1
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Torralba-Sanchez TL, Di Toro DM, Dmitrenko O, Murillo-Gelvez J, Tratnyek PG. Modeling the Partitioning of Anionic Carboxylic and Perfluoroalkyl Carboxylic and Sulfonic Acids to Octanol and Membrane Lipid. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2023; 42:2317-2328. [PMID: 37439660 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl carboxylic and sulfonic acids (PFCAs and PFSAs, respectively) have low acid dissociation constant values and are, therefore, deprotonated under most experimental and environmental conditions. Hence, the anionic species dominate their partitioning between water and organic phases, including octanol and phospholipid bilayers which are often used as model systems for environmental and biological matrices. However, data for solvent-water (SW) and membrane-water partition coefficients of the anion species are only available for a few per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). In the present study, an equation is derived using a Born-Haber cycle that relates the partition coefficients of the anions to those of the corresponding neutral species. It is shown via a thermodynamic analysis that for carboxylic acids (CAs), PFCAs, and PFSAs, the log of the solvent-water partition coefficient of the anion, log KSW (A- ), is linearly related to the log of the solvent-water partition coefficient of the neutral acid, log KSW (HA), with a unity slope and a solvent-dependent but solute-independent intercept within a PFAS (or CA) family. This finding provides a method for estimating the partition coefficients of PFCAs and PFSAs anions using the partition coefficients of the neutral species, which can be reliably predicted using quantum chemical methods. In addition, we have found that the neutral octanol-water partition coefficient, log KOW , is linearly correlated to the neutral membrane-water partition coefficient, log KMW ; therefore, log KOW , being a much easier property to estimate and/or measure, can be used to predict the neutral log KMW . Application of this approach to KOW and KMW for PFCAs and PFSAs demonstrates the utility of this methodology for evaluating reported experimental data and extending anion property data for chain lengths that are unavailable. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023;42:2317-2328. © 2023 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dominic M Di Toro
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Olga Dmitrenko
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Jimmy Murillo-Gelvez
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Paul G Tratnyek
- OHSU-PSU School of Public Health, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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2
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Monaghan J, Jaeger A, Jai JK, Tomlin H, Atkinson J, Brown TM, Gill CG, Krogh ET. Automated, High-Throughput Analysis of Tire-Derived p-Phenylenediamine Quinones (PPDQs) in Water by Online Membrane Sampling Coupled to MS/MS. ACS ES&T WATER 2023; 3:3293-3304. [PMID: 38455156 PMCID: PMC10916759 DOI: 10.1021/acsestwater.3c00275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
The tire-derived contaminant N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine quinone (6-PPDQ) was recently identified as a potent toxin to coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). Studies investigating 6-PPDQ have employed solid-phase extraction (SPE) or liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), providing excellent sensitivity and selectivity. However, cleanup and pre-enrichment steps (SPE/LLE) followed by chromatographic separation can be time- and cost-intensive, limiting sample throughput. The ubiquitous distribution of 6-PPDQ necessitates numerous measurements to identify hotspots for targeted mitigation. We recently developed condensed phase membrane introduction mass spectrometry (CP-MIMS) for rapid 6-PPDQ analysis (2.5 min/sample), with a simple workflow and low limit of detection (8 ng/L). Here, we describe improved quantitation using isotopically labeled internal standards and inclusion of a suite of PPDQ analogues. A low-cost autosampler and data processing software were developed from a three-dimensional (3D) printer and Matlab to fully realize the high-throughput capabilities of CP-MIMS. Cross-validation with a commercial LC-MS method for 10 surface waters provides excellent agreement (slope: 1.01; R2 = 0.992). We employ this analytical approach to probe fundamental questions regarding sample stability and sorption of 6-PPDQ under lab-controlled conditions. Further, the results for 192 surface water samples provide the first spatiotemporal characterization of PPDQs on Vancouver Island and the lower mainland of British Columbia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Monaghan
- Applied
Environmental Research Laboratories, Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, 900 Fifth Street, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada V9R 5S5
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3055, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8P 5C2
| | - Angelina Jaeger
- Applied
Environmental Research Laboratories, Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, 900 Fifth Street, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada V9R 5S5
| | - Joshua K. Jai
- Applied
Environmental Research Laboratories, Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, 900 Fifth Street, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada V9R 5S5
| | - Haley Tomlin
- British
Columbia Conservation Foundation, 1885 Boxwood Road #105, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada V9S 5X9
| | - Jamieson Atkinson
- British
Columbia Conservation Foundation, 1885 Boxwood Road #105, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada V9S 5X9
| | - Tanya M. Brown
- Pacific
Science Enterprise Centre, Fisheries and
Oceans Canada, 4160 Marine Drive, West Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V7V 1H2
- School
of Resources and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive West, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6
| | - Chris G. Gill
- Applied
Environmental Research Laboratories, Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, 900 Fifth Street, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada V9R 5S5
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3055, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8P 5C2
- Department
of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6
- Department
of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, Washington 98195-1618, United States
| | - Erik T. Krogh
- Applied
Environmental Research Laboratories, Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, 900 Fifth Street, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada V9R 5S5
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3055, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8P 5C2
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3
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Murillo-Gelvez J, Dmitrenko O, Torralba-Sanchez TL, Tratnyek PG, Di Toro DM. p Ka prediction of per- and polyfluoroalkyl acids in water using in silico gas phase stretching vibrational frequencies and infrared intensities. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:24745-24760. [PMID: 37671434 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp01390a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
To successfully understand and model the environmental fate of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), it is necessary to know key physicochemical properties (PChPs) such as pKa; however, measured PChPs of PFAS are scarce and of uncertain reliability. In this study, quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) were developed by correlating calculated (M062-X/aug-cc-pVDZ) vibrational frequencies (VF) and corresponding infrared intensities (IRInt) to the pKa of carboxylic acids, sulfonic acids, phosphonic acids, sulfonamides, betaines, and alcohols. Antisymmetric stretching VF of the anionic species were used for all subclasses except for alcohols where the OH stretching VF performed better. The individual QSARs predicted the pKa for each subclass mostly within 0.5 pKa units from the experimental values. The inclusion of IRInt as a pKa predictor for carboxylic acids improved the results by decreasing the root-mean-square error from 0.35 to 0.25 (n > 100). Application of the developed QSARs to estimate the pKa of PFAS within each subclass revealed that the length of the perfluoroalkyl chain has minimal effect on the pKa, consistent with other models but in stark contrast with the limited experimental data available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy Murillo-Gelvez
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
| | - Olga Dmitrenko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | | | - Paul G Tratnyek
- OHSU-PSU School of Public Health, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Dominic M Di Toro
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
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4
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Lee W, Choi S, Kim H, Lee W, Lee M, Son H, Lee C, Cho M, Lee Y. Efficiency of ozonation and O 3/H 2O 2 as enhanced wastewater treatment processes for micropollutant abatement and disinfection with minimized byproduct formation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 454:131436. [PMID: 37146328 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Ozonation, a viable option for improving wastewater effluent quality, requires process optimization to ensure the organic micropollutants (OMPs) elimination and disinfection under minimized byproduct formation. This study assessed and compared the efficiencies of ozonation (O3) and ozone with hydrogen peroxide (O3/H2O2) for 70 OMPs elimination, inactivation of three bacteria and three viruses, and formation of bromate and biodegradable organics during the bench-scale O3 and O3/H2O2 treatment of municipal wastewater effluent. 39 OMPs were fully eliminated, and 22 OMPs were considerably eliminated (54 ± 14%) at an ozone dosage of 0.5 gO3/gDOC for their high reactivity to ozone or •OH. The chemical kinetics approach accurately predicted the OMP elimination levels based on the rate constants and exposures of ozone and •OH, where the quantum chemical calculation and group contribution method successfully predicted the ozone and •OH rate constants, respectively. Microbial inactivation levels increased with increasing ozone dosage up to ∼3.1 (bacteria) and ∼2.6 (virus) log10 reductions at 0.7 gO3/gDOC. O3/H2O2 minimized bromate formation but significantly decreased bacteria/virus inactivation, whereas its impact on OMP elimination was insignificant. Ozonation produced biodegradable organics that were removed by a post-biodegradation treatment, achieving up to 24% DOM mineralization. These results can be useful for optimizing O3 and O3/H2O2 processes for enhanced wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woongbae Lee
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangki Choi
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjin Kim
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Woorim Lee
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea; Busan Water Quality Institute, Gimhae, Gyeongsangnam 621-813, Republic of Korea
| | - Minju Lee
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Heejong Son
- Busan Water Quality Institute, Gimhae, Gyeongsangnam 621-813, Republic of Korea
| | - Changha Lee
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Process (ICP), Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Cho
- SELS Center, Division of Biotechnology, College of Environmental & Bioresource Sciences, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yunho Lee
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea.
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5
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Dong H, Lu G, Wang X, Zhang P, Yang H, Yan Z, Liu J, Jiang R. Tissue-specific accumulation, depuration, and effects of perfluorooctanoic acid on fish: Influences of aqueous pH and sex. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 861:160567. [PMID: 36455738 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is widely distributed in nature, particularly in aquatic environments. Its bioaccumulation and toxicity in aquatic organisms can be affected by both the chemical status of PFOA in water and the physiology of the organism. However, research on the patterns of these effects is scarce. In this study, we investigated the influence of aqueous pH (pH 6, acidic; pH 7.5, neutral; pH 9, basic) and fish sex on PFOA uptake, clearance, and biochemical effects in crucian carp (C. auratus) using flow-through exposure. In the 17-d kinetic experiment, PFOA bioaccumulation adhered to a uniform first-order model in which PFOA uptake rates from water to blood and liver in acidic conditions were faster than those in other conditions, indicating possible acidic pH influence on PFOA uptake. PFOA clearance rates in these compartments of males were slower than in females, which was attributed to the notably stronger expression of Oat2 (organic anion transporter 2, responsible for reabsorption) in the kidneys of males. Similar responses were observed for peroxisome proliferation-related biomarkers at different pH levels and in different sexes. These biochemical responses were driven by the internal concentrations of PFOA. The inhibition acetylcholinesterase activity in the fish brain was closely linked to changes in P-glycoprotein content, demonstrating a protective relationship. Collectively, an aqueous pH lower than 7.5 might affect the uptake of PFOA by fish. The clearance discrepancies between the sexes highlight the importance of anion carriers for ionizable organic compounds in aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huike Dong
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development of Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Environment and Resources (TPESER), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China
| | - Guanghua Lu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development of Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China.
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Environment and Resources (TPESER), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development of Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Haohan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development of Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Zhenhua Yan
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development of Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Jianchao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development of Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Runren Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development of Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
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6
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Condensed Phase Membrane Introduction Mass Spectrometry: A Direct Alternative to Fully Exploit the Mass Spectrometry Potential in Environmental Sample Analysis. SEPARATIONS 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/separations10020139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Membrane introduction mass spectrometry (MIMS) is a direct mass spectrometry technique used to monitor online chemical systems or quickly quantify trace levels of different groups of compounds in complex matrices without extensive sample preparation steps and chromatographic separation. MIMS utilizes a thin, semi-permeable, and selective membrane that directly connects the sample and the mass spectrometer. The analytes in the sample are pre-concentrated by the membrane depending on their physicochemical properties and directly transferred, using different acceptor phases (gas, liquid or vacuum) to the mass spectrometer. Condensed phase (CP) MIMS use a liquid as a medium, extending the range to new applications to less-volatile compounds that are challenging or unsuitable to gas-phase MIMS. It directly allows the rapid quantification of selected compounds in complex matrices, the online monitoring of chemical reactions (in real-time), as well as in situ measurements. CP-MIMS has expanded beyond the measurement of several organic compounds because of the use of different types of liquid acceptor phases, geometries, dimensions, and mass spectrometers. This review surveys advancements of CP-MIMS and its applications to several molecules and matrices over the past 15 years.
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7
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Duncan KD, Hawkes JA, Berg M, Clarijs B, Gill CG, Bergquist J, Lanekoff I, Krogh ET. Membrane Sampling Separates Naphthenic Acids from Biogenic Dissolved Organic Matter for Direct Analysis by Mass Spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:3096-3105. [PMID: 35175743 PMCID: PMC8892831 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c07359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Oil sands process waters can release toxic naphthenic acids (NAs) into aquatic environments. Analytical techniques for NAs are challenged by sample complexity and interference from naturally occurring dissolved organic matter (DOM). Herein, we report the use of a poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) polymer membrane for the on-line separation of NAs from DOM and use direct infusion electrospray ionization mass spectrometry to yield meaningful qualitative and quantitative information with minimal sample cleanup. We compare the composition of membrane-permeable species from natural waters fortified with a commercial NA mixture to those derived from weak anion exchange solid-phase extraction (SPE) using high-resolution mass spectrometry. The results show that SPE retains a wide range of carboxylic acids, including biogenic DOM, while permeation through PDMS was selective for petrogenic classically defined NAs (CnH2n+zO2). A series of model compounds (log Kow ∼1-7) were used to characterize the perm-selectivity and reveal the separation is based on hydrophobicity. This convenient sample cleanup method is selective for the O2 class of NAs and can be used prior to conventional analysis or as an on-line analytical strategy when coupled directly to mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle D. Duncan
- Analytical
Chemistry, Department of Chemistry − BMC, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
- Department
of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, 900 Fifth Street, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada V9R 5S5
| | - Jeffrey A. Hawkes
- Analytical
Chemistry, Department of Chemistry − BMC, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mykelti Berg
- Applied
Environmental Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, 900 Fifth Street, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada V9R 5S5
| | - Bas Clarijs
- Analytical
Chemistry, Department of Chemistry − BMC, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Chris G. Gill
- Applied
Environmental Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, 900 Fifth Street, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada V9R 5S5
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 1700, Stn CSC, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8W 2Y2
- Department
of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Jonas Bergquist
- Analytical
Chemistry, Department of Chemistry − BMC, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ingela Lanekoff
- Analytical
Chemistry, Department of Chemistry − BMC, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Erik T. Krogh
- Applied
Environmental Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, 900 Fifth Street, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada V9R 5S5
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 1700, Stn CSC, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8W 2Y2
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8
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Monaghan J, Jaeger A, Agua AR, Stanton RS, Pirrung M, Gill CG, Krogh ET. A Direct Mass Spectrometry Method for the Rapid Analysis of Ubiquitous Tire-Derived Toxin N-(1,3-Dimethylbutyl)- N'-phenyl- p-phenylenediamine Quinone (6-PPDQ). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LETTERS 2021; 8:1051-1056. [PMID: 38433861 PMCID: PMC10906944 DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.1c00794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
The oxidative transformation product of a common tire preservative, identified as N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine quinone (6-PPDQ), has recently been found to contribute to "urban runoff mortality syndrome" in Coho salmon at nanogram per liter levels. Given the number of fish-bearing streams with multiple stormwater inputs, large-scale campaigns to identify 6-PPDQ sources and evaluate mitigation strategies will require sensitive, high-throughput analytical methods. We report the development and optimization of a direct sampling tandem mass spectrometry method for semiquantitative 6-PPDQ determinations using a thin polydimethylsiloxane membrane immersion probe. The method requires no sample cleanup steps or chromatographic separations, even in complex, heterogeneous samples. Quantitation is achieved by the method of standard additions, with a detection limit of 8 ng/L and a duty cycle of 15 min/sample. High-throughput screening provides semiquantitative concentrations with similar sensitivity and a full analytical duty cycle of 2.5 min/sample. Preliminary data and performance metrics are reported for 6-PPDQ present in representative environmental and stormwater samples. The method is readily adapted for real-time process monitoring, demonstrated by following the dissolution of 6-PPDQ from tire fragments and subsequent removal in response to added sorbents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Monaghan
- Applied
Environmental Research Laboratories, Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, 900 Fifth Street, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada V9R 5S5
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3055, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8P 5C2
| | - Angelina Jaeger
- Applied
Environmental Research Laboratories, Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, 900 Fifth Street, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada V9R 5S5
| | - Alon R. Agua
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Ryan S. Stanton
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Michael Pirrung
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Chris G. Gill
- Applied
Environmental Research Laboratories, Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, 900 Fifth Street, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada V9R 5S5
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3055, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8P 5C2
- Department
of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada V5A 1S6
- Department
of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1618, United States
| | - Erik T. Krogh
- Applied
Environmental Research Laboratories, Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, 900 Fifth Street, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada V9R 5S5
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3055, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8P 5C2
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9
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An electrochemical study on the interaction between copper ions and the eco-friendly corrosion inhibitor decanoic acid in a 50% (v/v) ethanol/water mixture. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.115829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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10
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Monaghan J, Richards LC, Vandergrift GW, Hounjet LJ, Stoyanov SR, Gill CG, Krogh ET. Direct mass spectrometric analysis of naphthenic acids and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in waters impacted by diluted bitumen and conventional crude oil. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 765:144206. [PMID: 33418326 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Crude oil spills have well-documented, deleterious impacts on the hydrosphere. In addition to macroscopic effects on wildlife and waterscapes, several classes of petroleum derived compounds, such as naphthenic acids (NAs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), may be released into the water and present aquatic contamination hazards. The concentrations of these contaminants may be affected by both oil type and water chemistry. We characterize the concentrations of NAs and PAHs in natural and constructed waters, spanning a range of pH and salinity, and directly compare the influence of diluted bitumen (DB) and conventional crude (CC) oil, using condensed-phase membrane introduction mass spectrometry (CP-MIMS) as a direct sampling, on-line technique. The concentration and isomer class profiles of classical NAs in the aqueous phase were assessed using electrospray ionization in negative-ion mode as [M-H]- whereas PAH concentrations were monitored using liquid electron ionization (LEI) in positive-ion mode as [M+•]. NA concentrations (0.03-25 ppm) were highly pH-dependent, and an order of magnitude greater in water samples contaminated with DB than CC. Conversely, concentrations of naphthalene (10-130 ppb) and alkyl-naphthalenes (10-90 ppb) were three to four-fold higher in water samples exposed to CC. We demonstrate that naturally occurring dissolved organic matter does not bias results from the membrane sampling approach employed, and that DB and CC contaminated waters can be differentiated using principal component analysis of the NA isomer class distribution in both constructed and natural waters. Finally, we describe the first demonstration of the concurrent analysis of trace NAs and PAHs in the same water sample by controlling perm-selectivity at the membrane and the ionization mode of the mass spectrometer. The techniques employed here for trace analysis of petroleum derived compounds in water can be applied to rapid screening and real-time monitoring of contamination and remediation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Monaghan
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, 900 Fifth Street, Nanaimo, British Columbia V9R 5S5, Canada; Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700 Stn CSC, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Larissa C Richards
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, 900 Fifth Street, Nanaimo, British Columbia V9R 5S5, Canada; Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700 Stn CSC, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Gregory W Vandergrift
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, 900 Fifth Street, Nanaimo, British Columbia V9R 5S5, Canada; Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700 Stn CSC, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Lindsay J Hounjet
- Natural Resources Canada, CanmetENERGY Devon, 1 Oil Patch Drive, Devon, Alberta T9G 1A8, Canada.
| | - Stanislav R Stoyanov
- Natural Resources Canada, CanmetENERGY Devon, 1 Oil Patch Drive, Devon, Alberta T9G 1A8, Canada
| | - Chris G Gill
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, 900 Fifth Street, Nanaimo, British Columbia V9R 5S5, Canada; Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700 Stn CSC, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 2Y2, Canada; Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Erik T Krogh
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, 900 Fifth Street, Nanaimo, British Columbia V9R 5S5, Canada; Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700 Stn CSC, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 2Y2, Canada.
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Wang C, Zuo G, Wang X, Kim HY, Zhao S, Sun W, Tong S, Lim SS. Retention mechanism of pH-peak-focusing in countercurrent chromatographic separation of baicalin and wogonoside from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. J Sep Sci 2020; 43:3806-3815. [PMID: 32729149 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
An efficient and target-oriented pH-peak-focusing countercurrent chromatographic method was established for large-scale separation of baicalin and wogonoside from the crude exact of traditional Chinese medicinal herb Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. An optimized two-phase solvent system composed of n-butanol-ethyl acetate-methanol-water (1:4:0.5:5, v/v) was selected. Trifluoroacetic acid (10 mmol/L) was added to the upper organic phase, used as the stationary phase. One liter of the aqueous lower phase was used as the mobile phase for 0-350 min, and then 10 mmol/L ammonia was added to remaining 1 L of the aqueous lower phase and used as the mobile phase for 350-600 min. In total, 493.2 mg of baicalin with 98.6% purity and 88.6 mg of wogonoside with 98.9% purity were obtained from 1.0 g of crude exact of S. baicalensis by countercurrent chromatography in a single run. The acid dissociation constant (pKa) and oil-water partition coefficient values of two components were measured to better understand the mechanism of separation. Results showed that pH-peak-focusing countercurrent chromatography with a polar solvent system added with trifluoroacetic acid could be an efficient method for large-scale isolation of organic acids, which are difficult to separate with conventional countercurrent chromatography due to their poor solubility in non-polar solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyue Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Guanglei Zuo
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Xiang Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Hyun Yong Kim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Shanshan Zhao
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Wenyu Sun
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Shengqiang Tong
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Soon Sung Lim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Korean Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Natural Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
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12
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Duncan KD, Richards LC, Monaghan J, Simair MC, Ajaero C, Peru KM, Friesen V, McMartin DW, Headley JV, Gill CG, Krogh ET. Direct analysis of naphthenic acids in constructed wetland samples by condensed phase membrane introduction mass spectrometry. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 716:137063. [PMID: 32044488 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The application of direct mass spectrometry techniques to the analysis of complex samples has a number of advantages including reduced sample handling, higher sample throughput, in situ process monitoring, and the potential for adaptation to on-site analysis. We report the application of a semi-permeable capillary hollow fibre membrane probe (immersed directly into an aqueous sample) coupled to a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer by a continuously flowing methanol acceptor phase for the rapid analysis of naphthenic acids with unit mass resolution. The intensity of the naphthenic acid-associated peaks in the mass spectrum are normalized to an internal standard in the acceptor phase for quantitation and the relative abundance of the peaks in the mass spectrum are employed to monitor compositional changes in the naphthenic acid mixture using principle component analysis. We demonstrate the direct analysis of a synthetic oil sands process-affected water for classical naphthenic acids (CnH2n+zO2) as they are attenuated through constructed wetlands containing sedge (Carex aquatilis), cattail (Typha latifolia), or bulrush (Schoenoplectus acutus). Quantitative results for on-line membrane sampling compare favourably to those obtained by solid-phase extraction high-resolution mass spectrometry. Additionally, chemometric analysis of the mass spectra indicates a clear discrimination between naphthenic acid-influenced and natural background waters. Furthermore, the compositional changes within complex naphthenic acid mixtures track closely with the degree of attenuation. Overall, the technique is successful in following changes in both the concentration and composition of naphthenic acids from synthetic oil sands process-affected waters, with the potential for high throughput screening and environmental forensics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle D Duncan
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories, Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, 900 Fifth Street, Nanaimo, British Columbia V9R 5S5, Canada; Department of Chemistry - BMC, Uppsala University, Box 576, 751230 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Larissa C Richards
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories, Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, 900 Fifth Street, Nanaimo, British Columbia V9R 5S5, Canada; Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700, Stn CSC, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Joseph Monaghan
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories, Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, 900 Fifth Street, Nanaimo, British Columbia V9R 5S5, Canada; Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700, Stn CSC, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Monique C Simair
- Maven Water & Environment, 238-111 Research Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 3R2, Canada; Department of Civil, Geological, and Environmental Engineering, 57 Campus Drive, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A9, Canada; School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, 323 Kirk Hall, 117 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C8, Canada; Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, 321 Calhoun Drive, SC 29634, USA
| | - Chukwuemeka Ajaero
- Watershed Hydrology and Ecology Research Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 11 Innovation Blvd., Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 3H5, Canada; Environmental Systems Engineering, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, Saskatchewan S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Kerry M Peru
- Watershed Hydrology and Ecology Research Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 11 Innovation Blvd., Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 3H5, Canada
| | - Vanessa Friesen
- Contango Strategies Limited, 104-411 Downey Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 4L8, Canada
| | - Dena W McMartin
- Department of Civil, Geological, and Environmental Engineering, 57 Campus Drive, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A9, Canada; School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, 323 Kirk Hall, 117 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C8, Canada
| | - John V Headley
- Watershed Hydrology and Ecology Research Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 11 Innovation Blvd., Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 3H5, Canada
| | - Chris G Gill
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories, Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, 900 Fifth Street, Nanaimo, British Columbia V9R 5S5, Canada; Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700, Stn CSC, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Erik T Krogh
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories, Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, 900 Fifth Street, Nanaimo, British Columbia V9R 5S5, Canada; Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700, Stn CSC, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 2Y2, Canada.
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Shalaby AA, Mohamed AA. Determination of acid dissociation constants of Alizarin Red S, Methyl Orange, Bromothymol Blue and Bromophenol Blue using a digital camera. RSC Adv 2020; 10:11311-11316. [PMID: 35495332 PMCID: PMC9050617 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra10568a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Acid dissociation constants (pKa) are important parameters for the characterization of organic and inorganic compounds. They play a crucial role in different physical, chemical, and biological studies. Herein, we introduce a new approach for the determination of acid dissociation constant based on digital image analysis using a low-cost, precise, accurate, sensitive, and portable home-made, camera-based platform. Digital images of Alizarin Red S, Bromophenol Blue, Bromothymol Blue, and Methyl Orange solutions were captured at various pH values. The captured images were analysed to obtain the RGB (Red, Green, and Blue) colour intensities that are used to calculate the RGB colour absorbances. The pKa values were calculated from the RGB colour absorbance–pH relationship using graphical and mathematical methods, and with the aid of DATAN software. For the four studied dyes, the results obtained from digital image analysis were in excellent agreement with the data of sophisticated spectrophotometers and the previously reported literature data. Acid dissociation constants (pKa) are important parameters for the characterization of organic and inorganic compounds.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A Shalaby
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University Abbassia Cairo-11566 Egypt +202 24831836 +201001578849
| | - Ashraf A Mohamed
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University Abbassia Cairo-11566 Egypt +202 24831836 +201001578849
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