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Ajaero C, Vander Meulen I, Heshka NE, Xin Q, McMartin DW, Peru KM, Chen H, McKenna AM, Reed K, Headley JV. Evaluations of Weathering of Polar and Nonpolar Petroleum Components in a Simulated Freshwater-Oil Spill by Orbitrap and Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry. Energy Fuels 2024; 38:6753-6763. [PMID: 38654763 PMCID: PMC11034502 DOI: 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.3c04994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
The comprehensive chemical characterization of crude oil is important for the evaluation of the transformation and fate of components in the environment. Molecular-level speciation of naphthenic acid fraction compounds (NAFCs) was investigated in a mesoscale spill tank using both negative-ion electrospray ionization (ESI) Orbitrap mass spectrometry (MS) and positive-ion atmospheric pressure photoionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (APPI-FT-ICR-MS). Both ionization techniques are coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometric detectors (ESI: Orbitrap MS; APPI: FT-ICR-MS at 9.4 T), enabling insight into the behavior and fate of petrogenic compounds during a simulated freshwater crude oil spill. Negative-ion ESI Orbitrap-MS reveals that oxygen-containing (Ox) classes are detected early in the spill, whereby species with more oxygen per molecule evolve later in the simulated spill. The O2-containing species gradually decreased in relative abundance, while O3 and O4 species increased in relative abundance throughout the simulated spill, which could correspond to a relative degree of oxygen incorporation. Nonpolar speciation by positive-ion APPI 9.4 T FT-ICR-MS allowed for the identification of water-soluble nonpolar and less polar acidic species. Molecular-level graphical representation of elemental compositions derived from simulated spill water-soluble and oil-soluble species suggest that biological activity is the primary degradation mechanism and that biodegradation was the dominant mechanism based on the negative-ion ESI Orbitrap-MS results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chukwuemeka Ajaero
- Environment
and Climate Change Canada, Watershed Hydrology and Ecology Research
Division, National Hydrology Research Center, 11 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 3H5, Canada
- Department
of Geography and Environment, University
of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive, Lethbridge, Alberta T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Ian Vander Meulen
- Environment
and Climate Change Canada, Watershed Hydrology and Ecology Research
Division, National Hydrology Research Center, 11 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 3H5, Canada
- Department
of Civil, Geological and Environmental Engineering,
57 Campus Drive, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A9, Canada
| | - Nicole E. Heshka
- CanmetENERGY
Devon, Natural Resources Canada, 1 Oil Patch Drive, Devon, Alberta T9G 1A8, Canada
| | - Qin Xin
- CanmetENERGY
Devon, Natural Resources Canada, 1 Oil Patch Drive, Devon, Alberta T9G 1A8, Canada
| | - Dena W. McMartin
- Department
of Geography and Environment, University
of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive, Lethbridge, Alberta T1K 3M4, Canada
- Department
of Civil, Geological and Environmental Engineering,
57 Campus Drive, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A9, Canada
| | - Kerry M. Peru
- Environment
and Climate Change Canada, Watershed Hydrology and Ecology Research
Division, National Hydrology Research Center, 11 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 3H5, Canada
| | - Huan Chen
- National
High Field Magnet Laboratory, Florida State
University, 1800 E. Paul
Dirac Dr.,Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Amy M. McKenna
- National
High Field Magnet Laboratory, Florida State
University, 1800 E. Paul
Dirac Dr.,Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
- Soil
and
Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, 301 University Ave., Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Kiaura Reed
- Department
of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University, 1601 S. Martin Luther King Jr Blvd, Tallahassee, Florida 32307 United States
| | - John V. Headley
- Environment
and Climate Change Canada, Watershed Hydrology and Ecology Research
Division, National Hydrology Research Center, 11 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 3H5, Canada
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2
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Vander Meulen IJ, Schock DM, Parrott JL, Simair MC, Mundy LJ, Ajaero C, Pauli BD, Peru KM, McMartin DW, Headley JV. Transformation of bitumen-derived naphthenic acid fraction compounds across surface waters of wetlands in the Athabasca Oil Sands region. Sci Total Environ 2022; 806:150619. [PMID: 34592289 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Bitumen is extracted from oil sands in the Athabasca Oil Sands region (AOSR) of Alberta, Canada. Much of the bitumen-derived toxicity in mine waste is attributable to naphthenic acid fraction compounds (NAFCs). Mines in the AOSR are required to be returned to a natural state after closure; thus, cost-effective strategies are needed to reduce toxicity from NAFCs. Previous studies have demonstrated the capability of constructed wetlands to attenuate NAFCs. However, the capacity of wetlands in the natural environment to degrade and transform NAFCs to less toxic components is poorly understood. To better understand the spatial distribution and fate of NAFCs in natural wetlands, samples were collected across the surfaces of two mature opportunistic wetlands near active oil sands mines. The first wetland has a well-defined surface flow pathway and inflows affected by overburden containing lean bitumen ore. The second wetland, in contrast, is a stagnant water body with raw bitumen visible along its edges. For the wetland with a well defined flow path, NAFCs decreased in concentration down gradient, while oxidized NAFCs constituted a greater proportion of NAFCs with increase in flow path. Likewise there was a decrease in the molecular weights of NAFCs, similar to trends observed in constructed wetland treatment systems. In comparison, NAFCs were more uniformly distributed across the relatively stagnant wetland. Overall, these data provide new evidence that mature opportunistic wetlands in the AOSR can promote the degradation and oxidation of bitumen-derived naphthenic acids into less toxic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian J Vander Meulen
- Department of Civil, Geological and Environmental Engineering, 57 Campus Drive, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A9, Canada
| | - Danna M Schock
- Keyano College, 8115 Franklin Ave, Fort McMurray, AB T9H 2H7, Canada
| | - Joanne L Parrott
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, 867 Lakeshore Rd, Burlington, Ontario L7T 3M3, Canada
| | - Monique C Simair
- Department of Civil, Geological and Environmental Engineering, 57 Campus Drive, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A9, Canada; Maven Water & Environment, 303 Wellman Lane #103, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7T 0G3, Canada
| | - Lukas J Mundy
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Chukwuemeka Ajaero
- Department of Civil, Geological and Environmental Engineering, 57 Campus Drive, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A9, Canada
| | - Bruce D Pauli
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Kerry M Peru
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Watershed Hydrology and Ecology Research Division, National Hydrology Research Center, 11 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 3H5, Canada
| | - Dena W McMartin
- Department of Civil, Geological and Environmental Engineering, 57 Campus Drive, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A9, Canada
| | - John V Headley
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Watershed Hydrology and Ecology Research Division, National Hydrology Research Center, 11 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 3H5, Canada.
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Chen D, Untaru R, Liu S, Assadi-Khansari B, Croft A, Kelly C, Ajaero C, Chua SJ, Boyle AJ, Horowitz JD, Ngo D, Sverdlov A. Follistatin-like 3 (FSTL3) levels are increased in acute heart failure patients. Eur Heart J 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab724.1039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
Follistatin-like 3 (FSTL3) is a secreted protein that has been suggested to play an important role in modulating cardiac remodeling and hypertrophy. In this study, we aim to determine whether: 1) FSTL3 is incrementally elevated in patients with HF vs those with other cardiovascular disease (CVD); and 2) increased FSTL3 is associated with 2 or more hospital admissions due to major adverse CV events (MACE) within 1 year.
Methods and results
We measured circulating levels of FSTL3 using commercially available ELISA (R&D systems) in a total of n=696 patients. FSTL3 levels were compared between: 1) healthy-aging volunteers with no prior major CVD (n=267, age 67±6 years) and 2) patients admitted to cardiology unit for various CVD (n=429, age 66±14 years); among those (n=178, age 68±13 years) had HF. Patients with HF had 2-fold higher FSTL3 levels vs healthy age-matched controls vs those with other CVD (p<0.001). Occurrences of MACE were recorded up to 1 year for patients admitted to cardiology unit. On univariate analyses, patient with 2 or more MACE within 1 year (n=91, 27%) had significant elevated FSTL3 levels (P=0.003), is associated with older age (P<0.005). On multivariate analysis, high FSTL3 levels (P=0.034) is an independent predictor of 2 or more MACE admissions within 1 year after adjusting for age, clinical comorbidities and medications.
Conclusions
FSTL3 is incrementally increased in patients with HF and is associated with poorer prognosis. Elevated FSTL3 levels is associated with increased risks of cardiac hospital readmissions for patients with multiple CV morbidities.
Funding Acknowledgement
Type of funding sources: Public grant(s) – National budget only. Main funding source(s): NSW Ministry of Health EMC Fellowship (Australia)
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Affiliation(s)
- D Chen
- University of Newcastle, Cardiovascular health and cardio-oncology, Newcastle, Australia
| | - R Untaru
- University of Newcastle, Cardiovascular health and cardio-oncology, Newcastle, Australia
| | - S Liu
- University of Adelaide, Cardiology, Adelaide, Australia
| | | | - A Croft
- University of Newcastle, Cardiovascular health and cardio-oncology, Newcastle, Australia
| | - C Kelly
- University of Newcastle, Cardiovascular health and cardio-oncology, Newcastle, Australia
| | - C Ajaero
- University of Adelaide, Cardiology, Adelaide, Australia
| | - S J Chua
- University of Adelaide, Cardiology, Adelaide, Australia
| | - A J Boyle
- John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia
| | - J D Horowitz
- University of Adelaide, Cardiology, Adelaide, Australia
| | - D Ngo
- University of Newcastle, Cardiovascular health and cardio-oncology, Newcastle, Australia
| | - A Sverdlov
- John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia
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Simair MC, Parrott JL, le Roux M, Gupta V, Frank RA, Peru KM, Ajaero C, McMartin DW, Headley JV. Treatment of oil sands process affected waters by constructed wetlands: Evaluation of designs and plant types. Sci Total Environ 2021; 772:145508. [PMID: 33581517 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Constructed wetland treatment systems (CWTS)s can be used to treat various wastewaters. The main constituent in oil sands process-affected water (OSPW) with uncertain treatment by CWTS are naphthenic acid fraction compounds (NAFC)s. The NAFCs are also among the primary contributors of toxicity to aquatic organisms. While there is preliminary evidence that some CWTSs are capable of treating OSPW for future potential discharge, there is little information comparing the effectiveness and efficiencies of different CWTS designs. Obtaining large volumes of OSPW for testing can be difficult, and while it is known that synthetic NAFCs are simpler and have different toxicity than OSPW-NAFCs, it is unknown whether they could serve as a proxy for optimization of CWTS design and operation. This study presents a comprehensive comparison of CWTS performance operated with both synthetic OSPW and OSPW for four CWTS designs differing in plant type, aeration, flow path, water depth, and substrate type. This study evaluated the potential biodegradation of NAFCs including: (1) decrease in total NAFC concentration, (2) shifts in Ox-NAFC fractions from O2- to O3-, O4-, and O5-NAFC, (3) decrease in carbon number, (4) decrease of the double bond equivalencies (DBE), and (5) change in toxicity of the waters to test organisms. CWTS planted with Sedge achieved the greatest extent of NAFC treatment and detoxification regardless of design. Although CWTSs planted with Cattail and Bulrush also degraded NAFCs and decreased toxicity, a greater hydraulic retention time was required, and the total extent of treatment was less than the CWTSs planted with Sedge. While synthetic OSPW was more toxic and experienced faster degradation rates, it showed similar trends to OSPW in terms of CWTS design efficiencies and function. Although synthetic OSPW would not be appropriate for modelling or scaling of CWTSs, it can be useful for testing designs and operating conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique C Simair
- Maven Water & Environment, 103-303 Wellman Crescent, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7T 0J1, Canada; Department of Civil, Geological and Environmental Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A9, Canada.
| | - Joanne L Parrott
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario L7S 1A1, Canada.
| | - Mignon le Roux
- Maven Water & Environment, 103-303 Wellman Crescent, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7T 0J1, Canada; Department of Civil, Geological and Environmental Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A9, Canada
| | - Varun Gupta
- Maven Water & Environment, 103-303 Wellman Crescent, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7T 0J1, Canada
| | - Richard A Frank
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Kerry M Peru
- Watershed Hydrology & Ecology Research Division, Water Science & Technology Directorate, Environment & Climate Change Canada, 11 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 3H5, Canada
| | - Chukwuemeka Ajaero
- Watershed Hydrology & Ecology Research Division, Water Science & Technology Directorate, Environment & Climate Change Canada, 11 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 3H5, Canada; Environmental Systems Engineering, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, Saskatchewan S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Dena W McMartin
- Department of Civil, Geological and Environmental Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A9, Canada; Environmental Systems Engineering, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, Saskatchewan S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - John V Headley
- Watershed Hydrology & Ecology Research Division, Water Science & Technology Directorate, Environment & Climate Change Canada, 11 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 3H5, Canada
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5
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Chen D, Untaru R, Liu S, Assafi-Khansari B, Croft A, Kelly C, Ajaero C, Boyle A, Horowitz J, Ngo D, Sverdlov A. Follistatin-like 3 (FSTL3) Levels in Patients With Cardiovascular Disease. Heart Lung Circ 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2021.06.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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6
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Duncan KD, Richards LC, Monaghan J, Simair MC, Ajaero C, Peru KM, Friesen V, McMartin DW, Headley JV, Gill CG, Krogh ET. Direct analysis of naphthenic acids in constructed wetland samples by condensed phase membrane introduction mass spectrometry. Sci Total Environ 2020; 716:137063. [PMID: 32044488 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The application of direct mass spectrometry techniques to the analysis of complex samples has a number of advantages including reduced sample handling, higher sample throughput, in situ process monitoring, and the potential for adaptation to on-site analysis. We report the application of a semi-permeable capillary hollow fibre membrane probe (immersed directly into an aqueous sample) coupled to a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer by a continuously flowing methanol acceptor phase for the rapid analysis of naphthenic acids with unit mass resolution. The intensity of the naphthenic acid-associated peaks in the mass spectrum are normalized to an internal standard in the acceptor phase for quantitation and the relative abundance of the peaks in the mass spectrum are employed to monitor compositional changes in the naphthenic acid mixture using principle component analysis. We demonstrate the direct analysis of a synthetic oil sands process-affected water for classical naphthenic acids (CnH2n+zO2) as they are attenuated through constructed wetlands containing sedge (Carex aquatilis), cattail (Typha latifolia), or bulrush (Schoenoplectus acutus). Quantitative results for on-line membrane sampling compare favourably to those obtained by solid-phase extraction high-resolution mass spectrometry. Additionally, chemometric analysis of the mass spectra indicates a clear discrimination between naphthenic acid-influenced and natural background waters. Furthermore, the compositional changes within complex naphthenic acid mixtures track closely with the degree of attenuation. Overall, the technique is successful in following changes in both the concentration and composition of naphthenic acids from synthetic oil sands process-affected waters, with the potential for high throughput screening and environmental forensics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle D Duncan
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories, Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, 900 Fifth Street, Nanaimo, British Columbia V9R 5S5, Canada; Department of Chemistry - BMC, Uppsala University, Box 576, 751230 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Larissa C Richards
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories, Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, 900 Fifth Street, Nanaimo, British Columbia V9R 5S5, Canada; Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700, Stn CSC, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Joseph Monaghan
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories, Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, 900 Fifth Street, Nanaimo, British Columbia V9R 5S5, Canada; Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700, Stn CSC, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Monique C Simair
- Maven Water & Environment, 238-111 Research Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 3R2, Canada; Department of Civil, Geological, and Environmental Engineering, 57 Campus Drive, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A9, Canada; School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, 323 Kirk Hall, 117 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C8, Canada; Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, 321 Calhoun Drive, SC 29634, USA
| | - Chukwuemeka Ajaero
- Watershed Hydrology and Ecology Research Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 11 Innovation Blvd., Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 3H5, Canada; Environmental Systems Engineering, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, Saskatchewan S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Kerry M Peru
- Watershed Hydrology and Ecology Research Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 11 Innovation Blvd., Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 3H5, Canada
| | - Vanessa Friesen
- Contango Strategies Limited, 104-411 Downey Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 4L8, Canada
| | - Dena W McMartin
- Department of Civil, Geological, and Environmental Engineering, 57 Campus Drive, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A9, Canada; School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, 323 Kirk Hall, 117 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C8, Canada
| | - John V Headley
- Watershed Hydrology and Ecology Research Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 11 Innovation Blvd., Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 3H5, Canada
| | - Chris G Gill
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories, Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, 900 Fifth Street, Nanaimo, British Columbia V9R 5S5, Canada; Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700, Stn CSC, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Erik T Krogh
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories, Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, 900 Fifth Street, Nanaimo, British Columbia V9R 5S5, Canada; Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700, Stn CSC, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 2Y2, Canada.
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Ajaero C, Peru KM, Simair M, Friesen V, O'Sullivan G, Hughes SA, McMartin DW, Headley JV. Fate and behavior of oil sands naphthenic acids in a pilot-scale treatment wetland as characterized by negative-ion electrospray ionization Orbitrap mass spectrometry. Sci Total Environ 2018; 631-632:829-839. [PMID: 29727993 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Large volumes of oil sands process-affected water (OSPW) are generated during the extraction of bitumen from oil sands in the Athabasca region of northeastern Alberta, Canada. As part of the development of treatment technologies, molecular characterization of naphthenic acids (NAs) and naphthenic acid fraction compounds (NAFC) in wetlands is a topic of research to better understand their fate and behavior in aquatic environments. Reported here is the application of high-resolution negative-ion electrospray Orbitrap-mass spectrometry for molecular characterization of NAs and NAFCs in a non-aerated constructed treatment wetland. The effectiveness of the wetlands to remove OSPW-NAs and NAFCs was evaluated by monitoring the changes in distributions of NAFC compounds in the untreated sample and non-aerated treatment system. After correction for measured evapotranspiration, the removal rate of the classical NAs followed approximately first-order kinetics, with higher rates observed for structures with relatively higher number of carbon atoms. These findings indicate that constructed wetland treatment is a viable method for removal of classical NAs in OSPW. Work is underway to evaluate the effects of wetland design on water quality improvement, preferential removal of different NAFC species, and reduction in toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chukwuemeka Ajaero
- Environmental Systems Engineering, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, 3737 Wascana Parkway, S4S 0A2, Canada; Watershed Hydrology & Ecology Research Division, Water Science & Technology Directorate, Environment & Climate Change Canada, 11 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 3H5, Canada
| | - Kerry M Peru
- Watershed Hydrology & Ecology Research Division, Water Science & Technology Directorate, Environment & Climate Change Canada, 11 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 3H5, Canada
| | - Monique Simair
- Contango Strategies Limited, 15-410 Downey Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 4N1, Canada
| | - Vanessa Friesen
- Contango Strategies Limited, 15-410 Downey Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 4N1, Canada
| | - Gwen O'Sullivan
- Department of Earth & Environmental Science, Mount Royal University, 4825 Mount Royal Gate SW, Calgary, AB T3E 6K6, Canada
| | - Sarah A Hughes
- Shell Health - Americas, One Shell Plaza, 910 Louisiana, Houston, TX 77002, USA
| | - Dena W McMartin
- Environmental Systems Engineering, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, 3737 Wascana Parkway, S4S 0A2, Canada; Department of Civil, Geological and Environmental Engineering, 57 Campus Drive, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A9, Canada.
| | - John V Headley
- Watershed Hydrology & Ecology Research Division, Water Science & Technology Directorate, Environment & Climate Change Canada, 11 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 3H5, Canada
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8
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Kovalchik KA, MacLennan MS, Peru KM, Ajaero C, McMartin DW, Headley JV, Chen DDY. Characterization of dicarboxylic naphthenic acid fraction compounds utilizing amide derivatization: Proof of concept. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2017; 31:2057-2065. [PMID: 28944977 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The characterization of naphthenic acid fraction compounds (NAFCs) in oil sands process affected water (OSPW) is of interest for both toxicology studies and regulatory reasons. Previous studies utilizing authentic standards have identified dicarboxylic naphthenic acids using two-dimensional gas chromatography hyphenated to time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC × GC/TOFMS). The selective derivatization of hydroxyl groups has also recently aided in the characterization of oxy-NAFCs, and indirectly the characterization of dicarboxylic NAFCs. However, there has been no previous report of derivatization being used to directly aid in the standard-free characterization of NAFCs with multiple carboxylic acid functional groups. Herein we present proof-of-concept for the characterization of dicarboxylic NAFCs utilizing amide derivatization. METHODS Carboxylic acid groups in OSPW extract and in a dicarboxylic acidstandard were derivatized to amides using a previously described method. The derivatized extract and derivatized standard were analyzed by direct-injection positive-mode electrospray ionization ((+)ESI) high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), and the underivatized extract was analyzed by (-)ESI MS. Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) was carried out on selected ions of the derivatized standard and derivatized OSPW. Data analysis was carried out using the Python programming language. RESULTS The distribution of monocarboxylic NAFCs observed in the amide-derivatized OSPW sample by (+)ESI-MS was generally similar to that seen in underivatized OSPW by (-)ESI-MS. The dicarboxylic acid standard shows evidence of being doubly derivatized, although the second derivatization appears to be inefficient. Furthermore, a spectrum of potential diacid NAFCs is presented, identified by both charge state and derivatization mass. Interference due to the presence of multiple derivatization products is noted, but can be eliminated using on-line separation or an isotopically labelled derivatization reagent. CONCLUSIONS Proof of concept for the characterization of dicarboxylic NAFCs utilizing amide derivatization is demonstrated. Furthermore, (+)ESI-HRMS of the derivatized monocarboxylic NAFCS yields similar information to (-)ESI-MS analysis of underivatized NAFCs, with the benefit of added selectivity for carboxylic acid species and the characterization of diacids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin A Kovalchik
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z1
| | - Matthew S MacLennan
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z1
| | - Kerry M Peru
- Water Science Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 11 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, S7N 3H5
| | - Chukwuemeka Ajaero
- Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, SK, Canada, S4S 0A2
| | - Dena W McMartin
- Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, SK, Canada, S4S 0A2
| | - John V Headley
- Water Science Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 11 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, S7N 3H5
| | - David D Y Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z1
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Ajaero C, Chan A, Arstall M, Hersztyn T, McGavigan A, Horowitz J. Implications of Cardiac Resynchronisation Therapy (Crt) on the Pathophysiology of Congestive Heart Failure: Focus on Endothelial Function and Inflammatory Activation. Heart Lung Circ 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2016.06.273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Chua S, Ajaero C, Assadi-Khansari B, Horowitz J, Sverdlov A, Ngo D. Galectin 3 Predicts Functional Capacity in Patients with Severe Congestive Heart Failure (CHF). Heart Lung Circ 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2016.06.262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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