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Lu Y, Wang S, Shen Y, Hao C. Photodegradation fate of different dissociation species of antidepressant paroxetine and the effects of metal ion Mg 2+: Theoretical basis for direct and indirect photolysis. CHEMOSPHERE 2023:139070. [PMID: 37279823 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Paroxetine (abbreviated as PXT) has been widely used as one of the standard antidepressants for the treatment of depression. PXT has been detected in the aqueous environment. However, the photodegradation mechanism of PXT remains unclear. The present study aimed to use density functional theory and time-dependent density functional theory to study the photodegradation process of two dissociated forms of PXT in water. The main mechanisms include direct and indirect photodegradation via reaction with ·OH and 1O2 and photodegradation mediated by the metal ion Mg2+. Based on the calculations, PXT and PXT-Mg2+ complexes in water are photodegraded mainly indirectly and directly. It was found that PXT and PXT-Mg2+ complexes were photodegraded by H-abstraction, OH-addition and F-substitution. The main reaction of PXT indirect photolysis is OH-addition reaction, while the main reaction of PXT0-Mg2+ complex is H-abstraction. All the reaction pathways of H-abstraction, OH-addition and F-substitution are exothermic. PXT0 reacts more readily with ·OH or 1O2 in water than PXT+. However, the higher activation energy of PXT with 1O2 indicates that the 1O2 reaction plays a minor role in the photodegradation pathway. The direct photolysis process of PXT includes ether bond cleavage, defluorination, and dioxolane ring-opening reaction. In the PXT-Mg2+ complex, the direct photolysis process occurs via a dioxolane ring opening. Additionally, Mg2+ in water has a dual effect on the direct and indirect photolysis of PXT. In other words, Mg2+ can inhibit or promote their photolytic reactions. Overall, PXT in natural water mainly undergo direct and indirect photolysis reactions with ·OH. The main products include direct photodegradation products, hydroxyl addition products and F-substitution products. These findings provide critical information for predicting the environmental behavior and transformation of antidepressants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Lu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Se Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China.
| | - Yifan Shen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Ce Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, 116024, China
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Martínez-Sabando J, Coin F, Melillo JH, Goyanes S, Cerveny S. A Review of Pectin-Based Material for Applications in Water Treatment. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:ma16062207. [PMID: 36984087 PMCID: PMC10055932 DOI: 10.3390/ma16062207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Climate change and water are inseparably connected. Extreme weather events cause water to become more scarce, polluted, and erratic than ever. Therefore, we urgently need to develop solutions to reduce water contamination. This review intends to demonstrate that pectin-based materials are an excellent route to detect and mitigate pollutants from water, with several benefits. Pectin is a biodegradable polymer, extractable from vegetables, and contains several hydroxyl and carboxyl groups that can easily interact with the contaminant ions. In addition, pectin-based materials can be prepared in different forms (films, hydrogels, or beads) and cross-linked with several agents to change their molecular structure. Consequently, the pectin-based adsorbents can be tuned to remove diverse pollutants. Here, we will summarize the existing water remediation technologies highlighting adsorption as the ideal method. Then, the focus will be on the chemical structure of pectin and, from a historical perspective, on its structure after applying different cross-linking methods. Finally, we will review the application of pectin as an adsorbent of water pollutants considering the pectin of low degree methoxylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Martínez-Sabando
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CSIC, UPV/EHU)-Materials Physics Center (MPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Francesco Coin
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CSIC, UPV/EHU)-Materials Physics Center (MPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Jorge H. Melillo
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Silvia Goyanes
- Laboratorio de Polímeros y Materiales Compuestos (LP&MC), Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina
- Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires (IFIBA), CONICET—Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria (C1428EGA), Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina
| | - Silvina Cerveny
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CSIC, UPV/EHU)-Materials Physics Center (MPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
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Maack G, Williams M, Backhaus T, Carter L, Kullik S, Leverett D, Nostro FLL, Sallach JB, Staveley J, Van den Eede C. Pharmaceuticals in the Environment: Just One Stressor Among Others or Indicators for the Global Human Influence on Ecosystems? ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2022; 41:541-543. [PMID: 34807994 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gerd Maack
- German Environment Agency, Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | - Mike Williams
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Land and Water, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | | | | | - Sigrun Kullik
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Fabiana L Lo Nostro
- Universidad de Buenos Aires and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Técnicas, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Men J, Dong C, Han Y, Yang Y, Wang J, Lv Z, Wang L, Wang Y. Preparation of grafted adsorbent CPVA- g-PMAA and its adsorption performance for amlodipine. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10601325.2022.2041030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiying Men
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chengya Dong
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Testing Technology, Institute of Jinxi Industry Group Co., Ltd., Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanrui Han
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ji Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhenyan Lv
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Limin Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanhong Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
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Kleywegt S, Payne M, Ng F, Fletcher T. Environmental loadings of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients from manufacturing facilities in Canada. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 646:257-264. [PMID: 30055488 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence has revealed that cities with pharmaceutical manufacturers have elevated concentrations of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) in their receiving water bodies. The purpose of this study was to gather information on direct sewer discharges of APIs during their manufacturing and processing from five pharmaceutical manufacturing facilities in Ontario, Canada. Drug classes and maximum reported concentrations (ng/L) for which APIs were directly discharged included: antidepressants (paroxetine - 3380 and sertraline - 5100); mood stabilizer (carbamazepine - 575,000); antibiotics (penicillin - 14,300); analgesics (acetaminophen - 461,000; codeine - 49,200; ibuprofen - 344,000; naproxen - 253,000 and oxycodone 21,000); cardiovascular drugs (atorvastatin - 893 and metoprolol - 7,333,600) and those drugs used for blood pressure control (amlodipine - 22,900; diltiazem - 1,160,000; furosemide - 1,200,000 and verapamil - 7340). Based on flow and water usage data from the individual facilities, the maximum concentrations for acetaminophen, ibuprofen, carbamazepine, diltiazem and metoprolol correlate to approximately 200, 220, 390, 420 and 14,200 g respectively, of lost product being directly discharged to the sewers daily during active manufacturing. This survey demonstrates that direct point source discharges from pharmaceutical manufacturers represent a key source of pharmaceutical pollution to receiving sewersheds. Onsite recovery of product or treatment at pharmaceutical manufacturing or processing facilities to reduce the sewage loadings to receiving treatment plants, product loss and potential environmental loadings is strongly recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonya Kleywegt
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change, ON, Canada.
| | - Mark Payne
- Environmental Services, The Regional Municipality of York, Newmarket, ON, Canada
| | - Fai Ng
- Environmental Services, The Regional Municipality of York, Newmarket, ON, Canada
| | - Tim Fletcher
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change, ON, Canada
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