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Sadeghi Hosnijeh M, Hosseini Tafreshi SA, Masoum S. Nanophycology, the merging of nanoscience into algal research: A review. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 282:116727. [PMID: 39024948 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 07/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Nanophycology is recognized as one of the most important and widely used interdisciplinary sciences by creating a connection between nanotechnology on the one hand and phycology on the other hand. Algal nanoparticle biosynthesis is a starting point in studies and research related to nanophycology. Nanophycology consists of two parts, nano and phycology, and by taking advantage of the high potential of algae such as high biological safety, easy production, fast growth, and high stability in the phycology part of this science, which is also known as algology, algae nanoparticles synthesis and make this section related to nanotechnology. In this way, algae are known as factories of biological nanomaterials and cause the production of bio-stable nanotechnology and the removal of environmental pollutants released due to nanochemistry. Nanotechnology produced by algae in the science of nanophycology, due to algae's unique physical and chemical properties compared to other biological entities such as plants, fungi, and bacteria, is used in various fields including medicine, biorefining, purification Water, etc. In this review article, the most important goals of the science of nanophycology, including the biosynthesis of algal nanoparticles and the potential of these compounds in various fields of application, have been examined and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Saeed Masoum
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran
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Khaled B, Sina AA, Rana MS, Alam SMS, Numan AA, Shammi MT, Parvin F, Naznin T, Hossain MM, Annana RP. Study on the effect of different contact times on the migration of heavy metals into different foodstuffs served in plastic cups. Heliyon 2024; 10:e31627. [PMID: 38828332 PMCID: PMC11140718 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Heavy metal concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cr, and Cu leaching from single-use plastic cups were identified, and the risks associated with them were assessed in real time (up to 10 min). All samples (tea, carbonated beverage, and lassi) were placed in disposable plastic cups and held for less than 1 min, 5 min, and 10 min, respectively. Prior to digestion, the solids were ashed in a muffle furnace at 550 °C for 30 min. The filtrates were then tested for heavy metals. The samples were all confirmed to be contaminated with heavy metals. Heavy metals leached from the plastic cups in the following order: Cu > Pb > Cr > Cd. The samples' HI values were less than one, hence there was no evidence of a non-carcinogenic risk. The ILCR values for this heavy metal contamination in samples exceed 10-3, indicating a high carcinogenic risk. Lassi poses the highest possible carcinogenic risk. A rise in temperature and a drop in pH also resulted in heavy metal migration. Heavy metal leaching from plastic cups poses a serious health risk due to its toxicity. The proposed legislation should prohibit or restrict the serving of warm and hot beverages in plastic cups.
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Affiliation(s)
- B.M. Khaled
- Department of Agro Product Processing Technology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore-7408, Bangladesh
| | - Adda Ann Sina
- Bangladesh Food Safety Authority, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Suman Rana
- Department of Agro Product Processing Technology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore-7408, Bangladesh
| | - S. M. Shamiul Alam
- Department of Agro Product Processing Technology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore-7408, Bangladesh
| | - Abdullah Al Numan
- Department of Agro Product Processing Technology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore-7408, Bangladesh
| | - Maria Tabassum Shammi
- Department of Agro Product Processing Technology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore-7408, Bangladesh
| | - Fatima Parvin
- Department of Agro Product Processing Technology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore-7408, Bangladesh
| | - Tamanna Naznin
- Department of Agro Product Processing Technology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore-7408, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Mozaffor Hossain
- Department of Agro Product Processing Technology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore-7408, Bangladesh
| | - Refat Pervin Annana
- Department of Agro Product Processing Technology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore-7408, Bangladesh
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Li F, Li R, Lu F, Xu L, Gan L, Chu W, Yan M, Gong H. Adverse effects of silver nanoparticles on aquatic plants and zooplankton: A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 338:139459. [PMID: 37437614 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
With the rapid development of nanotechnology in the past decades, AgNPs are widely used in various fields and have become one of the most widely used nanomaterials, which leads to the inevitable release of AgNPs to the aquatic environment through various pathways. It is important to understand the effects of AgNPs on aquatic plants and zooplankton, which are widely distributed and diverse, and are important components of the aquatic biota. This paper reviews the effects of AgNPs on aquatic plants and zooplankton at the individual, cellular and molecular levels. In addition, the internal and external factors affecting the toxicity of AgNPs to aquatic plants and zooplankton are discussed. In general, AgNPs can inhibit growth and development, cause tissue damage, induce oxidative stress, and produce genotoxicity and reproductive toxicity. Moreover, the toxicity of AgNPs is influenced by the size, concentration, and surface coating of AgNPs, environmental factors including pH, salinity, temperature, light and co-contaminants such as NaOCl, glyphosate, As(V), Cu and Cd, sensitivity of test organisms, experimental conditions and so on. In order to investigate the toxicity of AgNPs in the natural environment, it is recommended to conduct toxicity evaluation studies of AgNPs under the coexistence of multiple environmental factors and pollutants, especially at natural environmental concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Li
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruixue Li
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fengru Lu
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lijie Xu
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lu Gan
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Chu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Muting Yan
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Han Gong
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
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Komazec B, Cvjetko P, Balen B, Letofsky-Papst I, Lyons DM, Peharec Štefanić P. The Occurrence of Oxidative Stress Induced by Silver Nanoparticles in Chlorella vulgaris Depends on the Surface-Stabilizing Agent. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:1967. [PMID: 37446486 DOI: 10.3390/nano13131967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are of great interest due to their antimicrobial properties, but their reactivity and toxicity pose a significant risk to aquatic ecosystems. In biological systems, AgNPs tend to aggregate and dissolve, so they are often stabilized by agents that affect their physicochemical properties. In this study, microalga Chlorella vulgaris was used as a model organism to evaluate the effects of AgNPs in aquatic habitats. Algae were exposed to AgNPs stabilized with citrate and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) agents and to AgNO3 at concentrations that allowed 75% cell survival after 72 h. To investigate algal response, silver accumulation, ROS content, damage to biomolecules (lipids, proteins, and DNA), activity of antioxidant enzymes (APX, PPX, CAT, SOD), content of non-enzymatic antioxidants (proline and GSH), and changes in ultrastructure were analyzed. The results showed that all treatments induced oxidative stress and adversely affected algal cells. AgNO3 resulted in the fastest death of algae compared to both AgNPs, but the extent of oxidative damage and antioxidant enzymatic defense was similar to AgNP-citrate. Furthermore, AgNP-CTAB showed the least toxic effect and caused the least oxidative damage. These results highlight the importance of surface-stabilizing agents in determining the phytotoxicity of AgNPs and the underlying mechanisms affecting aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Komazec
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Petra Cvjetko
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Biljana Balen
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ilse Letofsky-Papst
- Institute of Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis (FELMI), Graz Centre for Electron Microscopy (ZFE), Austrian Cooperative Research (ACR), Graz University of Technology, Steyrergasse 17, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Daniel Mark Lyons
- Center for Marine Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, G. Paliaga 5, 52210 Rovinj, Croatia
| | - Petra Peharec Štefanić
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Saberi MH, Bita S. Endogenous enzymatic antioxidant status of whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) following exposure to sublethal concentrations of silver nanoparticles. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 193:115072. [PMID: 37315417 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Immunotoxicity of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) to whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) was assessed using redox-status orchestrating enzymes. To this end, the shrimp was exposed to sublethal AgNPs concentrations (0 % LC50: control; 25 % LC50: 0.97 mg/L; 50 % LC50: 1.95 mg/L; 75 % LC50: 2.92 mg/L). During the experiment, the behavior of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) was monitored, besides total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and malondialdehyde (MDA). The hepatopancreas SOD activity reduced about 63 %-76 % at.%50 LC50 and %75 LC50 AgNPs treatments, and CAT decreased in both tissues at 50 % LC50 AgNPs. TAC exhibited a U-form response in the hepatopancreas organ against stress caused by AgNPs, and hepatopancreas MDA displayed a time-dependent increase. Taken together, AgNPs triggered severe immunotoxicity through suppression of CAT, SOD, and TAC in the hepatopancreas tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Seraj Bita
- Department of Fisheries sciences, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Chabahar Maritime University, Chabahar, Iran.
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Bellingeri A, Scattoni M, Venditti I, Battocchio C, Protano G, Corsi I. Ecologically based methods for promoting safer nanosilver for environmental applications. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 438:129523. [PMID: 35820334 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nanosilver, widely employed in consumer products as biocide, has been recently proposed as sensor, adsorbent and photocatalyst for water pollution monitoring and remediation. Since nanosilver ecotoxicity still pose limitations to its environmental application, a more ecological exposure testing strategy should be coupled to the development of safer formulations. Here, we tested the environmental safety of novel bifunctionalized nanosilver capped with citrate and L-cysteine (AgNPcitLcys) as sensor/sorbent of Hg2+ in terms of behaviour and ecotoxicity on microalgae (1-1000 µg/L) and microcrustaceans (0.001-100 mg/L), from the freshwater and marine environment, in acute and chronic scenarios. Acute toxicity resulted poorly descriptive of nanosilver safety while chronic exposure revealed stronger effects up to lethality. Low dissolution of silver ions from AgNPcitLcys was observed, however a nano-related ecotoxicity is hypothesized. Double coating of AgNPcitLcys succeeded in mitigating ecotoxicity to tested organisms, hence encouraging further research on safer nanosilver formulations. Environmentally safe applications of nanosilver should focus on ecologically relevant exposure scenarios rather than relying only on acute exposure data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Bellingeri
- Department of Physical, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Siena, Via Mattioli 4, 53100 Siena, Italy; Department of Sciences, Roma Tre University of Rome, Via della Vasca Navale 79, 00146 Rome, Italy.
| | - Mattia Scattoni
- Department of Physical, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Siena, Via Mattioli 4, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Iole Venditti
- Department of Sciences, Roma Tre University of Rome, Via della Vasca Navale 79, 00146 Rome, Italy.
| | - Chiara Battocchio
- Department of Sciences, Roma Tre University of Rome, Via della Vasca Navale 79, 00146 Rome, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Protano
- Department of Physical, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Siena, Via Mattioli 4, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Ilaria Corsi
- Department of Physical, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Siena, Via Mattioli 4, 53100 Siena, Italy.
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Rajan R, Huo P, Chandran K, Manickam Dakshinamoorthi B, Yun SI, Liu B. A review on the toxicity of silver nanoparticles against different biosystems. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 292:133397. [PMID: 34954197 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Despite significant progress made in the past two decades, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have not yet made it to the clinical trials. In addition, they showed both positive and negative effects in their toxicity from unicellular organism to well-developed multi-organ system, for example, rat. Although it is generally accepted that capped (bio)molecules have synergistic bioactivities and diminish the toxicity of metallic Ag core, convincing evidence is completely lacking. Therefore, in this review, we first highlight the recent in vivo toxicity studies of chemically manufactured AgNPs, biologically synthesized AgNPs and reference AgNPs of European Commission. Then, their toxic effects are compared with each other and the overlooked factors leading to the potential conflict of obtained toxicity results are discussed. Finally, suggestions are given to better design and conduct the future toxicity studies and to fast-track the successful clinical translation of AgNPs as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramachandran Rajan
- Laboratory of Functional Molecules and Materials, School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, 255000, PR China
| | - PeiPei Huo
- Laboratory of Functional Molecules and Materials, School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, 255000, PR China
| | - Krishnaraj Chandran
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea; Department of Agricultural Convergence Technology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Soon-Il Yun
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea; Department of Agricultural Convergence Technology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea.
| | - Bo Liu
- Laboratory of Functional Molecules and Materials, School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, 255000, PR China.
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Biba R, Košpić K, Komazec B, Markulin D, Cvjetko P, Pavoković D, Peharec Štefanić P, Tkalec M, Balen B. Surface Coating-Modulated Phytotoxic Responses of Silver Nanoparticles in Plants and Freshwater Green Algae. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 12:24. [PMID: 35009971 PMCID: PMC8746378 DOI: 10.3390/nano12010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been implemented in a wide range of commercial products, resulting in their unregulated release into aquatic as well as terrestrial systems. This raises concerns over their impending environmental effects. Once released into the environment, they are prone to various transformation processes that modify their reactivity. In order to increase AgNP stability, different stabilizing coatings are applied during their synthesis. However, coating agents determine particle size and shape and influence their solubility, reactivity, and overall stability as well as their behavior and transformations in the biological medium. In this review, we attempt to give an overview on how the employment of different stabilizing coatings can modulate AgNP-induced phytotoxicity with respect to growth, physiology, and gene and protein expression in terrestrial and aquatic plants and freshwater algae.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Biljana Balen
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (R.B.); (K.K.); (B.K.); (D.M.); (P.C.); (D.P.); (P.P.Š.); (M.T.)
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Eco-Interactions of Engineered Nanomaterials in the Marine Environment: Towards an Eco-Design Framework. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11081903. [PMID: 34443734 PMCID: PMC8398366 DOI: 10.3390/nano11081903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Marine nano-ecotoxicology has emerged with the purpose to assess the environmental risks associated with engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) among contaminants of emerging concerns entering the marine environment. ENMs’ massive production and integration in everyday life applications, associated with their peculiar physical chemical features, including high biological reactivity, have imposed a pressing need to shed light on risk for humans and the environment. Environmental safety assessment, known as ecosafety, has thus become mandatory with the perspective to develop a more holistic exposure scenario and understand biological effects. Here, we review the current knowledge on behavior and impact of ENMs which end up in the marine environment. A focus on titanium dioxide (n-TiO2) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), among metal-based ENMs massively used in commercial products, and polymeric NPs as polystyrene (PS), largely adopted as proxy for nanoplastics, is made. ENMs eco-interactions with chemical molecules including (bio)natural ones and anthropogenic pollutants, forming eco- and bio-coronas and link with their uptake and toxicity in marine organisms are discussed. An ecologically based design strategy (eco-design) is proposed to support the development of new ENMs, including those for environmental applications (e.g., nanoremediation), by balancing their effectiveness with no associated risk for marine organisms and humans.
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Fiorati A, Bellingeri A, Punta C, Corsi I, Venditti I. Silver Nanoparticles for Water Pollution Monitoring and Treatments: Ecosafety Challenge and Cellulose-Based Hybrids Solution. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1635. [PMID: 32717864 PMCID: PMC7465245 DOI: 10.3390/polym12081635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are widely used as engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) in many advanced nanotechnologies, due to their versatile, easy and cheap preparations combined with peculiar chemical-physical properties. Their increased production and integration in environmental applications including water treatment raise concerns for their impact on humans and the environment. An eco-design strategy that makes it possible to combine the best material performances with no risk for the natural ecosystems and living beings has been recently proposed. This review envisages potential hybrid solutions of AgNPs for water pollution monitoring and remediation to satisfy their successful, environmentally safe (ecosafe) application. Being extremely efficient in pollutants sensing and degradation, their ecosafe application can be achieved in combination with polymeric-based materials, especially with cellulose, by following an eco-design approach. In fact, (AgNPs)-cellulose hybrids have the double advantage of being easily produced using recycled material, with low costs and possible reuse, and of being ecosafe, if properly designed. An updated view of the use and prospects of these advanced hybrids AgNP-based materials is provided, which will surely speed their environmental application with consequent significant economic and environmental impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Fiorati
- Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta” and INSTM Local Unit, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, I-20133 Milano, Italy; (A.F.); (C.P.)
| | - Arianna Bellingeri
- Department of Physical, Earth and Environmental Sciences and INSTM Local Unit, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (A.B.); (I.C.)
| | - Carlo Punta
- Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta” and INSTM Local Unit, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, I-20133 Milano, Italy; (A.F.); (C.P.)
| | - Ilaria Corsi
- Department of Physical, Earth and Environmental Sciences and INSTM Local Unit, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (A.B.); (I.C.)
| | - Iole Venditti
- Department of Sciences, Roma Tre University of Rome, via della Vasca Navale 79, 00146 Rome, Italy
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