothetical model of high As + P stress tolerance mechanism in ZDB160. It may be concluded that ZDB160 achieves its tolerance to As under P by up-regulating P transporters, resulting in more P uptake and less As translocation. The identified candidate genes related to As + P tolerance may provide insights into understanding As tolerance under limited P conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Zvobgo
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resource, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Tichaona Sagonda
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resource, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Jonas Lwalaba Wa Lwalaba
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resource, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - James Mutemachani Mapodzeke
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resource, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Noor Muhammad
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resource, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Guang Chen
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resource, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Imran Haider Shamsi
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resource, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Guoping Zhang
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resource, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China.
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Zvobgo G, LwalabaWaLwalaba J, Sagonda T, Mutemachani Mapodzeke J, Muhammad N, Haider Shamsi I, Zhang G. Phosphate alleviates arsenate toxicity by altering expression of phosphate transporters in the tolerant barley genotypes. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 147:832-839. [PMID: 28968924 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The contribution of the phosphate transporters (PHTs) in uptake of arsenate (As5+) and phosphate (P) is a widely recognized mechanism. Here we investigated how P regulates the uptake of As5+ and the subsequent effects on growth and relative expression of PHTs. The study was conducted on 3 barley genotypes differing in As tolerance (ZDB160, As-tolerant; ZDB115, moderately tolerant; ZDB475, As-sensitive) using a hydroponic experiment. There were 3 As5+ (0, 10 and 100µM) and 3P (0, 50 and 500µM) levels. The results showed that the negative effect of As stress on plant growth, photosynthesis and cell ultra-structure is As dose and barley genotype dependent, confirming the distinctly genotypic difference in As tolerance. As uptake and accumulation in plant tissues are closely associated with inhibited extent of growth and photosynthesis, with the tolerant genotype ZDB160 having lower As content than other two genotypes. The toxic effect caused by As stress could be alleviated by P addition, mainly due to reduced As uptake. Moreover, the tolerant genotype showed relatively lower expression PHTs than sensitive ones upon exposure to both As stress and P addition, suggesting regulation of PHTs expression is a major mechanism for relative uptake of As and P, in subsequence affecting As tolerance. Moreover, among 6 PHTs examined in this study, the expressions of PHT1.3, PHT1.4 and PHT1.6 showed the marked difference among the three barley genotypes in responses to As stress and P addition, indicating further research on the contribution of phosphate transporters to As and P uptake should be focused on these PHTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Zvobgo
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resource, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Jonas LwalabaWaLwalaba
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resource, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Tichaona Sagonda
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resource, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - James Mutemachani Mapodzeke
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resource, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Noor Muhammad
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resource, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Imran Haider Shamsi
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resource, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Guoping Zhang
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resource, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China.
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Zheng R, Li C, Sun G, Xie Z, Chen J, Wu J, Wang Q. The influence of particle size and feedstock of biochar on the accumulation of Cd, Zn, Pb, and As by Brassica chinensis L. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:22340-22352. [PMID: 28801768 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9854-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Biochar produced from rice straw (RC) and maize stalk (MC) was amended to the heavy metal-contaminated soil to investigate the effects of different biochar feedstock and particle size (fine, moderate, coarse) on the accumulation of Cd, Zn, Pb, and As in Brassica chinensis L. (Chinese cabbage). The concentrations of Cd, Zn, and Pb in shoot were decreased by up to 57, 75, and 63%, respectively, after biochar addition (4%). Only MC decreased As concentration in B. chinensis L. shoots by up to 61%. Biochar treatments significantly decreased NH4NO3-extractable concentrations of Cd, Zn, and Pb in soil by 47-62, 33-66, and 38-71%, respectively, yet increased that of As by up to 147%. Amendment of RC was more effective on immobilizing Cd, Zn, and Pb, but mobilizing soil As, than MC. A decrease in biochar particle size greatly contributed to the immobilization of Cd, Zn, and Pb in soil and thereby the reduction of their accumulations in B. chinensis L. shoots, especially RC. Increases in soil pH and extractable P induced by biochar addition contributed to the sequestration of Cd, Zn, and Pb and the mobilization of As. Shoot biomass, root biomass, and root system of B. chinensis L. were enhanced with biochar amendments, especially RC. This study indicates that biochar addition could potentially decrease Cd, Zn, Pb, and As accumulations in B. chinensis L., and simultaneously increase its yield. A decrease in biochar particle size is favorable to improve the immobilization of heavy metals (except As). The reduction in Cd, Zn, Pb, and As levels in B. chinensis L. shoots by biochar amendment could be mainly attributed to a function of heavy metal mobility in soil, plant translocation factor, and root uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruilun Zheng
- Research & Development Center for Grasses and Environment, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, People's Republic of China
| | - Cui Li
- Research & Development Center for Grasses and Environment, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoxin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, People's Republic of China
| | - Zubin Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Jiangsu Biochar Engineering Center, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Chen
- Research & Development Center for Grasses and Environment, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, People's Republic of China
| | - Juying Wu
- Research & Development Center for Grasses and Environment, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinghai Wang
- Research & Development Center for Grasses and Environment, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Vromman D, Martínez JP, Lutts S. Phosphorus deficiency modifies As translocation in the halophyte plant species Atriplex atacamensis. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 139:344-351. [PMID: 28187398 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.01.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Most arsenic in surface soil and water exists primarily in its oxidized form, as arsenate (As(V); AsO43-), which is an analog of phosphate (PO43-). Arsenate can be taken up by phosphate transporters. Atriplex atacamensis Phil. is native to northern Chile (Atacama Desert), and this species can cope with high As concentrations and low P availability in its natural environment. To determine the impact of P on As accumulation and tolerance in A. atacamensis, the plants were cultivated in a hydroponic system under four treatments: no As(V) addition with 323µM phosphate (control); 1000µM As(V) addition with 323µM phosphate; no As(V) and no phosphate; 1000µM As(V) addition and no phosphate. Phosphate starvation decreased shoot fresh weight, while As(V) addition reduced stem and root fresh weights. Arsenate addition decreased the P concentrations in both roots and leaves, but to a lesser extent than for P starvation. Phosphorus starvation increased the As concentrations in roots, but decreased it in shoots, which suggests that P deficiency reduced As translocation from roots to shoots. Arsenate addition increased total glutathione, but P deficiency decreased oxidized and reduced glutathione in As(V)-treated plants. Arsenate also induced an increase in S accumulation and nonprotein thiol and ethylene synthesis, and a decrease in K concentrations, effects that were similar for the P-supplied and P-starved plants. In contrast, in As(V)-treated plants, P starvation dramatically decreased total soluble protein content and increased lipid peroxidation, compared to plants supplied with P. Phosphorus nutrition thus appears to be an important component of A. atacamensis response to As toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Vromman
- Groupe de Recherche en Physiologie Végétale, Earth and Life Institute - Agronomy (ELI-A), Université Catholique de Louvain, 5 (Bte 7.07.13) Place Croix du Sud, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Juan-Pablo Martínez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIA - La Cruz), Chorillos no. 86, La Cruz, Chile
| | - Stanley Lutts
- Groupe de Recherche en Physiologie Végétale, Earth and Life Institute - Agronomy (ELI-A), Université Catholique de Louvain, 5 (Bte 7.07.13) Place Croix du Sud, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
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Maodzeka A, Hussain N, Wei L, Zvobgo G, Mapodzeke JM, Adil MF, Jabeen S, Wang F, Jiang L, Shamsi IH. Elucidating the physiological and biochemical responses of different tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) genotypes to lead toxicity. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2017; 36:175-181. [PMID: 27283783 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the effects of lead (Pb) uptake and toxicity were investigated in a hydroponic culture using 7 tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) genotypes (Bina 1 [B1], Kutsaga Mammoth 10 [KM10], Nanjing 3 [N3], Kutsaga 35 [K35], Kutsaga E1 [KE1], Cocker 176 [C176], and Kutsaga RK6 [KRK6]) that differed in Pb tolerance. Lead was applied as a solution of Pb nitrate at concentrations of 0 μM, 10 μM, 250 μM, and 500 μM. After 4 wk of Pb treatment, tissue biomass and photosynthetic parameters were measured and elemental analysis was performed. The results showed decreases in growth and photosynthetic parameters with increases in Pb concentration compared with the control. The least reduction in the recorded physiological parameters was noted in K35, whereas the greatest reduction was observed in N3, which is an obvious indication of genotypic differences. Activities of peroxidase, catalase, and malondialdehyde increased significantly with increases in Pb concentration, with genotypes K35 and N3 showing the least and the greatest reduction, respectively. The results demonstrate the phototoxic nature of Pb on plants, and it can be concluded that in Pb-prone areas genotypes K35 and B1 can be used for cultivation because they can grow efficiently in the presence of high Pb concentrations while restricting Pb uptake in the aboveground parts, as seen by the higher Pb tolerance index. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:175-181. © 2016 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antony Maodzeka
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Nazim Hussain
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Liquan Wei
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Gerald Zvobgo
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - James Mutemachani Mapodzeke
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Faheem Adil
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Salma Jabeen
- Department of Development Studies, Comsats Institute of Information Technology, Abbottabad, 22060, Pakistan
| | - Feng Wang
- Guizhou Provincial Tobacco Company, Qianxinan Branch, People's Republic of China
| | - Lixi Jiang
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Imran Haider Shamsi
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
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14
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Zanella L, Fattorini L, Brunetti P, Roccotiello E, Cornara L, D'Angeli S, Della Rovere F, Cardarelli M, Barbieri M, Sanità di Toppi L, Degola F, Lindberg S, Altamura MM, Falasca G. Overexpression of AtPCS1 in tobacco increases arsenic and arsenic plus cadmium accumulation and detoxification. PLANTA 2016; 243:605-22. [PMID: 26563149 PMCID: PMC4757632 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-015-2428-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION The heterologous expression of AtPCS1 in tobacco plants exposed to arsenic plus cadmium enhances phytochelatin levels, root As/Cd accumulation and pollutants detoxification, but does not prevent root cyto-histological damages. High phytochelatin (PC) levels may be involved in accumulation and detoxification of both cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As) in numerous plants. Although polluted environments are frequently characterized by As and Cd coexistence, how increased PC levels affect the adaptation of the entire plant and the response of its cells/tissues to a combined contamination by As and Cd needs investigation. Consequently, we analyzed tobacco seedlings overexpressing Arabidopsis phytochelatin synthase1 gene (AtPCS1) exposed to As and/or Cd, to evaluate the levels of PCs and As/Cd, the cyto-histological modifications of the roots and the Cd/As leaf extrusion ability. When exposed to As and/or Cd the plants overexpressing AtPCS1 showed higher PC levels, As plus Cd root accumulation, and detoxification ability than the non-overexpressing plants, but a blocked Cd-extrusion from the leaf trichomes. In all genotypes, As, and Cd in particular, damaged lateral root apices, enhancing cell-vacuolization, causing thinning and stretching of endodermis initial cells. Alterations also occurred in the primary structure region of the lateral roots, i.e., cell wall lignification in the external cortex, cell hypertrophy in the inner cortex, crushing of endodermis and stele, and nuclear hypertrophy. Altogether, As and/or Cd caused damage to the lateral roots (and not to the primary one), with such damage not counteracted by AtPCS1 overexpression. The latter, however, positively affected accumulation and detoxification to both pollutants, highlighting that Cd/As accumulation and detoxification due to PCS1 activity do not reduce the cyto-histological damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letizia Zanella
- Department of Environmental Biology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Fattorini
- Department of Environmental Biology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Patrizia Brunetti
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie Charles Darwin, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Enrica Roccotiello
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, dell'Ambiente e della Vita, Polo Botanico Hanbury, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Laura Cornara
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, dell'Ambiente e della Vita, Polo Botanico Hanbury, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Simone D'Angeli
- Department of Environmental Biology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Maura Cardarelli
- Istituto di Biologia Medicina Molecolare e Nanobiotecnologie Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Barbieri
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Sylvia Lindberg
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Giuseppina Falasca
- Department of Environmental Biology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
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15
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Hettick BE, Cañas-Carrell JE, French AD, Klein DM. Arsenic: A Review of the Element's Toxicity, Plant Interactions, and Potential Methods of Remediation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:7097-107. [PMID: 26241522 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b02487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic is a naturally occurring element with a long history of toxicity. Sites of contamination are found worldwide as a result of both natural processes and anthropogenic activities. The broad scope of arsenic toxicity to humans and its unique interaction with the environment have led to extensive research into its physicochemical properties and toxic behavior in biological systems. The purpose of this review is to compile the results of recent studies concerning the metalloid and consider the chemical and physical properties of arsenic in the broad context of human toxicity and phytoremediation. Areas of focus include arsenic's mechanisms of human toxicity, interaction with plant systems, potential methods of remediation, and protocols for the determination of metals in experimentation. This assessment of the literature indicates that controlling contamination of water sources and plants through effective remediation and management is essential to successfully addressing the problems of arsenic toxicity and contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan E Hettick
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health (TIEHH), Texas Tech University, 1207 Gilbert Drive, Box 41163, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1163, United States
| | - Jaclyn E Cañas-Carrell
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health (TIEHH), Texas Tech University, 1207 Gilbert Drive, Box 41163, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1163, United States
| | - Amanda D French
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health (TIEHH), Texas Tech University, 1207 Gilbert Drive, Box 41163, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1163, United States
| | - David M Klein
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health (TIEHH), Texas Tech University, 1207 Gilbert Drive, Box 41163, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1163, United States
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16
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Chen GK, Li XB, He HZ, Li HS, Zhang ZM. Varietal differences in the growth of rice seedlings exposed to perchlorate and their antioxidative defense mechanisms. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2015; 34:1926-1933. [PMID: 25898795 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A hydroponic experiment was conducted to investigate perchlorate (ClO4 (-) ) phytotoxicity in different rice varieties. Considerable variations were observed when 24 rice varieties were treated with ClO4 (-) . The shoot height, root length, and biomass of most varieties were significantly reduced by ClO4 (-) . The roots were more sensitive than the shoots. Hierarchical clustering analysis demonstrated primarily 4 groups: ClO4 (-) -sensitive, medium ClO4 (-) -sensitive, medium ClO4 (-) tolerant, and ClO4 (-) -tolerant. Gannuoxiang (a ClO4 (-) -tolerant variety) and IR65598-112-2 (a ClO4 (-) -sensitive variety) were chosen to explore their antioxidant response when exposed to 0.2 mmol/L, 2.0 mmol/L, and 4.0 mmol/L ClO4 (-) . The results showed that the activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase increased in the shoots and roots of gannuoxiang with increasing doses of ClO4 (-) , but both of them decreased at higher concentrations of ClO4 (-) in IR65598-112-2. The addition of ClO4 (-) led to a significant increase in peroxidase activities for both of the varieties, whereas the increase was more pronounced in gannuoxiang than in IR65598-112-2. No significant difference was found in malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in gannuoxiang, whereas the addition of ClO4 (-) increased the MDA level significantly in IR65598-112-2. The results indicated that gannuoxiang has higher activities of antioxidant enzymes than IR65598-112-2 to cope with oxidative damage caused by ClO4 (-) stress, which may be the main cause of its high tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Kui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, South China Agricultural University, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Bing Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, South China Agricultural University, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong-Zhi He
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, South China Agricultural University, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hua-Shou Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, South China Agricultural University, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ze-Min Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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