1
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Ohler K, Schreiner VC, Martin‐Creuzburg D, Schäfer RB. Trophic transfer of polyunsaturated fatty acids across the aquatic–terrestrial interface: An experimental tritrophic food chain approach. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e9927. [PMID: 36969929 PMCID: PMC10037435 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Aquatic and their adjacent terrestrial ecosystems are linked via the flux of organic and inorganic matter. Emergent aquatic insects are recognized as high‐quality food for terrestrial predators, because they provide more physiologically relevant long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) than terrestrial insects. The effects of dietary PUFA on terrestrial predators have been explored mainly in feeding trials conducted under controlled laboratory conditions, hampering the assessment of the ecological relevance of dietary PUFA deficiencies under field conditions. We assessed the PUFA transfer across the aquatic–terrestrial interface and the consequences for terrestrial riparian predators in two outdoor microcosm experiments. We established simplified tritrophic food chains, consisting of one of four basic food sources, an intermediary collector gatherer (Chironomus riparius, Chironomidae), and a riparian web‐building spider (Tetragnatha sp.). The four basic food sources (algae, conditioned leaves, oatmeal, and fish food) differed in PUFA profiles and were used to track the trophic transfer of single PUFA along the food chain and to assess their potential effects on spiders, that is, on fresh weight, body condition (size‐controlled measurement of nutritional status), and immune response. The PUFA profiles of the basic food sources, C. riparius and spiders differed between treatments, except for spiders in the second experiment. The PUFA α‐linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3n‐3) and ɣ‐linolenic acid (GLA, 18:3n‐6) were major contributors to the differences between treatments. PUFA profiles of the basic food sources influenced the fresh weight and body condition of spiders in the first experiment, but not in the second experiment, and did not affect the immune response, growth rate, and dry weight in both experiments. Furthermore, our results indicate that the examined responses are dependent on temperature. Future studies including anthropogenic stressors would deepen our understanding of the transfer and role of PUFA in ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Ohler
- iES LandauInstitute for Environmental Sciences, RPTU Kaiserslautern‐LandauFortstraße 776829Landau in der PfalzGermany
| | - Verena C. Schreiner
- iES LandauInstitute for Environmental Sciences, RPTU Kaiserslautern‐LandauFortstraße 776829Landau in der PfalzGermany
| | | | - Ralf B. Schäfer
- iES LandauInstitute for Environmental Sciences, RPTU Kaiserslautern‐LandauFortstraße 776829Landau in der PfalzGermany
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2
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Wijntjes C, Weber Y, Höger S, Hollert H, Schäffer A. Effects of algae and fungicides on the fate of a sulfonylurea herbicide in a water-sediment system. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 290:133234. [PMID: 34902390 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The impact of pesticide mixtures on various soil parameters has been extensively studied, whereas research on effects in the aquatic environment is scarce. Furthermore, investigations on the consequences of chemical mixtures on the biodegradation kinetics of parent compounds remain deficient. Our research intended to evaluate potential effects by combined application of an agriculturally employed tank mixture to aquatic sediment systems under controlled laboratory conditions. The mixture contained two fungicides and one radiolabeled herbicide of which the route and rate of degradation was followed. One set of aquatic sediment vessels was incubated in the dark. A second set of vessels was controlled under identical conditions, except for being continuously irradiated to promote algal growth. In addition, the algal biomass in irradiated aquatic sediment was monitored to determine its effects and a potential role in the biodegradation of iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium. The study results showed that the herbicide, although hydro- and photolytically stable throughout the study, metabolized faster (DT50 1.1-1.2-fold and DT90 2.8-4.5-fold) when continuously irradiated in comparison to dark aquatic sediment. Both fungicides had a significant prolonging effect on the biodegradation rate of the herbicide. In the presence of fungicides, DT90 values increased 1.5-fold in the irradiated, and 2.5-fold in the dark systems. Additionally, algae may have influenced the metabolization of the herbicide in the irradiated systems, where shorter DT90 values were evaluated. Even so, the algal influence was concluded to be indirect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiaan Wijntjes
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany; Innovative Environmental Services (IES) Ltd, Benkenstrasse 260, 4108, Witterswil, Switzerland.
| | - Yanik Weber
- Innovative Environmental Services (IES) Ltd, Benkenstrasse 260, 4108, Witterswil, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Höger
- Innovative Environmental Services (IES) Ltd, Benkenstrasse 260, 4108, Witterswil, Switzerland
| | - Henner Hollert
- Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 13, 60438, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - Andreas Schäffer
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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3
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Cornejo A, Pérez J, López-Rojo N, García G, Pérez E, Guerra A, Nieto C, Boyero L. Litter decomposition can be reduced by pesticide effects on detritivores and decomposers: Implications for tropical stream functioning. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 285:117243. [PMID: 33962306 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Understanding which factors affect the process of leaf litter decomposition is crucial if we are to predict changes in the functioning of stream ecosystems as a result of human activities. One major activity with known consequences on streams is agriculture, which is of particular concern in tropical regions, where forests are being rapidly replaced by crops. While pesticides are potential drivers of reduced decomposition rates observed in agricultural tropical streams, their specific effects on the performance of decomposers and detritivores are mostly unknown. We used a microcosm experiment to examine the individual and joint effects of an insecticide (chlorpyrifos) and a fungicide (chlorothalonil) on survival and growth of detritivores (Anchytarsus, Hyalella and Lepidostoma), aquatic hyphomycetes (AH) sporulation rate, taxon richness, assemblage structure, and leaf litter decomposition rates. Our results revealed detrimental effects on detritivore survival (which were mostly due to the insecticide and strongest for Hyalella), changes in AH assemblage structure, and reduced sporulation rate, taxon richness and microbial decomposition (mostly in response to the fungicide). Total decomposition was reduced especially when the pesticides were combined, suggesting that they operated differently and their effects were additive. Importantly, effects on decomposition were greater for single-species detritivore treatments than for the 3-species mixture, indicating that detritivore species loss may exacerbate the consequences of pesticides of stream ecosystem functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aydeé Cornejo
- Aquatic Ecology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Zoological Collection Eustorgio Mendez, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, (COZEM-ICGES), Ave. Justo Arosemena and Calle 35, 0816-02593, Panama City, Panama.
| | - Javier Pérez
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Naiara López-Rojo
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Gabriela García
- Aquatic Ecology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Zoological Collection Eustorgio Mendez, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, (COZEM-ICGES), Ave. Justo Arosemena and Calle 35, 0816-02593, Panama City, Panama
| | - Edgar Pérez
- Aquatic Ecology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Zoological Collection Eustorgio Mendez, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, (COZEM-ICGES), Ave. Justo Arosemena and Calle 35, 0816-02593, Panama City, Panama
| | - Alisson Guerra
- Aquatic Ecology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Zoological Collection Eustorgio Mendez, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, (COZEM-ICGES), Ave. Justo Arosemena and Calle 35, 0816-02593, Panama City, Panama
| | - Carlos Nieto
- Aquatic Ecology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Zoological Collection Eustorgio Mendez, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, (COZEM-ICGES), Ave. Justo Arosemena and Calle 35, 0816-02593, Panama City, Panama
| | - Luz Boyero
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain; IKERBASQUE, Bilbao, Spain
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4
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Lebrun JD, De Jesus K, Tournebize J. Individual performances and biochemical pathways as altered by field-realistic exposures of current-use fungicides and their mixtures in a non-target species, Gammarus fossarum. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 277:130277. [PMID: 33774253 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Persistent fungicides, which are widely applied to agricultural soils to protect crops, are frequently detected in freshwaters because of hydraulic transfer, possibly resulting in unintentional adverse effects on wildlife. However, the ecotoxicity of fungicides in aquatic species remains scarcely assessed at environmentally relevant concentrations, and there is scant information available on their combined effects. This study aims at investigating multi-level changes elicited by two currently used fungicides, boscalid and tebuconazole, in the amphipod Gammarus fossarum. In microcosms, gammarids were exposed for 72 h to fungicides tested individually or in binary mixture at 0.01, 0.1 and 1.0 μg/L to monitor individual performances (locomotion, respiration and amplexus formation) and biochemical parameters (involved in energy metabolism, growth, moulting and cell stress). This range of exposure concentrations was field-realistic and largely lower than local environmental quality standards for the protection of aquatic wildlife. Overall, results showed that single and combined exposures altered the mobility and respiratory activity of individuals. At the cellular level, boscalid inhibited energy-based biomarkers whereas tebuconazole led to cytotoxicity associated with reduced antioxidant defences. In binary mixtures, the biochemical responses were mainly driven by the presence of boscalid. Multi-variable analyses, integrating individual alterations and cellular impairments alike, confirmed the relevance of the multi-level approach in forecasting the toxicity of fungicides and their mixtures towards other aquatic species. This study demonstrates dose-related sublethal effects of fungicides on multiple functional traits in an ecosystem engineer under realistic exposure scenarios, highlighting the harmful signs of these toxicants. Such sublethal alterations could thus constitute reliable tools for the early diagnosis of the organisms' health and the ecological status of agriculturally impacted hydrosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémie D Lebrun
- University of Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UR HYCAR - Artemhys, 92761, Antony, France.
| | - Kelly De Jesus
- University of Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UR HYCAR - Artemhys, 92761, Antony, France
| | - Julien Tournebize
- University of Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UR HYCAR - Artemhys, 92761, Antony, France
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5
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Brüggemann M, Hund-Rinke K, Böhmer W, Schaefers C. Development of an Alternative Test System for Chronic Testing of Lotic Macroinvertebrate Species: A Case Study with the Insecticide Imidacloprid. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2021; 40:2229-2239. [PMID: 33844353 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
There are currently few suitable test systems for the chronic toxicity testing of aquatic macroinvertebrates under stream conditions. Therefore, a new test system mimicking running water conditions was developed for testing with lotic insects. This system uses small test cages, with 10 of these suspended inside each 25-L container and rotating at 0.1 m/s, to create a water flow for the individual organism inside each cage. To test the performance of the new exposure system, chronic effects (21 d) of the neonicotinoid imidacloprid were investigated with field-collected larvae of the stonefly Protonemura sp. Endpoints were survival, growth, and/or emergence (depending on the developmental stage of the larvae at the start of the exposure). Two experiments conducted 1 yr apart showed good reproducibility: growth 10% effect concentration (EC10) values were 15.3 and 18.5 μg/L and no-observed-effect concentration (NOEC) values were 30.3 and 21.5 μg/L. A third experiment, performed with further-developed larval instars, showed a significant effect of imidacloprid on emergence (with EC10 of 5.97 μg/L and NOEC of 2.89 μg/L) and a significant effect on survival (with median lethal concentration of 44.7 µg/L). The results of the present study show that the newly developed test system provides a suitable approach for toxicity testing with stonefly larvae and potentially for other lotic macroinvertebrate species. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:2229-2239. © 2021 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Brüggemann
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Schmallenberg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Hund-Rinke
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Schmallenberg, Germany
| | - Walter Böhmer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Schmallenberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Schaefers
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Schmallenberg, Germany
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6
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Sánchez-Bayo F. Indirect Effect of Pesticides on Insects and Other Arthropods. TOXICS 2021; 9:177. [PMID: 34437495 PMCID: PMC8402326 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9080177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Pesticides released to the environment can indirectly affect target and non-target species in ways that are often contrary to their intended use. Such indirect effects are mediated through direct impacts on other species or the physical environment and depend on ecological mechanisms and species interactions. Typical mechanisms are the release of herbivores from predation and release from competition among species with similar niches. Application of insecticides to agriculture often results in subsequent pest outbreaks due to the elimination of natural enemies. The loss of floristic diversity and food resources that result from herbicide applications can reduce populations of pollinators and natural enemies of crop pests. In aquatic ecosystems, insecticides and fungicides often induce algae blooms as the chemicals reduce grazing by zooplankton and benthic herbivores. Increases in periphyton biomass typically result in the replacement of arthropods with more tolerant species such as snails, worms and tadpoles. Fungicides and systemic insecticides also reduce nutrient recycling by impairing the ability of detritivorous arthropods. Residues of herbicides can reduce the biomass of macrophytes in ponds and wetlands, indirectly affecting the protection and breeding of predatory insects in that environment. The direct impacts of pesticides in the environment are therefore either amplified or compensated by their indirect effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Sánchez-Bayo
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Eveleigh, NSW 2015, Australia
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7
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Boyero L, López-Rojo N, Tonin AM, Pérez J, Correa-Araneda F, Pearson RG, Bosch J, Albariño RJ, Anbalagan S, Barmuta LA, Basaguren A, Burdon FJ, Caliman A, Callisto M, Calor AR, Campbell IC, Cardinale BJ, Jesús Casas J, Chará-Serna AM, Chauvet E, Ciapała S, Colón-Gaud C, Cornejo A, Davis AM, Degebrodt M, Dias ES, Díaz ME, Douglas MM, Encalada AC, Figueroa R, Flecker AS, Fleituch T, García EA, García G, García PE, Gessner MO, Gómez JE, Gómez S, Gonçalves JF, Graça MAS, Gwinn DC, Hall RO, Hamada N, Hui C, Imazawa D, Iwata T, Kariuki SK, Landeira-Dabarca A, Laymon K, Leal M, Marchant R, Martins RT, Masese FO, Maul M, McKie BG, Medeiros AO, Erimba CMM, Middleton JA, Monroy S, Muotka T, Negishi JN, Ramírez A, Richardson JS, Rincón J, Rubio-Ríos J, Dos Santos GM, Sarremejane R, Sheldon F, Sitati A, Tenkiano NSD, Tiegs SD, Tolod JR, Venarsky M, Watson A, Yule CM. Impacts of detritivore diversity loss on instream decomposition are greatest in the tropics. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3700. [PMID: 34140471 PMCID: PMC8211652 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23930-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between detritivore diversity and decomposition can provide information on how biogeochemical cycles are affected by ongoing rates of extinction, but such evidence has come mostly from local studies and microcosm experiments. We conducted a globally distributed experiment (38 streams across 23 countries in 6 continents) using standardised methods to test the hypothesis that detritivore diversity enhances litter decomposition in streams, to establish the role of other characteristics of detritivore assemblages (abundance, biomass and body size), and to determine how patterns vary across realms, biomes and climates. We observed a positive relationship between diversity and decomposition, strongest in tropical areas, and a key role of abundance and biomass at higher latitudes. Our results suggest that litter decomposition might be altered by detritivore extinctions, particularly in tropical areas, where detritivore diversity is already relatively low and some environmental stressors particularly prevalent. It is unclear whether stream detritivore diversity enhances decomposition across climates. Here the authors manipulate litter diversity and examine detritivore assemblages in a globally distributed stream litterbag experiment, finding a positive diversity-decomposition relationship stronger in tropical streams, where detritivore diversity is lower.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luz Boyero
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain. .,IKERBASQUE, Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Naiara López-Rojo
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Alan M Tonin
- Department of Ecology, University of Brasília (UnB), Brasília, Brazil
| | - Javier Pérez
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | | | - Richard G Pearson
- Centre for Tropical Water and Aquatic Ecosystem Research (TropWATER), James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia.,College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Jaime Bosch
- Research Unit of Biodiversity (CSIC, UO, PA), Oviedo University, Mieres, Spain.,Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ricardo J Albariño
- INIBIOMA (Universidad Nacional del Comahue - CONICET), Bariloche, Argentina
| | | | - Leon A Barmuta
- Biological Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Ana Basaguren
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Francis J Burdon
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Adriano Caliman
- Department of Ecology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Marcos Callisto
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Adolfo R Calor
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - Bradley J Cardinale
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - J Jesús Casas
- Department of Biology and Geology, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Ana M Chará-Serna
- Centro para la Investigación en Sistemas Sostenibles de Producción Agropecuaria (CIPAV), Cali, Colombia.,Illinois River Biological Station, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Havana, IL, USA
| | - Eric Chauvet
- Laboratoire Écologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Szymon Ciapała
- Faculty of Tourism and Leisure, University of Physical Education, Kraków, Poland
| | - Checo Colón-Gaud
- Department of Biology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, USA
| | - Aydeé Cornejo
- Freshwater Macroinvertebrate Laboratory Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies (COZEM-ICGES), Panama City, Panama
| | - Aaron M Davis
- Centre for Tropical Water and Aquatic Ecosystem Research (TropWATER), James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Monika Degebrodt
- Department of Experimental Limnology, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Stechlin, Germany
| | - Emerson S Dias
- Graduate Program in Ecology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, Brazil
| | - María E Díaz
- Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco, Chile.,Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Centro EULA-Chile, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Michael M Douglas
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Andrea C Encalada
- Instituto BIOSFERA, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador.,Department of Life Sciences and Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre (MARE), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Figueroa
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Centro EULA-Chile, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Alexander S Flecker
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Tadeusz Fleituch
- Institute of Nature Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Erica A García
- Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina, NT, Australia
| | - Gabriela García
- Water Laboratory and Physicochemical Services (LASEF), Autonomous University of Chiriqui, David City, Panama
| | - Pavel E García
- Escuela de Biología, Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala.,Organismal Biology, Ecology and Evolution (OBEE) program, University of Montana, Montana, MO, USA
| | - Mark O Gessner
- Department of Experimental Limnology, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Stechlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Technology (TU Berlin), Berlin, Germany
| | - Jesús E Gómez
- Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad de Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Sergio Gómez
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Jose F Gonçalves
- Department of Ecology, University of Brasília (UnB), Brasília, Brazil
| | - Manuel A S Graça
- Department of Life Sciences and Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre (MARE), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | - Robert O Hall
- Flathead Lake Biological Station, University of Montana, Polson, MT, USA
| | - Neusa Hamada
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia-INPA, Coordenação de Biodiversidade-COBIO, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Cang Hui
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa.,Biodiversity Informatics Unit, African Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Daichi Imazawa
- Integrated Graduate School of Medicine, Engineering, and Agricultural Sciences, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, Japan
| | - Tomoya Iwata
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, Japan
| | | | - Andrea Landeira-Dabarca
- Instituto BIOSFERA, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador.,Biometric Research, South Fremantle, WA, Australia
| | - Kelsey Laymon
- Department of Biology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, USA
| | - María Leal
- Laboratorio de Contaminación Acuática y Ecología Fluvial, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Richard Marchant
- Department of Entomology, Museums Victoria, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Renato T Martins
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia-INPA, Coordenação de Biodiversidade-COBIO, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Frank O Masese
- Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, University of Eldoret, Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Megan Maul
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA
| | - Brendan G McKie
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | - Jen A Middleton
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Silvia Monroy
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Timo Muotka
- INRAE, UR-RiverLy, Centre de Lyon-Villeurbanne, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Junjiro N Negishi
- Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Alonso Ramírez
- Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - John S Richardson
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - José Rincón
- Laboratorio de Contaminación Acuática y Ecología Fluvial, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Juan Rubio-Ríos
- Department of Biology and Geology, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Gisele M Dos Santos
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.,Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Romain Sarremejane
- INRAE, UR-RiverLy, Centre de Lyon-Villeurbanne, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Fran Sheldon
- Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
| | - Augustine Sitati
- Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, University of Eldoret, Eldoret, Kenya
| | | | - Scott D Tiegs
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA
| | - Janine R Tolod
- Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Michael Venarsky
- Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
| | - Anne Watson
- Biological Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Catherine M Yule
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sunshine Coast, QLD, Australia
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8
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Bundschuh M, Zubrod JP, Wernicke T, Konschak M, Werner L, Brühl CA, Baudy P, Schulz R. Bottom-up effects of fungicides on tadpoles of the European common frog ( Rana temporaria). Ecol Evol 2021; 11:4353-4365. [PMID: 33976815 PMCID: PMC8093721 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Biodiversity is under pressure worldwide, with amphibians being particularly threatened. Stressors related to human activity, such as chemicals, are contributing to this decline. It remains, however, unclear whether chemicals exhibiting a fungicidal activity could indirectly affect tadpoles that depend on microbially conditioned leaf litter as food source. The indirect effect of fungicides (sum concentration of a fungicide mixture composed of azoxystrobin, carbendazim, cyprodinil, quinoxyfen, and tebuconazole: 100 µg/L) on tadpoles was assessed relative to leaf litter colonized by microbes in absence of fungicides (control) and a worst-case scenario, that is leached leaf litter without microbial colonization. The quality of leaf litter as food for tadpoles of the European common frog (Rana temporaria) was characterized through neutral lipid fatty acid profiles and microbial sum parameters and verified by sublethal responses in tadpoles (i.e., feeding rate, feces production, growth, and fatty acid composition). Fungicides changed the nutritious quality of leaf litter likely through alterations in leaves' neutral lipid fatty acid profiles (i.e., changes in some physiologically important highly unsaturated fatty acids reached more than 200%) in combination with a potential adsorption onto leaves during conditioning. These changes were reflected by differences in the development of tadpoles ultimately resulting in an earlier start of metamorphosis. Our data provide a first indication that fungicides potentially affect tadpole development indirectly through bottom-up effects. This pathway is so far not addressed in fungicide environmental risk assessment and merits further attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirco Bundschuh
- iES LandauInstitute for Environmental SciencesUniversity of Koblenz‐LandauLandauGermany
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and AssessmentSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
| | - Jochen P. Zubrod
- iES LandauInstitute for Environmental SciencesUniversity of Koblenz‐LandauLandauGermany
- Eusserthal Ecosystem Research StationUniversity of Koblenz‐LandauLandauGermany
| | - Theo Wernicke
- iES LandauInstitute for Environmental SciencesUniversity of Koblenz‐LandauLandauGermany
- Present address:
UFZ Department of Ecological ChemistryHelmholtz Centre for Environmental ResearchLeipzigGermany
| | - Marco Konschak
- iES LandauInstitute for Environmental SciencesUniversity of Koblenz‐LandauLandauGermany
| | - Leon Werner
- iES LandauInstitute for Environmental SciencesUniversity of Koblenz‐LandauLandauGermany
| | - Carsten A. Brühl
- iES LandauInstitute for Environmental SciencesUniversity of Koblenz‐LandauLandauGermany
| | - Patrick Baudy
- iES LandauInstitute for Environmental SciencesUniversity of Koblenz‐LandauLandauGermany
| | - Ralf Schulz
- iES LandauInstitute for Environmental SciencesUniversity of Koblenz‐LandauLandauGermany
- Eusserthal Ecosystem Research StationUniversity of Koblenz‐LandauLandauGermany
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9
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Konschak M, Zubrod JP, Baudy P, Fink P, Kenngott KGJ, Englert D, Röder N, Ogbeide C, Schulz R, Bundschuh M. Chronic effects of the strobilurin fungicide azoxystrobin in the leaf shredder Gammarus fossarum (Crustacea; Amphipoda) via two effect pathways. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 209:111848. [PMID: 33421672 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fungicides pose a risk for crustacean leaf shredders serving as key-stone species for leaf litter breakdown in detritus-based stream ecosystems. However, little is known about the impact of strobilurin fungicides on shredders, even though they are presumed to be the most hazardous fungicide class for aquafauna. Therefore, we assessed the impact of the strobilurin azoxystrobin (AZO) on the survival, energy processing (leaf consumption and feces production), somatic growth (growth rate and molting activity), and energy reserves (neutral lipid fatty and amino acids) of the amphipod crustacean Gammarus fossarum via waterborne exposure and food quality-mediated (through the impact of leaf colonizing aquatic microorganisms) and thus indirect effects using 2 × 2-factorial experiments over 24 days. In a first bioassay with 30 µg AZO/L, waterborne exposure substantially reduced survival, energy processing and affected molting activity of gammarids, while no effects were observed via the dietary pathway. Furthermore, a negative growth rate (indicating a body mass loss in gammarids) was induced by waterborne exposure, which cannot be explained by a loss in neutral lipid fatty and amino acids. These energy reserves were increased indicating a disruption of the energy metabolism in G. fossarum caused by AZO. Contrary to the first bioassay, no waterborne AZO effects were observed during a second experiment with 15 µg AZO/L. However, an altered energy processing was determined in gammarids fed with leaves microbially colonized in the presence of AZO, which was probably caused by fungicide-induced effects on the microbial decomposition efficiency ultimately resulting in a lower food quality. The results of the present study show that diet-related strobilurin effects can occur at concentrations below those inducing waterborne toxicity. However, the latter seems to be more relevant at higher fungicide concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Konschak
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, Landau D-76829, Germany.
| | - J P Zubrod
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, Landau D-76829, Germany; Eußerthal Ecosystem Research Station, University of Koblenz-Landau, Birkenthalstraße 13, Eußerthal D-76857, Germany
| | - P Baudy
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, Landau D-76829, Germany
| | - P Fink
- Institute for Zoology, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Straße 47b, Köln D-50674, Germany; Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department River Ecology and Department Aquatic Ecosystem Analysis and Management, Brückstrasse 3a, Magdeburg 39114 D, Germany
| | - K G J Kenngott
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, Landau D-76829, Germany
| | - D Englert
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, Landau D-76829, Germany
| | - N Röder
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, Landau D-76829, Germany
| | - C Ogbeide
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, Landau D-76829, Germany
| | - R Schulz
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, Landau D-76829, Germany; Eußerthal Ecosystem Research Station, University of Koblenz-Landau, Birkenthalstraße 13, Eußerthal D-76857, Germany
| | - M Bundschuh
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, Landau D-76829, Germany; Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Lennart Hjelms väg 9, Uppsala SWE-75007, Sweden.
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10
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Konschak M, Zubrod JP, Baudy P, Fink P, Pietz S, Duque A TS, Bakanov N, Schulz R, Bundschuh M. Mixture effects of a fungicide and an antibiotic: Assessment and prediction using a decomposer-detritivore system. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 232:105762. [PMID: 33561742 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.105762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobials, such as fungicides and antibiotics, pose a risk for microbial decomposers (i.e., bacteria and aquatic fungi) and invertebrate detritivores (i.e., shredders) that play a pivotal role in the ecosystem function of leaf litter breakdown. Although waterborne toxicity and diet-related effects (i.e., dietary exposure and microorganism-mediated alterations in food quality for shredders) of fungicides and antibiotics on decomposer-detritivore systems have been increasingly documented, their joint effect is unknown. We therefore assessed waterborne and dietary effects of an antimicrobial mixture consisting of the fungicide azoxystrobin (AZO) and the antibiotic ciprofloxacin (CIP) on microbial decomposers and the shredder Gammarus fossarum using a tiered approach. We compared effect sizes measured in the present study with model predictions (i.e., independent action) based on published data. During a 7-day feeding activity assay quantifying waterborne toxicity in G. fossarum, the leaf consumption of gammarids was reduced by ∼60 % compared to the control when subjected to the mixture at concentrations of each component causing a 20 % reduction in the same response variable when applied individually. Moreover, the selective feeding of gammarids during the food choice assay indicated alterations in food quality induced by the antimicrobial mixture. The food selection and, in addition, the decrease in microbial leaf decomposition is likely linked to changes in leaf-associated bacteria and fungi. During a long-term assay, energy processing, growth and energy reserves of gammarids were increased in presence of 15 and 500 μg/L of AZO and CIP, respectively, through the dietary pathway. These physiological responses were probably driven by CIP-induced alterations in the gut microbiome or immune system of gammarids. In general, model predictions matched observed effects caused by waterborne exposure on the leaf consumption, energy processing and growth of gammarids during short- and long-term assays, respectively. However, when complex horizontal (bacteria and aquatic fungi) and vertical (leaf-associated microorganisms and shredders) interactions were involved, model predictions partly over- or underestimated mixture effects. Therefore, the present study identifies uncertainties of mixture effect predictions for complex biological systems calling for studies targeting the underlying processes and mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Konschak
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, D-76829, Landau, Germany.
| | - Jochen P Zubrod
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, D-76829, Landau, Germany; Eußerthal Ecosystem Research Station, University of Koblenz-Landau, Birkenthalstraße 13, D-76857, Eußerthal, Germany
| | - Patrick Baudy
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, D-76829, Landau, Germany
| | - Patrick Fink
- Institute for Zoology, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Straße 47b, D-50674, Köln, Germany; Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department River Ecology and Department Aquatic Ecosystem Analysis and Management, Brückstrasse 3a, 39114 D, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Pietz
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, D-76829, Landau, Germany
| | - Tomás S Duque A
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, D-76829, Landau, Germany
| | - Nikita Bakanov
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, D-76829, Landau, Germany
| | - Ralf Schulz
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, D-76829, Landau, Germany; Eußerthal Ecosystem Research Station, University of Koblenz-Landau, Birkenthalstraße 13, D-76857, Eußerthal, Germany
| | - Mirco Bundschuh
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, D-76829, Landau, Germany; Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Lennart Hjelms väg 9, SWE-75007, Uppsala, Sweden.
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11
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Consolandi G, Ford AT, Bloor MC. Feeding Behavioural Studies with Freshwater Gammarus spp.: The Importance of a Standardised Methodology. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2021; 253:1-41. [PMID: 31605212 DOI: 10.1007/398_2019_36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater Gammarids are common leaf-shredding detritivores, and they usually feed on naturally conditioned organic material, in other words leaf litter that is characterised by an increased palatability, due to the action and presence of microorganisms (Chaumot et al. 2015; Cummins 1974: Maltby et al. 2002). Gammarus spp. are biologically omnivorous organisms, so they are involved in shredding leaf litter and are also prone to cannibalism, predation behaviour (Kelly et al. 2002) and coprophagy when juveniles (McCahon and Pascoe 1988). Gammarus spp. is a keystone species (Woodward et al. 2008), and it plays an important role in the decomposition of organic matter (Alonso et al. 2009; Bundschuh et al. 2013) and is also a noteworthy prey for fish and birds (Andrén and Eriksson Wiklund 2013; Blarer and Burkhardt-Holm 2016). Gammarids are considered to be fairly sensitive to different contaminants (Ashauer et al. 2010; Bloor et al. 2005; Felten et al. 2008a; Lahive et al. 2015; Kunz et al. 2010); in fact Amphipods have been reported to be one of the most sensitive orders to metals and organic compounds (Wogram and Liess 2001), which makes them representative test organisms for ecotoxicological studies and valid sentinel species for assessing water quality status (Garcia-Galan et al. 2017).
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Consolandi
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, Hampshire, UK.
| | - Alex T Ford
- Institute of Marine Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, Hampshire, UK
| | - Michelle C Bloor
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, Hampshire, UK
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12
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Cornejo A, Pérez J, Alonso A, López-Rojo N, Monroy S, Boyero L. A common fungicide impairs stream ecosystem functioning through effects on aquatic hyphomycetes and detritivorous caddisflies. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 263:110425. [PMID: 32179487 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Fungicides can reach streams through runoff or adhered to leaf litter, and have the potential to adversely affect processes such as litter decomposition and associated communities. This study investigated the effects of chlorothalonil, a widely used fungicide, on litter decomposition, detritivorous invertebrates (larvae of the insect Sericostoma pyrenaicum) and aquatic hyphomycetes (AHs), using stream microcosms. We considered the single and combined effects of two exposure modes: waterborne fungicide (at two concentrations: 0.125 μg L-1 and 1.25 μg L-1) and litter previously sprayed with the fungicide (i.e., pre-treated litter, using the application dose concentration of 1250 μg L-1). We also assessed whether fungicide effects on invertebrates, AHs and decomposition varied among litter types (i.e., different plant species), and whether plant diversity mitigated any of those effects. Invertebrate survival and AH sporulation rate and taxon richness were strongly reduced by most combinations of fungicide exposure modes; however, invertebrates were not affected by the low waterborne concentration, whereas AHs suffered the highest reduction at this concentration. Total decomposition was slowed down by both exposure modes, and microbial decomposition was reduced by litter pre-treatment, while the waterborne fungicide had different effects depending on plant species. In general, with the exception of microbial decomposition, responses varied little among litter types. Moreover, and contrary to our expectation, plant diversity did not modulate the fungicide effects. Our results highlight the severity of fungicide inputs to streams through effects on invertebrate and microbial communities and ecosystem functioning, even in streams with well-preserved, diverse riparian vegetation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aydeé Cornejo
- Freshwater Macroinvertebrate Laboratory. Zoological Collection Dr. Eustorgio Mendez, Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies (COZEM-ICGES), Ave. Justo Arosemena and Calle 35, 0816-02593, Panama City, Panama; Doctoral Program in Natural Sciences with emphasis in Entomology, University of Panama, Panama City, Panama.
| | - Javier Pérez
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Alberto Alonso
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Naiara López-Rojo
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Silvia Monroy
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Luz Boyero
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain; IKERBASQUE, Bilbao, Spain
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13
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Wippert NA, Jung N, Bräse S. Synthesis of Arylamides via Ritter-Type Cleavage of Solid-Supported Aryltriazenes. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2019; 21:568-572. [PMID: 31264846 DOI: 10.1021/acscombsci.9b00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A novel route for the synthesis of N-arylamides via the cleavage of aryltriazenes with alkyl or aryl nitriles is presented. We developed a variation of the Ritter reaction that allows the use of acetonitrile as solvent and reagent in reactions with solid-supported precursors. The reaction was optimized for the generation of N-aryl acetamides using a diverse range of immobilized building blocks including o-, m-, and p-substituted aryltriazenes. The cleavage via the Ritter-type conversion was combined with an on-bead cross-coupling reaction of halogen-substituted aryltriazenes with pyrazoles. Additionally, the synthesis of on-bead generated arylboronic ester-substituted triazenes was shown. The developed procedure was further expanded to use other commercially available nitriles, such as acrylonitrile, benzonitrile, and chlorinated alkyl nitriles as suitable reagents for a Ritter-type cleavage of the prepared triazene linkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolai A. Wippert
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Campus North, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Nicole Jung
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Campus North, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Stefan Bräse
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Campus North, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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14
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Feckler A, Goedkoop W, Konschak M, Bundschuh R, Kenngott KGJ, Schulz R, Zubrod JP, Bundschuh M. History matters: Heterotrophic microbial community structure and function adapt to multiple stressors. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:e402-e415. [PMID: 28787754 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Ecosystem functions in streams (e.g., microbially mediated leaf litter breakdown) are threatened globally by the predicted agricultural intensification and its expansion into pristine areas, which is associated with increasing use of fertilizers and pesticides. However, the ecological consequences may depend on the disturbance history of microbial communities. To test this, we assessed the effects of fungicides and nutrients (four levels each) on the structural and functional resilience of leaf-associated microbial communities with differing disturbance histories (pristine vs. previously disturbed) in a 2 × 4 × 4-factorial design (n = 6) over 21 days. Microbial leaf breakdown was assessed as a functional variable, whereas structural changes were characterized by the fungal community composition, species richness, biomass, and other factors. Leaf breakdown by the pristine microbial community was reduced by up to 30% upon fungicide exposure compared with controls, whereas the previously disturbed microbial community increased leaf breakdown by up to 85%. This significant difference in the functional response increased in magnitude with increasing nutrient concentrations. A pollution-induced community tolerance in the previously disturbed microbial community, which was dominated by a few species with high breakdown efficacies, may explain the maintained function under stress. Hence, the global pressure on pristine ecosystems by agricultural expansion is expected to cause a modification in the structure and function of heterotrophic microbial communities, with microbially mediated leaf litter breakdown likely becoming more stable over time as a consequence of fungal community adaptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Feckler
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Willem Goedkoop
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marco Konschak
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Landau, Germany
| | - Rebecca Bundschuh
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Landau, Germany
| | - Kilian G J Kenngott
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Landau, Germany
| | - Ralf Schulz
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Landau, Germany
| | - Jochen P Zubrod
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Landau, Germany
| | - Mirco Bundschuh
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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15
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Zubrod JP, Englert D, Lüderwald S, Poganiuch S, Schulz R, Bundschuh M. History Matters: Pre-Exposure to Wastewater Enhances Pesticide Toxicity in Invertebrates. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:9280-9287. [PMID: 28682063 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b01303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Disturbance regimes determine communities' structure and functioning. Nonetheless, little effort has been undertaken to understand interactions of press and pulse disturbances. In this context, leaf-shredding macroinvertebrates can be chronically exposed to wastewater treatment plant effluents (i.e., press disturbance) before experiencing pesticide exposure following agricultural runoff (i.e., pulse disturbance). It is assumed that wastewater pre-exposure alters animals' sensitivity to pesticides. To test this hypothesis, we exposed model-populations of the shredder Gammarus fossarum to wastewater at three field-relevant dilution levels (i.e., 0%, 50%, and 100%). After 2, 4, and 6 weeks, survival, leaf consumption, dry weight, and energy reserves were monitored. Additionally, animals were assessed for their sensitivity toward the neonicotinoid insecticide thiacloprid using their feeding rate as response variable. Both wastewater treatments reduced gammarids' survival, leaf consumption, dry weight, and energy reserves. Moreover, both wastewater pre-exposure scenarios increased animals' sensitivity toward thiacloprid by up to 2.5 times compared to the control. Our results thus demonstrate that press disturbance as posed by wastewater pre-exposure can enhance susceptibility of key players in ecosystem functioning to further (pulse) disturbances. Therefore, applying mitigation measures such as advanced treatment technologies seems sensible to support functional integrity in the multiple-stress situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen P Zubrod
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau , Fortstraße 7, D-76829 Landau, Germany
| | - Dominic Englert
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau , Fortstraße 7, D-76829 Landau, Germany
| | - Simon Lüderwald
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau , Fortstraße 7, D-76829 Landau, Germany
| | - Sandra Poganiuch
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau , Fortstraße 7, D-76829 Landau, Germany
| | - Ralf Schulz
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau , Fortstraße 7, D-76829 Landau, Germany
| | - Mirco Bundschuh
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences , Lennart Hjelms väg 9, SWE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
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