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Mo J, Guo J, Iwata H, Diamond J, Qu C, Xiong J, Han J. What Approaches Should be Used to Prioritize Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products for Research on Environmental and Human Health Exposure and Effects? ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2024; 43:488-501. [PMID: 36377688 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) are released from multiple anthropogenic sources and thus have a ubiquitous presence in the environment. The environmental exposure and potential effects of PPCPs on biota and humans has aroused concern within the scientific community and the public. Risk assessments are commonly conducted to evaluate the likelihood of chemicals including PPCPs that pose health threats to organisms inhabiting various environmental compartments and humans. Because thousands of PPCPs are currently used, it is impractical to assess the environmental risk of all of them due to data limitations; in addition, new PPCPs are continually being produced. Prioritization approaches, based either on exposure, hazard, or risk, provide a possible means by which those PPCPs that are likely to pose the greatest risk to the environment are identified, thereby enabling more effective allocation of resources in environmental monitoring programs in specific geographical locations and ecotoxicological investigations. In the present review, the importance and current knowledge concerning PPCP occurrence and risk are discussed and priorities for future research are proposed, in terms of PPCP exposure (e.g., optimization of exposure modeling in freshwater ecosystems and more monitoring of PPCPs in the marine environment) or hazard (e.g., differential risk of PPCPs to lower vs. higher trophic level species and risks to human health). Recommended research questions for the next 10 years are also provided, which can be answered by future studies on prioritization of PPCPs. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;43:488-501. © 2022 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiezhang Mo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster Prediction and Prevention, Shantou University, Shantou, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jiahua Guo
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hisato Iwata
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
| | | | - Chengkai Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiuqiang Xiong
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Jie Han
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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2
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Kidd KA, Backhaus T, Brodin T, Inostroza PA, McCallum ES. Environmental Risks of Pharmaceutical Mixtures in Aquatic Ecosystems: Reflections on a Decade of Research. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2024; 43:549-558. [PMID: 37530415 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) occur as variable mixtures in surface waters receiving discharges of human and animal wastes. A key question identified a decade ago is how to assess the effects of long-term exposures of these PPCP mixtures on nontarget organisms. We review the recent progress made on assessing the aquatic ecotoxicity of PPCP mixtures-with a focus on active pharmaceutical ingredients-and the challenges and research needs that remain. New knowledge has arisen from the use of whole-mixture testing combined with component-based approaches, and these studies show that mixtures often result in responses that meet the concentration addition model. However, such studies have mainly been done on individual species over shorter time periods, and longer-term, multispecies assessments remain limited. The recent use of targeted and nontargeted gene analyses has improved our understanding of the diverse pathways that are impacted, and there are promising new "read-across" methods that use mammalian data to predict toxicity in wildlife. Risk assessments remain challenging given the paucity of ecotoxicological and exposure data on PPCP mixtures. As such, the assessment of PPCP mixtures in aquatic environments should remain a priority given the potential for additive-as well as nontarget-effects in nontarget organisms. In addition, we need to improve our understanding of which species, life stages, and relevant endpoints are most sensitive to which types of PPCP mixtures and to expand our knowledge of environmental PPCP levels in regions of the globe that have been poorly studied to date. We recommend an increased use of new approach methodologies, in particular "omics," to advance our understanding of the molecular mechanics of mixture effects. Finally, we call for systematic research on the role of PPCP mixtures in the development of antimicrobial resistance. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;43:549-558. © 2023 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen A Kidd
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- School of Earth, Environment and Society, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Thomas Backhaus
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Tomas Brodin
- Department of Wildlife, Fish & Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Pedro A Inostroza
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Erin S McCallum
- Department of Wildlife, Fish & Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
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3
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Beckers LM, Altenburger R, Brack W, Escher BI, Hackermüller J, Hassold E, Illing G, Krauss M, Krüger J, Michaelis P, Schüttler A, Stevens S, Busch W. A data-derived reference mixture representative of European wastewater treatment plant effluents to complement mixture assessment. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 179:108155. [PMID: 37688808 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic environments are polluted with a multitude of organic micropollutants, which challenges risk assessment due the complexity and diversity of pollutant mixtures. The recognition that certain source-specific background pollution occurs ubiquitously in the aquatic environment might be one way forward to approach mixture risk assessment. To investigate this hypothesis, we prepared one typical and representative WWTP effluent mixture of organic micropollutants (EWERBmix) comprised of 81 compounds selected according to their high frequency of occurrence and toxic potential. Toxicological relevant effects of this reference mixture were measured in eight organism- and cell-based bioassays and compared with predicted mixture effects, which were calculated based on effect data of single chemicals retrieved from literature or different databases, and via quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs). The results show that the EWERBmix supports the identification of substances which should be considered in future monitoring efforts. It provides measures to estimate wastewater background concentrations in rivers under consideration of respective dilution factors, and to assess the extent of mixture risks to be expected from European WWTP effluents. The EWERBmix presents a reasonable proxy for regulatory authorities to develop and implement assessment approaches and regulatory measures to address mixture risks. The highlighted data gaps should be considered for prioritization of effect testing of most prevalent and relevant individual organic micropollutants of WWTP effluent background pollution. The here provided approach and EWERBmix are available for authorities and scientists for further investigations. The approach presented can furthermore serve as a roadmap guiding the development of archetypic background mixtures for other sources, geographical settings and chemical compounds, e.g. inorganic pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rolf Altenburger
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Werner Brack
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany; Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Beate I Escher
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jörg Hackermüller
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany; Department of Computer Science, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Enken Hassold
- German Environment Agency - UBA, Dessau-Rosslau, Germany
| | - Gianina Illing
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin Krauss
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Janet Krüger
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Paul Michaelis
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Sarah Stevens
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Wibke Busch
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany.
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4
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Holmes CM, Maltby L, Sweeney P, Thorbek P, Otte JC, Marshall S. Heterogeneity in biological assemblages and exposure in chemical risk assessment: Exploring capabilities and challenges in methodology with two landscape-scale case studies. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 246:114143. [PMID: 36201920 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Chemical exposure concentrations and the composition of ecological receptors (e.g., species) vary in space and time, resulting in landscape-scale (e.g. catchment) heterogeneity. Current regulatory, prospective chemical risk assessment frameworks do not directly address this heterogeneity because they assume that reasonably worst-case chemical exposure concentrations co-occur (spatially and temporally) with biological species that are the most sensitive to the chemical's toxicity. Whilst current approaches may parameterise fate models with site-specific data and aim to be protective, a more precise understanding of when and where chemical exposure and species sensitivity co-occur enables risk assessments to be better tailored and applied mitigation more efficient. We use two aquatic case studies covering different spatial and temporal resolution to explore how geo-referenced data and spatial tools might be used to account for landscape heterogeneity of chemical exposure and ecological assemblages in prospective risk assessment. Each case study followed a stepwise approach: i) estimate and establish spatial chemical exposure distributions using local environmental information and environmental fate models; ii) derive toxicity thresholds for different taxonomic groups and determine geo-referenced distributions of exposure-toxicity ratios (i.e., potential risk); iii) overlay risk data with the ecological status of biomonitoring sites to determine if relationships exist. We focus on demonstrating whether the integration of relevant data and potential approaches is feasible rather than making comprehensive and refined risk assessments of specific chemicals. The case studies indicate that geo-referenced predicted environmental concentration estimations can be achieved with available data, models and tools but establishing the distribution of species assemblages is reliant on the availability of a few sources of biomonitoring data and tools. Linking large sets of geo-referenced exposure and biomonitoring data is feasible but assessment of risk will often be limited by the availability of ecotoxicity data. The studies highlight the important influence that choices for aggregating data and for the selection of statistical metrics have on assessing and interpreting risk at different spatial scales and patterns of distribution within the landscape. Finally, we discuss approaches and development needs that could help to address environmental heterogeneity in chemical risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paul Sweeney
- Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell RG42 6EY, UK
| | | | - Jens C Otte
- BASF, Carl-Bosch-Strasse 38, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
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5
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Yang Y, Zhang X, Jiang J, Han J, Li W, Li X, Yee Leung KM, Snyder SA, Alvarez PJJ. Which Micropollutants in Water Environments Deserve More Attention Globally? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:13-29. [PMID: 34932308 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c04250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Increasing chemical pollution of aquatic environments is a growing concern with global relevance. A large number of organic chemicals are termed as "micropollutants" due to their low concentrations, and long-term exposure to micropollutants may pose considerable risks to aquatic organisms and human health. In recent decades, numerous treatment methods and technologies have been proposed to remove micropollutants in water, and typically several micropollutants were chosen as target pollutants to evaluate removal efficiencies. However, it is often unclear whether their toxicity and occurrence levels and frequencies enable them to contribute significantly to the overall chemical pollution in global aquatic environments. This review intends to answer an important lingering question: Which micropollutants or class of micropollutants deserve more attention globally and should be removed with higher priority? Different risk-based prioritization approaches were used to address this question. The risk quotient (RQ) method was found to be a feasible approach to prioritize micropollutants in a large scale due to its relatively simple assessment procedure and extensive use. A total of 83 prioritization case studies using the RQ method in the past decade were compiled, and 473 compounds that were selected by screening 3466 compounds of three broad classes (pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), pesticides, and industrial chemicals) were found to have risks (RQ > 0.01). To determine the micropollutants of global importance, we propose an overall risk surrogate, that is, the weighted average risk quotient (WARQ). The WARQ integrates the risk intensity and frequency of micropollutants in global aquatic environments to achieve a more comprehensive priority determination. Through metadata analysis, we recommend a ranked list of 53 micropollutants, including 36 PPCPs (e.g., sulfamethoxazole and ibuprofen), seven pesticides (e.g., heptachlor and diazinon), and 10 industrial chemicals (e.g., perfluorooctanesulfonic acid and 4-nonylphenol) for risk management and remediation efforts. One caveat is that the ranked list of global importance does not consider transformation products of micropollutants (including disinfection byproducts) and new forms of pollutants (including antibiotic resistance genes and microplastics), and this list of global importance may not be directly applicable to a specific region or country. Also, it needs mentioning that there might be no best answer toward this question, and hopefully this review can act as a small step toward a better answer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Yang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Xiangru Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Jingyi Jiang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Jiarui Han
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Wanxin Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Kenneth Mei Yee Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong China
| | - Shane A Snyder
- Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, #06-08, 637141, Singapore
| | - Pedro J J Alvarez
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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Ahmed SF, Mofijur M, Nuzhat S, Chowdhury AT, Rafa N, Uddin MA, Inayat A, Mahlia TMI, Ong HC, Chia WY, Show PL. Recent developments in physical, biological, chemical, and hybrid treatment techniques for removing emerging contaminants from wastewater. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 416:125912. [PMID: 34492846 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Emerging contaminants (ECs) in wastewater have recently attracted the attention of researchers as they pose significant risks to human health and wildlife. This paper presents the state-of-art technologies used to remove ECs from wastewater through a comprehensive review. It also highlights the challenges faced by existing EC removal technologies in wastewater treatment plants and provides future research directions. Many treatment technologies like biological, chemical, and physical approaches have been advanced for removing various ECs. However, currently, no individual technology can effectively remove ECs, whereas hybrid systems have often been found to be more efficient. A hybrid technique of ozonation accompanied by activated carbon was found significantly effective in removing some ECs, particularly pharmaceuticals and pesticides. Despite the lack of extensive research, nanotechnology may be a promising approach as nanomaterial incorporated technologies have shown potential in removing different contaminants from wastewater. Nevertheless, most existing technologies are highly energy and resource-intensive as well as costly to maintain and operate. Besides, most proposed advanced treatment technologies are yet to be evaluated for large-scale practicality. Complemented with techno-economic feasibility studies of the treatment techniques, comprehensive research and development are therefore necessary to achieve a full and effective removal of ECs by wastewater treatment plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- S F Ahmed
- Science and Math Program, Asian University for Women, Chattogram 4000, Bangladesh
| | - M Mofijur
- School of Information Systems and Modelling, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; Mechanical Engineering Department, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Al Khobar 31952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samiha Nuzhat
- Environmental Sciences Program, Asian University for Women, Chattogram 4000, Bangladesh; Water and Life Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Nazifa Rafa
- Environmental Sciences Program, Asian University for Women, Chattogram 4000, Bangladesh
| | - Md Alhaz Uddin
- Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abrar Inayat
- Department of Sustainable and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates; Biomass & Bioenergy Research Group, Center for Sustainable Energy and Power Systems Research, Research Institute of Sciences and Engineering, University of Sharjah, 27272 Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - T M I Mahlia
- School of Information Systems and Modelling, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Hwai Chyuan Ong
- School of Information Systems and Modelling, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Wen Yi Chia
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Pau Loke Show
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
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7
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Leung KM, Yeung KW, You J, Choi K, Zhang X, Smith R, Zhou G, Yung MM, Arias‐Barreiro C, An Y, Burket SR, Dwyer R, Goodkin N, Hii YS, Hoang T, Humphrey C, Iwai CB, Jeong S, Juhel G, Karami A, Kyriazi‐Huber K, Lee K, Lin B, Lu B, Martin P, Nillos MG, Oginawati K, Rathnayake I, Risjani Y, Shoeb M, Tan CH, Tsuchiya MC, Ankley GT, Boxall AB, Rudd MA, Brooks BW. Toward Sustainable Environmental Quality: Priority Research Questions for Asia. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2020; 39:1485-1505. [PMID: 32474951 PMCID: PMC7496081 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Environmental and human health challenges are pronounced in Asia, an exceptionally diverse and complex region where influences of global megatrends are extensive and numerous stresses to environmental quality exist. Identifying priorities necessary to engage grand challenges can be facilitated through horizon scanning exercises, and to this end we identified and examined 23 priority research questions needed to advance toward more sustainable environmental quality in Asia, as part of the Global Horizon Scanning Project. Advances in environmental toxicology, environmental chemistry, biological monitoring, and risk-assessment methodologies are necessary to address the adverse impacts of environmental stressors on ecosystem services and biodiversity, with Asia being home to numerous biodiversity hotspots. Intersections of the food-energy-water nexus are profound in Asia; innovative and aggressive technologies are necessary to provide clean water, ensure food safety, and stimulate energy efficiency, while improving ecological integrity and addressing legacy and emerging threats to public health and the environment, particularly with increased aquaculture production. Asia is the largest chemical-producing continent globally. Accordingly, sustainable and green chemistry and engineering present decided opportunities to stimulate innovation and realize a number of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. Engaging the priority research questions identified herein will require transdisciplinary coordination through existing and nontraditional partnerships within and among countries and sectors. Answering these questions will not be easy but is necessary to achieve more sustainable environmental quality in Asia. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:1485-1505. © 2020 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth M.Y. Leung
- Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological SciencesUniversity of Hong KongPokfulamHong KongChina
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of ChemistryCity University of Hong KongKowloonHong KongChina
| | - Katie W.Y. Yeung
- Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological SciencesUniversity of Hong KongPokfulamHong KongChina
| | - Jing You
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and HealthJinan UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | | | - Xiaowei Zhang
- School of the EnvironmentNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
| | | | - Guang‐Jie Zhou
- Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological SciencesUniversity of Hong KongPokfulamHong KongChina
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Chris Humphrey
- Supervising Scientist BranchCanberraAustralian Capital TerritoryAustralia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Bin‐Le Lin
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and TechnologyTokyoJapan
| | - Ben Lu
- International Copper Association–AsiaShanghaiChina
| | | | - Mae Grace Nillos
- College of Fisheries and Ocean SciencesUniversity of the Philippines VisayasIloilo CityPhilippines
| | | | - I.V.N. Rathnayake
- Department of MicrobiologyFaculty of Science, University of KelaniyaKelaniyaSri Lanka
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Bryan W. Brooks
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and HealthJinan UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Baylor UniversityWacoTexasUSA
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Pablos MV, Beltrán EM, Jiménez MA, García-Hortigüela P, Fernández A, González-Doncel M, Fernández C. Effect assessment of reclaimed water and carbamazepine exposure on the thyroid axis of X. laevis: Apical and histological effects. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 723:138023. [PMID: 32220735 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing environmental concern about the constant presence of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in surface water, generally attributed to water discharge from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) that are unable to completely remove these compounds. The slight, but continuous, presence of these contaminants in reclaimed water (RW) poses a risk of chronic and sublethal toxicity, and the thyroid axis can likely be a target of many of these PPCPs. In this work, we addressed the effects of RW on the Xenopus laevis thyroid system. The Amphibian Metamorphosis Assay (AMA test) was used with modifications by exposing X. laevis tadpoles to RW samples, and to RW spiked with carbamazepine (CBZ) at 100 and 1000 higher than the average levels environmentally relevant (RW 100× and RW 1000×, respectively). Carbamazepine was selected because it is considered a marker of anthropogenic pollution and could have a potential effect on the thyroid axis. The morphological endpoints and histological alterations to the thyroid gland were evaluated. The results suggested the stimulation of the thyroid gland from exposures to the RW samples, supported by tadpoles' accelerated development and by the histological alterations observed in the thyroid gland. Developmental acceleration was also seen in the tadpoles exposed to the RW-100× and -1000× samples at comparable levels to those seen in exposures to RW samples alone. Hence CBZ did not seem to increase the effects of RW on the thyroid axis. Overall, our results suggested endocrine effects of these RW samples regardless of the CBZ concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Pablos
- Laboratory for Ecotoxicology, Department of Environment, INIA, Crta. La Coruña km 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - E M Beltrán
- Laboratory for Ecotoxicology, Department of Environment, INIA, Crta. La Coruña km 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M A Jiménez
- Histology Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, The Complutense University, Avda. Puerta de Hierro, s/n. Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - P García-Hortigüela
- Laboratory for Ecotoxicology, Department of Environment, INIA, Crta. La Coruña km 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - A Fernández
- Laboratory for Ecotoxicology, Department of Environment, INIA, Crta. La Coruña km 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M González-Doncel
- Laboratory for Ecotoxicology, Department of Environment, INIA, Crta. La Coruña km 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - C Fernández
- Laboratory for Ecotoxicology, Department of Environment, INIA, Crta. La Coruña km 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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9
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Hakeem KR, Bhat RA, Qadri H. Concerns and Threats of Contamination on Aquatic Ecosystems. BIOREMEDIATION AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2020. [PMCID: PMC7121614 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-35691-0_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic ecosystems are the ultimate sinks for the contaminants. Water contamination is the outcome of human activities such as urbanization, industrialization, and agricultural activities. The overuse of pesticides and fertilizers and sewage from residential and industrial areas ultimately find its way to aquatic environment. Thus results in the degradation of the water quality and leads to the spread of infectious diseases such as dysentery, diarrhea, and jaundice. Contamination in aquatic environs is one of the leading types of pollution which has significant negative health issues and mortality. Water has a natural capacity to neutralize the contamination, but when contamination becomes uncontrolled, water will lose its self-generating capacity. Therefore, there is a need for regular monitoring and controlling of pollutant discharge into the nearby aquatic environs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Rehman Hakeem
- Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Princess Dr. Najla Bint Saud Al-Saud, Center for Excellence Research in Biotechnology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rouf Ahmad Bhat
- Department of Environmental Science, Cluster University, Sri Pratap College, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir India
| | - Humaira Qadri
- Department of Environmental Science, Cluster University, Sri Pratap College, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir India
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10
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Kruszelnicka I, Ginter-Kramarczyk D, Wyrwas B, Idkowiak J. Evaluation of surfactant removal efficiency in selected domestic wastewater treatment plants in Poland. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2019; 17:1257-1264. [PMID: 32030190 PMCID: PMC6985340 DOI: 10.1007/s40201-019-00387-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the work of a two types of household sewage treatment plant: wetland wastewater treatment plant (ORS type) and treatment plant of SBR type (SBR-K-6 type). Physicochemical analyses of selected pollution indices (BOD5, COD, total suspension, total phosphorus) and surfactants were carried out and compared with currently applicable values of such indexes according to the Regulation of the Minister of the Environment in Poland on the conditions to be met when discharging sewage into water or soil, and on the substances particularly harmful to the aquatic environment. The removal efficiency of organic compounds, expressed as COD and BOD5, reached the threshold of 90%, which is required in regulations. In contrast, the effects of removal of biogenic compounds were low - in case of total nitrogen the removal rate reached approx. 40% and the desired admissible concentration of 30 mg N/L was not achieved. The reduction efficiency of total suspended solids reached 57.0 and 59.6% for the ORS and SBR-K-6 type objects, respectively, and therefore the required threshold of minimum 90% was not reached. Anionic surfactants were removed by up to 98 and 88% in the ORS and SBR-K-6 type wastewater treatment plants, respectively. Lower removal efficiency was achieved in case on non-ionic surfactants, which reached 76% for the ORS type object and 56% for the SBR-K-6 type object. This article proven high wastewater treatment efficiency and lower than necessary concentrations in the effluent from domestic wastewater treatment plants may be achieved mainly by proper exploitation of the devices and appropriately selected vegetation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Kruszelnicka
- Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
| | - Dobrochna Ginter-Kramarczyk
- Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
| | - Bogdan Wyrwas
- Faculty of Chemistry and Technical Electrochemistry, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
| | - Jakub Idkowiak
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, Z. Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704 Poznan, Poland
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11
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Evaluation of the Potential Toxicity of Effluents from the Textile Industry before and after Treatment. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9183804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The textile industry has an important role in the economic development of several countries; however, it consumes large amounts of water and generates huge quantities of wastewater. These effluents are of great environmental concern due to their complex chemical content, known by their toxicity and low biodegradability, which can cause harmful effects to the aquatic environment. In the present study, bioassays with aquatic species were employed to evaluate the toxicity of effluent samples collected before and after the treatments performed by the textile company. The toxic effects were investigated using four organisms, namely Aliivibrio fischeri, Raphidocelis subcapitata, Daphnia magna and Lemna minor, to represent different trophic levels. The ecotoxicological data confirmed that the raw textile effluent was very toxic, with A. fischeri being the most sensitive organism. While the toxicity of the effluent collected after the treatment performed by the textile company was clearly reduced, we still recorded sublethal toxicity to D. magna. These results highlight the importance of the bioassays for continuous monitoring of the toxicity of the treated effluents to prevent adverse effects on the environment. Further, results suggest that ecotoxicological data should be required in parallel with chemical data to better evaluate the safety of environmental discharges of wastewaters.
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12
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Pablos MV, Rodríguez JA, García-Hortigüela P, Fernández A, Beltrán EM, Torrijos M, Fernández C. Sublethal and chronic effects of reclaimed water on aquatic organisms. Looking for relationships between physico-chemical characterisation and toxic effects. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 640-641:1537-1547. [PMID: 30021319 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The use of reclaimed water for irrigation and aquaculture purposes is generally considered a reliable alternative for sustainable water management in regions with water scarcity. Many organic compounds, generally called compounds of emerging concern (CECs), have been detected in reclaimed water, which implies continuous exposure for aquatic organisms. To date no quality criteria have been proposed for this group of compounds. This work aims to assess the acute, sublethal and chronic effects of reclaimed water using two representative organisms of the aquatic compartment; the green alga Chlorella vulgaris and the microcrustacean Daphnia magna. The study comprises the 72 h-algal growth inhibition test, the D. magna feeding bioassay and the D. magna reproduction test. The results highlighted, for the selected characterised compounds, no differences in the concentrations between the different tertiary WWTP treatments, except for the particular case of carbamazepine. Considering seasonality, no differences were observed between the two different sample collection campaigns. The sublethal and chronic effects observed for these samples could not be explained by the lower concentrations found in the chemical characterisation. However, in the majority of cases, dilution of raw reclaimed water reduced the toxic effects of these samples. Several interactions among compounds can affect the mixture's toxicity. Canonical correlation analyses (CCA) were included to explore the potential relationships between the physico-chemical characterisation of reclaimed water and effects on aquatic organisms. The results corroborated the toxic effect of some pharmaceuticals, in particular beta-blockers and antibiotics, on the growth and yield of green algae, as well as inhibition of daphnia reproduction. Thus the CCA methods could help to elucidate the potential relationships between the physico-chemical characterisation and toxic effects by considering all the potential interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Pablos
- Laboratory for Ecotoxicology, Department of Environment, INIA, Crta. La Coruña km 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - J A Rodríguez
- Laboratory for Ecotoxicology, Department of Environment, INIA, Crta. La Coruña km 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - P García-Hortigüela
- Laboratory for Ecotoxicology, Department of Environment, INIA, Crta. La Coruña km 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - A Fernández
- Laboratory for Ecotoxicology, Department of Environment, INIA, Crta. La Coruña km 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - E M Beltrán
- Laboratory for Ecotoxicology, Department of Environment, INIA, Crta. La Coruña km 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M Torrijos
- Laboratory for Ecotoxicology, Department of Environment, INIA, Crta. La Coruña km 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - C Fernández
- Laboratory for Ecotoxicology, Department of Environment, INIA, Crta. La Coruña km 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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13
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Altenburger R, Scholze M, Busch W, Escher BI, Jakobs G, Krauss M, Krüger J, Neale PA, Ait-Aissa S, Almeida AC, Seiler TB, Brion F, Hilscherová K, Hollert H, Novák J, Schlichting R, Serra H, Shao Y, Tindall A, Tollefsen KE, Umbuzeiro G, Williams TD, Kortenkamp A. Mixture effects in samples of multiple contaminants - An inter-laboratory study with manifold bioassays. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 114:95-106. [PMID: 29499452 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Chemicals in the environment occur in mixtures rather than as individual entities. Environmental quality monitoring thus faces the challenge to comprehensively assess a multitude of contaminants and potential adverse effects. Effect-based methods have been suggested as complements to chemical analytical characterisation of complex pollution patterns. The regularly observed discrepancy between chemical and biological assessments of adverse effects due to contaminants in the field may be either due to unidentified contaminants or result from interactions of compounds in mixtures. Here, we present an interlaboratory study where individual compounds and their mixtures were investigated by extensive concentration-effect analysis using 19 different bioassays. The assay panel consisted of 5 whole organism assays measuring apical effects and 14 cell- and organism-based bioassays with more specific effect observations. Twelve organic water pollutants of diverse structure and unique known modes of action were studied individually and as mixtures mirroring exposure scenarios in freshwaters. We compared the observed mixture effects against component-based mixture effect predictions derived from additivity expectations (assumption of non-interaction). Most of the assays detected the mixture response of the active components as predicted even against a background of other inactive contaminants. When none of the mixture components showed any activity by themselves then the mixture also was without effects. The mixture effects observed using apical endpoints fell in the middle of a prediction window defined by the additivity predictions for concentration addition and independent action, reflecting well the diversity of the anticipated modes of action. In one case, an unexpectedly reduced solubility of one of the mixture components led to mixture responses that fell short of the predictions of both additivity mixture models. The majority of the specific cell- and organism-based endpoints produced mixture responses in agreement with the additivity expectation of concentration addition. Exceptionally, expected (additive) mixture response did not occur due to masking effects such as general toxicity from other compounds. Generally, deviations from an additivity expectation could be explained due to experimental factors, specific limitations of the effect endpoint or masking side effects such as cytotoxicity in in vitro assays. The majority of bioassays were able to quantitatively detect the predicted non-interactive, additive combined effect of the specifically bioactive compounds against a background of complex mixture of other chemicals in the sample. This supports the use of a combination of chemical and bioanalytical monitoring tools for the identification of chemicals that drive a specific mixture effect. Furthermore, we demonstrated that a panel of bioassays can provide a diverse profile of effect responses to a complex contaminated sample. This could be extended towards representing mixture adverse outcome pathways. Our findings support the ongoing development of bioanalytical tools for (i) compiling comprehensive effect-based batteries for water quality assessment, (ii) designing tailored surveillance methods to safeguard specific water uses, and (iii) devising strategies for effect-based diagnosis of complex contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf Altenburger
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Martin Scholze
- Institute for the Environment, Brunel University, Uxbridge, Middlesex UB8 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Wibke Busch
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Beate I Escher
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Environmental Toxicology, Center for Applied Geoscience, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gianina Jakobs
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin Krauss
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Janet Krüger
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peta A Neale
- Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith School of Environment, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Selim Ait-Aissa
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques INERIS, Unité d'Ecotoxicologie, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Ana Catarina Almeida
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research NIVA, Gaustadalléen 21, N-0349 Oslo, Norway
| | | | - François Brion
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques INERIS, Unité d'Ecotoxicologie, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Klára Hilscherová
- Masaryk University, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Kamenice 753/5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Henner Hollert
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Jiří Novák
- Masaryk University, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Kamenice 753/5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Rita Schlichting
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hélène Serra
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques INERIS, Unité d'Ecotoxicologie, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Ying Shao
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Andrew Tindall
- WatchFrog, Bâtiment Genavenir 3, 1 rue Pierre Fontaine, 91000 Evry, France
| | - Knut Erik Tollefsen
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research NIVA, Gaustadalléen 21, N-0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - Gisela Umbuzeiro
- Faculdade de Tecnologia, FT-UNICAMP, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Limeira, SP 13484-332, Brazil
| | - Tim D Williams
- School of Biosciences, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Kortenkamp
- Institute for the Environment, Brunel University, Uxbridge, Middlesex UB8 3PH, United Kingdom
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14
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de Zwart D, Adams W, Galay Burgos M, Hollender J, Junghans M, Merrington G, Muir D, Parkerton T, De Schamphelaere KAC, Whale G, Williams R. Aquatic exposures of chemical mixtures in urban environments: Approaches to impact assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2018; 37:703-714. [PMID: 28861906 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Urban regions of the world are expanding rapidly, placing additional stress on water resources. Urban water bodies serve many purposes, from washing and sources of drinking water to transport and conduits for storm drainage and effluent discharge. These water bodies receive chemical emissions arising from either single or multiple point sources, diffuse sources which can be continuous, intermittent, or seasonal. Thus, aquatic organisms in these water bodies are exposed to temporally and compositionally variable mixtures. We have delineated source-specific signatures of these mixtures for diffuse urban runoff and urban point source exposure scenarios to support risk assessment and management of these mixtures. The first step in a tiered approach to assessing chemical exposure has been developed based on the event mean concentration concept, with chemical concentrations in runoff defined by volumes of water leaving each surface and the chemical exposure mixture profiles for different urban scenarios. Although generalizations can be made about the chemical composition of urban sources and event mean exposure predictions for initial prioritization, such modeling needs to be complemented with biological monitoring data. It is highly unlikely that the current paradigm of routine regulatory chemical monitoring alone will provide a realistic appraisal of urban aquatic chemical mixture exposures. Future consideration is also needed of the role of nonchemical stressors in such highly modified urban water bodies. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:703-714. © 2017 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Juliane Hollender
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Marion Junghans
- Swiss Centre for Applied Ecotoxicology Eawag-EPFL, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | | | - Derek Muir
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Richard Williams
- NERC, Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, United Kingdom
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15
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Holmes CM, Brown CD, Hamer M, Jones R, Maltby L, Posthuma L, Silberhorn E, Teeter JS, Warne MSJ, Weltje L. Prospective aquatic risk assessment for chemical mixtures in agricultural landscapes. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2018; 37:674-689. [PMID: 29193235 PMCID: PMC5873440 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Environmental risk assessment of chemical mixtures is challenging because of the multitude of possible combinations that may occur. Aquatic risk from chemical mixtures in an agricultural landscape was evaluated prospectively in 2 exposure scenario case studies: at field scale for a program of 13 plant-protection products applied annually for 20 yr and at a watershed scale for a mixed land-use scenario over 30 yr with 12 plant-protection products and 2 veterinary pharmaceuticals used for beef cattle. Risk quotients were calculated from regulatory exposure models with typical real-world use patterns and regulatory acceptable concentrations for individual chemicals. The results could differentiate situations when there was concern associated with single chemicals from those when concern was associated with a mixture (based on concentration addition) with no single chemical triggering concern. Potential mixture risk was identified on 0.02 to 7.07% of the total days modeled, depending on the scenario, the taxa, and whether considering acute or chronic risk. Taxa at risk were influenced by receiving water body characteristics along with chemical use profiles and associated properties. The present study demonstrates that a scenario-based approach can be used to determine whether mixtures of chemicals pose risks over and above any identified using existing approaches for single chemicals, how often and to what magnitude, and ultimately which mixtures (and dominant chemicals) cause greatest concern. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:674-689. © 2017 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Colin D. Brown
- Environment DepartmentUniversity of YorkHeslingtonYorkUnited Kingdom
| | - Mick Hamer
- SyngentaJealott's HillBracknellUnited Kingdom
| | - Russell Jones
- Bayer CropScienceResearch Triangle ParkNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Lorraine Maltby
- Department of Animal and Plant SciencesThe University of SheffieldSheffieldUnited Kingdom
| | - Leo Posthuma
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM)Centre for SustainabilityEnvironment and HealthBilthovenThe Netherlands
- Radboud UniversityDepartment of Environmental ScienceInstitute for Wetland and Water ResearchFaculty of ScienceRadboud UniversityNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Eric Silberhorn
- US Food and Drug AdministrationCenter for Veterinary MedicineRockvilleMaryland
| | | | - Michael St J Warne
- Centre for AgroecologyWater and ResilienceCoventry UniversityCoventryWest MidlandsUK
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16
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Posthuma L, Brown CD, de Zwart D, Diamond J, Dyer SD, Holmes CM, Marshall S, Burton GA. Prospective mixture risk assessment and management prioritizations for river catchments with diverse land uses. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2018; 37:715-728. [PMID: 28845901 PMCID: PMC5873277 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Ecological risk assessment increasingly focuses on risks from chemical mixtures and multiple stressors because ecosystems are commonly exposed to a plethora of contaminants and nonchemical stressors. To simplify the task of assessing potential mixture effects, we explored 3 land use-related chemical emission scenarios. We applied a tiered methodology to judge the implications of the emissions of chemicals from agricultural practices, domestic discharges, and urban runoff in a quantitative model. The results showed land use-dependent mixture exposures, clearly discriminating downstream effects of land uses, with unique chemical "signatures" regarding composition, concentration, and temporal patterns. Associated risks were characterized in relation to the land-use scenarios. Comparisons to measured environmental concentrations and predicted impacts showed relatively good similarity. The results suggest that the land uses imply exceedances of regulatory protective environmental quality standards, varying over time in relation to rain events and associated flow and dilution variation. Higher-tier analyses using ecotoxicological effect criteria confirmed that species assemblages may be affected by exposures exceeding no-effect levels and that mixture exposure could be associated with predicted species loss under certain situations. The model outcomes can inform various types of prioritization to support risk management, including a ranking across land uses as a whole, a ranking on characteristics of exposure times and frequencies, and various rankings of the relative role of individual chemicals. Though all results are based on in silico assessments, the prospective land use-based approach applied in the present study yields useful insights for simplifying and assessing potential ecological risks of chemical mixtures and can therefore be useful for catchment-management decisions. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:715-728. © 2017 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology Chemistry Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo Posthuma
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM)Centre for SustainabilityEnvironment and HealthBilthovenThe Netherlands
- Department of Environmental ScienceInstitute for Wetland and Water ResearchFaculty of ScienceRadboud UniversityNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Colin D. Brown
- Environment DepartmentUniversity of YorkHeslingtonYorkUK
| | | | | | | | | | - Stuart Marshall
- Safety and Environmental Assurance CentreUnileverSharnbrookBedfordUnited Kingdom
| | - G. Allen Burton
- School for Environment and SustainabilityUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
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17
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Posthuma L, Brown C, de Zwart D, Diamond J, Dyer SD, Hamer M, Holmes CM, Marshall S, Burton GA. Simplifying environmental mixtures-An aquatic exposure-based approach via land use scenarios. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2018; 37:671-673. [PMID: 29480978 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Leo Posthuma
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Sustainability, Environment and Health, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Radboud University, Department of Environmental Science, Institute for Wetland and Water Research, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Colin Brown
- University of York, Environment Department, Heslington, York, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Scott D Dyer
- The Procter and Gamble Company, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Mick Hamer
- Syngenta, Jealott's Hill, Bracknell, United Kingdom
| | | | - Stuart Marshall
- Unilever, Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Unilever, Sharnbrook, Bedford, United Kingdom
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