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Ajaero C, Vander Meulen I, Heshka NE, Xin Q, McMartin DW, Peru KM, Chen H, McKenna AM, Reed K, Headley JV. Evaluations of Weathering of Polar and Nonpolar Petroleum Components in a Simulated Freshwater-Oil Spill by Orbitrap and Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry. Energy Fuels 2024; 38:6753-6763. [PMID: 38654763 PMCID: PMC11034502 DOI: 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.3c04994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
The comprehensive chemical characterization of crude oil is important for the evaluation of the transformation and fate of components in the environment. Molecular-level speciation of naphthenic acid fraction compounds (NAFCs) was investigated in a mesoscale spill tank using both negative-ion electrospray ionization (ESI) Orbitrap mass spectrometry (MS) and positive-ion atmospheric pressure photoionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (APPI-FT-ICR-MS). Both ionization techniques are coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometric detectors (ESI: Orbitrap MS; APPI: FT-ICR-MS at 9.4 T), enabling insight into the behavior and fate of petrogenic compounds during a simulated freshwater crude oil spill. Negative-ion ESI Orbitrap-MS reveals that oxygen-containing (Ox) classes are detected early in the spill, whereby species with more oxygen per molecule evolve later in the simulated spill. The O2-containing species gradually decreased in relative abundance, while O3 and O4 species increased in relative abundance throughout the simulated spill, which could correspond to a relative degree of oxygen incorporation. Nonpolar speciation by positive-ion APPI 9.4 T FT-ICR-MS allowed for the identification of water-soluble nonpolar and less polar acidic species. Molecular-level graphical representation of elemental compositions derived from simulated spill water-soluble and oil-soluble species suggest that biological activity is the primary degradation mechanism and that biodegradation was the dominant mechanism based on the negative-ion ESI Orbitrap-MS results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chukwuemeka Ajaero
- Environment
and Climate Change Canada, Watershed Hydrology and Ecology Research
Division, National Hydrology Research Center, 11 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 3H5, Canada
- Department
of Geography and Environment, University
of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive, Lethbridge, Alberta T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Ian Vander Meulen
- Environment
and Climate Change Canada, Watershed Hydrology and Ecology Research
Division, National Hydrology Research Center, 11 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 3H5, Canada
- Department
of Civil, Geological and Environmental Engineering,
57 Campus Drive, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A9, Canada
| | - Nicole E. Heshka
- CanmetENERGY
Devon, Natural Resources Canada, 1 Oil Patch Drive, Devon, Alberta T9G 1A8, Canada
| | - Qin Xin
- CanmetENERGY
Devon, Natural Resources Canada, 1 Oil Patch Drive, Devon, Alberta T9G 1A8, Canada
| | - Dena W. McMartin
- Department
of Geography and Environment, University
of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive, Lethbridge, Alberta T1K 3M4, Canada
- Department
of Civil, Geological and Environmental Engineering,
57 Campus Drive, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A9, Canada
| | - Kerry M. Peru
- Environment
and Climate Change Canada, Watershed Hydrology and Ecology Research
Division, National Hydrology Research Center, 11 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 3H5, Canada
| | - Huan Chen
- National
High Field Magnet Laboratory, Florida State
University, 1800 E. Paul
Dirac Dr.,Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Amy M. McKenna
- National
High Field Magnet Laboratory, Florida State
University, 1800 E. Paul
Dirac Dr.,Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
- Soil
and
Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, 301 University Ave., Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Kiaura Reed
- Department
of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University, 1601 S. Martin Luther King Jr Blvd, Tallahassee, Florida 32307 United States
| | - John V. Headley
- Environment
and Climate Change Canada, Watershed Hydrology and Ecology Research
Division, National Hydrology Research Center, 11 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 3H5, Canada
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Headley JV, Peru KM, Vander Meulen I. Advances in mass spectrometry for molecular characterization of oil sands naphthenic acids and process chemicals in wetlands. CAN J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2020-0478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Advances in mass spectrometry in the authors’ and key collaborators’ research are reviewed for analysis of oil sands naphthenic acids fraction compounds (NAFCs) and industrial process chemicals, sulfolane and alkanolamines, in wetlands. Focus is given to developments of analyses of NAFCs in constructed wetland treatment systems and natural wetlands in the Athabasca oil sands region, Alberta, Canada. The analytical developments are applied to show the utility of wetlands to sequester and oxidize oil sands naphthenic acids. The advancements in molecular characterization led to the first application of high-resolution mass spectrometry (Fourier transform ion-cyclotron resonance and Orbitrap mass spectrometry) for elucidation of toxic mono- and di-carboxylic NAFCs in oil sands environmental samples. Key findings reveal that oil sands NAFCs are not limited to saturated structures but contain a diverse range of components, many of which contain S, N, heteroatomic species and aromatic species. Other developments of mass spectrometry methods for industrial process chemicals show for the first time that the completely water-miscible chemical, sulfolane, translocate to upper portions of cattails at natural wetland sites in the Canadian environment. Likewise, wetland-plant mediated changes of complex mixtures of alkanolamines were revealed based on the coupling of ion chromatography mass spectrometry and ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry. The advances in mass spectrometry are of particular benefit to Canada, for development of soil and water quality guidelines for oil sands NAFCs and process chemicals. In turn, the water quality guidelines serve to protect Canadian aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- John V. Headley
- Watershed Hydrology and Ecology Research Division, Water Science and Technology Directorate Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 11 Innovation Blvd., Saskatoon, SK S7N 3H5, Canada
- Watershed Hydrology and Ecology Research Division, Water Science and Technology Directorate Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 11 Innovation Blvd., Saskatoon, SK S7N 3H5, Canada
| | - Kerry M. Peru
- Watershed Hydrology and Ecology Research Division, Water Science and Technology Directorate Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 11 Innovation Blvd., Saskatoon, SK S7N 3H5, Canada
- Watershed Hydrology and Ecology Research Division, Water Science and Technology Directorate Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 11 Innovation Blvd., Saskatoon, SK S7N 3H5, Canada
| | - Ian Vander Meulen
- Watershed Hydrology and Ecology Research Division, Water Science and Technology Directorate Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 11 Innovation Blvd., Saskatoon, SK S7N 3H5, Canada
- Watershed Hydrology and Ecology Research Division, Water Science and Technology Directorate Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 11 Innovation Blvd., Saskatoon, SK S7N 3H5, Canada
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