1
|
Elsheref M, Cao X, Tarr MA. Time dependence of aldehyde and ketone oxocarboxylic acid photoproduct generation from crude oil-seawater systems under solar irradiation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 472:134427. [PMID: 38696957 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
Aldehyde and ketone oxocarboxylic acid photoproducts were semi-quantitated in the aqueous phase after subjecting Macondo (MC252) crude oil-seawater systems to simulated solar irradiation. Electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) was applied after derivatizing the samples with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH). Oil-seawater was irradiated at 27.0 °C using a solar simulator for 1 to 18 h. Following irradiation, the aqueous phase was treated with DNPH to generate aldehyde-DNPH and ketone-DNPH derivatives. Solid-phase extraction enriched the samples before analyzing them using (-) ESI-MS/MS. Precursor and product ion spectra were used to select carboxylic acid-containing aldehydes and ketones and provide semi-quantitation using surrogate standards and an internal standard. Loss of m/z 44 (CO2) in the product ion spectra further confirmed the carboxylic acid character. Near-linear increases in photoproduct concentration in the aqueous phase were observed over the 18 h irradiation period. Among the aldehyde and ketone oxocarboxylic acid photoproducts studied, photoproduction rates ranged from 0.6 - 69 µmol/h·m2 of oil surface. Despite some fluctuations, a general trend of lower production rate with higher molecular weight was observed. These results demonstrate the near-linear dependence of photoproduction on irradiance and provide ranges of rates that can be applied to modeling aldehyde and ketone oxocarboxylic acid photoproduction in ocean spills. STATEMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT: Crude oil on seawater degrades when exposed to sunlight. Oxygenated molecules are produced, including carboxylic acid-containing aldehydes and ketones. The formation of these photoproducts from oil films behaves linearly with solar exposure time. These photoproducts are more soluble than the original oil molecules, allowing them to have increased bioavailability and potentially increased toxicity. The rate of formation of these species when oil is exposed to sunlight determines their environmental impact.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Xian Cao
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Orleans, USA
| | - Matthew A Tarr
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Orleans, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Leshuk TC, Young ZW, Wilson B, Chen ZQ, Smith DA, Lazaris G, Gopanchuk M, McLay S, Seelemann CA, Paradis T, Bekele A, Guest R, Massara H, White T, Zubot W, Letinski DJ, Redman AD, Allen DG, Gu F. A Light Touch: Solar Photocatalysis Detoxifies Oil Sands Process-Affected Waters Prior to Significant Treatment of Naphthenic Acids. ACS ES&T WATER 2024; 4:1483-1497. [PMID: 38633367 PMCID: PMC11019557 DOI: 10.1021/acsestwater.3c00616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Environmental reclamation of Canada's oil sands tailings ponds is among the single largest water treatment challenges globally. The toxicity of oil sands process-affected water (OSPW) has been associated with its dissolved organics, a complex mixture of naphthenic acid fraction components (NAFCs). Here, we evaluated solar treatment with buoyant photocatalysts (BPCs) as a passive advanced oxidation process (P-AOP) for OSPW remediation. Photocatalysis fully degraded naphthenic acids (NAs) and acid extractable organics (AEO) in 3 different OSPW samples. However, classical NAs and AEO, traditionally considered among the principal toxicants in OSPW, were not correlated with OSPW toxicity herein. Instead, nontarget petroleomic analysis revealed that low-polarity organosulfur compounds, composing <10% of the total AEO, apparently accounted for the majority of waters' toxicity to fish, as described by a model of tissue partitioning. These findings have implications for OSPW release, for which a less extensive but more selective treatment may be required than previously expected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy
M. C. Leshuk
- H2nanO
Inc., Kitchener, Ontario, Canada N2R 1E8
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3E5
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
- Waterloo
Institute for Nanotechnology, University
of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
| | - Zachary W. Young
- H2nanO
Inc., Kitchener, Ontario, Canada N2R 1E8
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
- Waterloo
Institute for Nanotechnology, University
of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
| | - Brad Wilson
- H2nanO
Inc., Kitchener, Ontario, Canada N2R 1E8
- Stantec, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 0A4
| | - Zi Qi Chen
- H2nanO
Inc., Kitchener, Ontario, Canada N2R 1E8
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3E5
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
- Waterloo
Institute for Nanotechnology, University
of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
| | - Danielle A. Smith
- H2nanO
Inc., Kitchener, Ontario, Canada N2R 1E8
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
- Waterloo
Institute for Nanotechnology, University
of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
- P&P
Optica, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2 V 2C3
| | - Greg Lazaris
- H2nanO
Inc., Kitchener, Ontario, Canada N2R 1E8
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
- Waterloo
Institute for Nanotechnology, University
of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
- Department
of Mining and Materials Engineering, McGill
University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 0C5
| | - Mary Gopanchuk
- H2nanO
Inc., Kitchener, Ontario, Canada N2R 1E8
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
- Waterloo
Institute for Nanotechnology, University
of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
| | - Sean McLay
- H2nanO
Inc., Kitchener, Ontario, Canada N2R 1E8
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
- Waterloo
Institute for Nanotechnology, University
of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
| | - Corin A. Seelemann
- H2nanO
Inc., Kitchener, Ontario, Canada N2R 1E8
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
- Waterloo
Composite Biomaterials Systems Lab, University
of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
- Waterloo
Institute for Nanotechnology, University
of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
| | - Theo Paradis
- Canadian
Natural Resources Ltd., Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2P 4J8
| | - Asfaw Bekele
- Imperial
Oil Ltd., Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2C 5N1
- ExxonMobil
Biomedical Sciences, Inc., Annandale, New Jersey 08801, United States
| | - Rodney Guest
- Suncor Energy Inc., Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2P 3E3
| | - Hafez Massara
- Suncor Energy Inc., Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2P 3E3
- Trans-Northern Pipelines Inc., Richmond Hill, Ontario, Canada L4B 3P6
| | - Todd White
- Teck Resources Ltd., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6C 0B3
| | - Warren Zubot
- Syncrude Canada Ltd., Fort McMurray, Alberta, Canada T9H 0B6
| | - Daniel J. Letinski
- ExxonMobil
Biomedical Sciences, Inc., Annandale, New Jersey 08801, United States
| | - Aaron D. Redman
- ExxonMobil
Biomedical Sciences, Inc., Annandale, New Jersey 08801, United States
| | - D. Grant Allen
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3E5
| | - Frank Gu
- H2nanO
Inc., Kitchener, Ontario, Canada N2R 1E8
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3E5
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
- Waterloo
Institute for Nanotechnology, University
of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Elsheref M, Messina L, Tarr MA. Photochemistry of oil in marine systems: developments since the Deepwater Horizon spill. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2023; 25:1878-1908. [PMID: 37881013 DOI: 10.1039/d3em00248a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Oil spills represent a major source of negative environmental impacts in marine systems. Despite many decades of research on oil spill behavior, photochemistry was neglected as a major factor in the fate of oil spilled in marine systems. Subsequent to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, numerous studies using varied approaches have demonstrated the importance of photochemistry, including short-term impacts (hours to days) that were previously unrecognized. These studies have demonstrated the importance of photochemistry in the overall oil transformation after a spill and more specifically the impacts on emulsification, oxygenation, and microbial interactions. In addition to new perspectives, advances in analytical approaches have allowed an improved understanding of oil photochemistry after maritime spill. Although the literature on the Deepwater Horizon spill is extensive, this review focuses only on studies relevant to the advances in oil photochemistry understanding since the Deepwater Horizon spill.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Elsheref
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70148, USA.
| | - Lena Messina
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70148, USA.
| | - Matthew A Tarr
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70148, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Roman-Hubers AT, Aeppli C, Dodds JN, Baker ES, McFarlin KM, Letinski DJ, Zhao L, Mitchell DA, Parkerton TF, Prince RC, Nedwed T, Rusyn I. Temporal chemical composition changes in water below a crude oil slick irradiated with natural sunlight. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 185:114360. [PMID: 36413931 PMCID: PMC9741762 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Photooxidation can alter the environmental fate and effects of spilled oil. To better understand this process, oil slicks were generated on seawater mesocosms and exposed to sunlight for 8 days. The molecular composition of seawater under irradiated and non-irradiated oil slicks was characterized using ion mobility spectrometry-mass spectrometry and polyaromatic hydrocarbons analyses. Biomimetic extraction was performed to quantify neutral and ionized constituents. Results show that seawater underneath irradiated oil showed significantly higher amounts of hydrocarbons with oxygen- and sulfur-containing by-products peaking by day 4-6; however, concentrations of dissolved organic carbon were similar. Biomimetic extraction indicated toxic units in irradiated mesocosms increased, mainly due to ionized components, but remained <1, suggesting limited potential for ecotoxicity. Because the experimental design mimicked important aspects of natural conditions (freshly collected seawater, natural sunlight, and relevant oil thickness and concentrations), this study improves our understanding of the effects of photooxidation during a marine oil spill.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Christoph Aeppli
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, East Boothbay, ME, United States of America
| | - James N Dodds
- North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
| | - Erin S Baker
- North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
| | - Kelly M McFarlin
- ExxonMobil Biomedical Sciences, Clinton, NJ, United States of America
| | - Daniel J Letinski
- ExxonMobil Biomedical Sciences, Clinton, NJ, United States of America
| | - Lin Zhao
- ExxonMobil Upstream Research Company, Spring, TX, United States of America
| | | | | | - Roger C Prince
- Stonybrook Apiary, Pittstown, NJ, United States of America
| | - Tim Nedwed
- ExxonMobil Upstream Research Company, Spring, TX, United States of America
| | - Ivan Rusyn
- Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhu Z, Merlin F, Yang M, Lee K, Chen B, Liu B, Cao Y, Song X, Ye X, Li QK, Greer CW, Boufadel MC, Isaacman L, Zhang B. Recent advances in chemical and biological degradation of spilled oil: A review of dispersants application in the marine environment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 436:129260. [PMID: 35739779 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Growing concerns over the risk of accidental releases of oil into the marine environment have emphasized our need to improve both oil spill preparedness and response strategies. Among the available spill response options, dispersants offer the advantages of breaking oil slicks into small oil droplets and promoting their dilution, dissolution, and biodegradation within the water column. Thus dispersants can reduce the probability of oil slicks at sea from reaching coastal regions and reduce their direct impact on mammals, sea birds and shoreline ecosystems. To facilitate marine oil spill response operations, especially addressing spill incidents in remote/Arctic offshore regions, an in-depth understanding of the transportation, fate and effects of naturally/chemically dispersed oil is of great importance. This review provides a synthesis of recent research results studies related to the application of dispersants at the surface and in the deep sea, the fate and transportation of naturally and chemically dispersed oil, and dispersant application in the Arctic and ice-covered waters. Future perspectives have been provided to identify the research gaps and help industries and spill response organizations develop science-based guidelines and protocols for the application of dispersants application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwen Zhu
- Northern Region Persistent Organic Pollutant Control (NRPOP) Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University, St. John's, NL A1B 3×5, Canada
| | | | - Min Yang
- Northern Region Persistent Organic Pollutant Control (NRPOP) Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University, St. John's, NL A1B 3×5, Canada
| | - Kenneth Lee
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Ecosystem Science, Ottawa, ON K1A 0E6, Canada
| | - Bing Chen
- Northern Region Persistent Organic Pollutant Control (NRPOP) Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University, St. John's, NL A1B 3×5, Canada
| | - Bo Liu
- Northern Region Persistent Organic Pollutant Control (NRPOP) Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University, St. John's, NL A1B 3×5, Canada
| | - Yiqi Cao
- Northern Region Persistent Organic Pollutant Control (NRPOP) Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University, St. John's, NL A1B 3×5, Canada
| | - Xing Song
- Northern Region Persistent Organic Pollutant Control (NRPOP) Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University, St. John's, NL A1B 3×5, Canada
| | - Xudong Ye
- Northern Region Persistent Organic Pollutant Control (NRPOP) Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University, St. John's, NL A1B 3×5, Canada
| | - Qingqi K Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Charles W Greer
- National Research Council Canada, Energy, Mining and Environment Research Centre, Montreal, QC H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - Michel C Boufadel
- Center for Natural Resources, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Lisa Isaacman
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Ecosystem Science, Ottawa, ON K1A 0E6, Canada
| | - Baiyu Zhang
- Northern Region Persistent Organic Pollutant Control (NRPOP) Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University, St. John's, NL A1B 3×5, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Péquin B, Cai Q, Lee K, Greer CW. Natural attenuation of oil in marine environments: A review. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 176:113464. [PMID: 35231783 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Natural attenuation is an important process for oil spill management in marine environments. Natural attenuation affects the fate of oil by physical, chemical, and biological processes, which include evaporation, dispersion, dissolution, photo-oxidation, emulsification, oil particle aggregation, and biodegradation. This review examines the cumulative knowledge regarding these natural attenuation processes as well as their simulation and prediction using modelling approaches. An in-depth discussion is provided on how oil type, microbial community and environmental factors contribute to the biodegradation process. It describes how our understanding of the structure and function of indigenous oil degrading microbial communities in the marine environment has been advanced by the application of next generation sequencing tools. The synergetic and/or antagonist effects of oil spill countermeasures such as the application of chemical dispersants, in-situ burning and nutrient enrichment on natural attenuation were explored. Several knowledge gaps were identified regarding the synergetic and/or antagonistic effects of active response countermeasures on the natural attenuation/biodegradation process. This review highlighted the need for field data on both the effectiveness and potential detrimental effects of oil spill response options to support modelling and decision-making on their selection and application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bérangère Péquin
- McGill University, Department of Natural Resource Sciences, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Qinhong Cai
- McGill University, Department of Natural Resource Sciences, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | - Kenneth Lee
- Ecosystem Science, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Charles W Greer
- McGill University, Department of Natural Resource Sciences, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada; Energy, Mining and Environment Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Li Z, Wan J, Zhang Y, Dang C, Pan F, Fu J. Influences of petroleum hydrocarbon pyrene on the formation, stability and antibacterial activity of natural Au nanoparticles. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 795:148813. [PMID: 34246134 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The effect of pyrene on the formation of naturally Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) in the presence of humic acid (HA) under UV irradiation is described. TEM, EDS, FTIR and XPS were carried out to prove the formation of AuNPs and display their morphologies and formation mechanism. There are little differences between size, morphology and function groups of surface coated materials of AuNPs formed with and without pyrene. With the presence of HA, pyrene showed an inhibiting effect on the reduction of Au ion via competition for O2•-, thereby decreasing the production of AuNPs. However, AuNPs formed by HA-pyrene showed higher stability than AuNPs formed by HA with the sedimentation rates of 4.13% and 13.68% respectively after 30-d standing. As for the antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, AuNPs formed by HA-pyrene were more toxic than AuNPs formed by HA. Meanwhile, changes of environmental factors such as temperature, pH and ionic strength exhibited similar influence trend on the formation of AuNPs in the presence and absence of pyrene. The results suggest that the typical petroleum hydrocarbon pyrene contained in spilled oil could influence the formation, fate and ecotoxicity of AuNPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jing Wan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yibo Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Chenyuan Dang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Fei Pan
- School of Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Engineering Research Centre for Clean Production of Textile Dyeing and Printing, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430073, China.
| | - Jie Fu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Eremina OE, Samodelova MV, Ferree MV, Shekhovtsova TN, Veselova IA. Capturing polycyclic aromatic sulfur heterocycles in electron donor–acceptor complexes. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2021.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
9
|
Eremina OE, Samodelova MV, Ferree MV, Shekhovtsova TN, Veselova IA. Capturing polycyclic aromatic sulfur heterocycles in electron donor–acceptor complexes. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2021.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
10
|
Arif S, Al-Tameemi M, Wilson WB, Wise SA, Barbosa F, Campiglia AD. Low-temperature time-resolved phosphorescence excitation emission matrices for the analysis of phenanthro-thiophenes in chromatographic fractions of complex environmental extracts. Talanta 2020; 212:120805. [PMID: 32113567 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.120805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigates the analytical potential of low-temperature photoluminescence spectroscopy for the analysis of seven phenanthrothiophenes with molecular mass 234 g mol-1. The studied PASHs include Phenanthro [1,2-b]thiophene, Phenanthro [2,1-b]thiophene, Phenanthro [2,3-b]thiophene, Phenanthro [3,2-b]thiophene, Phenanthro [3,4-b]thiophene, Phenanthro [4,3-b]thiophene and Phenanthro [9,10-b]thiophene. Excitation and emission spectra recorded from n-alkane solutions at room temperature, 77 K and 4.2 K show phosphorescence emission from all the studied isomers at cryogenic temperatures. The analytical figures of merit obtained under steady state (fluorescence) and time-resolved (phosphorescence) conditions provide limits of detection at the parts-per-billion (ng mL-1) concentration levels. Processing 77 K and 4.2 K phosphorescence data with parallel factor analysis showed to be a robust approach to the determination of phenanthro-thiophenes in complex fluorophore mixtures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sadia Arif
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Physical Sciences Bld. 4111, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - Maha Al-Tameemi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences for Women, University of Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Walter B Wilson
- Chemical Sciences Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Mail Stp 8390, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Stephen A Wise
- Chemical Sciences Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Mail Stp 8390, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Fernando Barbosa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Physical Sciences Bld. 4111, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - Andres D Campiglia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Physical Sciences Bld. 4111, Orlando, FL 32816, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Thomas MJ, Collinge E, Witt M, Palacio Lozano DC, Vane CH, Moss-Hayes V, Barrow MP. Petroleomic depth profiling of Staten Island salt marsh soil: 2ω detection FTICR MS offers a new solution for the analysis of environmental contaminants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 662:852-862. [PMID: 30708300 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Staten Island is located in one of the most densely populated regions of the US: the New York/New Jersey Estuary. Marine and industrial oil spills are commonplace in the area, causing the waterways and adjacent marshes to become polluted with a range of petroleum-related contaminants. Using Rock-Eval pyrolysis, the hydrocarbon impact on a salt marsh was assessed at regular intervals down to 90 cm, with several key sampling depths of interest identified for further analysis. Ultrahigh resolution data are obtained by direct infusion (DI) atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) on a 12 T solariX Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer (FTICR MS) allowing trends in the compositional profile with depth to be observed, such as changes in the relative hydrocarbon intensity and the relative contributions from oxygen- and sulfur-containing groups. These trends may correlate with the timing of major oil spills and leaks of petroleum and other industrial chemicals into the waterways. The use of gas chromatography (GC) coupled to a 7 T solariX 2XR FTICR MS equipped with an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) ion source offers retention time resolved and extensive compositional information for the complex environmental samples complementary to that obtained by DI-APPI. The compositional profile observed using GC-APCI FTICR MS includes contributions from phosphorous-containing groups, which may be indicative of contamination from other anthropogenic sources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary J Thomas
- MAS CDT, Senate House, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK; Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Emma Collinge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
| | | | - Diana Catalina Palacio Lozano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK; Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia.
| | - Christopher H Vane
- British Geological Survey, Centre for Environmental Geochemistry, Keyworth NG12 5GG, UK.
| | - Vicky Moss-Hayes
- British Geological Survey, Centre for Environmental Geochemistry, Keyworth NG12 5GG, UK.
| | - Mark P Barrow
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
de Oliveira Livera D, Leshuk T, Peru KM, Headley JV, Gu F. Structure-reactivity relationship of naphthenic acids in the photocatalytic degradation process. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 200:180-190. [PMID: 29482010 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Bitumen extraction in Canada's oil sands generates oil sands process-affected water (OSPW) as a toxic by-product. Naphthenic acids (NAs) contribute to the water's toxicity, and treatment methods may need to be implemented to enable safe discharge. Heterogeneous photocatalysis is a promising advanced oxidation process (AOP) for OSPW remediation, however, its successful implementation requires understanding of the complicated relationship between structure and reactivity of NAs. This work aimed to study the effect of various structural properties of model compounds on the photocatalytic degradation kinetics via high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), including diamondoid structures, heteroatomic species, and degree of unsaturation. The rate of photocatalytic treatment increased significantly with greater structural complexity, namely with carbon number, aromaticity and degree of cyclicity, properties that render particular NAs recalcitrant to biodegradation. It is hypothesized that a superoxide radical-mediated pathway explains these observations and offers additional benefits over traditional hydroxyl radical-based AOPs. Detailed structure-reactivity investigations of NAs in photocatalysis have not previously been undertaken, and the results described herein illustrate the potential benefit of combining photocatalysis and biodegradation as a complete OSPW remediation technology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diogo de Oliveira Livera
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada; Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Tim Leshuk
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada; Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Kerry M Peru
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 3H5, Canada
| | - John V Headley
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 3H5, Canada
| | - Frank Gu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada; Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Qi Y, Luo R, Schrader W, Volmer DA. Application of phase correction to improve the characterization of photooxidation products of lignin using 7 Tesla Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. Facets (Ott) 2017. [DOI: 10.1139/facets-2016-0069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignin is the second most abundant natural biopolymer and potentially a valuable alternative energy source for conventional fossil fuels. In this study, Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance-mass spectrometry (FTICR-MS) in conjunction with phase correction was applied to study photooxidation products of lignin using a 7 Tesla (T) mass spectrometer. The application of 7 T FTICR-MS has often been inadequate for the analysis of complex natural organic matter because of insufficient resolving power as compared with high-field FTICR, which led to incorrect assignments of elemental formulae and discontinuous plots in graphical and statistical analyses. Here, the application of phase correction to the FTICR mass spectra of lignin oxidation products greatly improved the spectral quality, and thus, readily permitted characterization of photooxidation processes of lignin compounds under simulated solar radiation conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Qi
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Saarland University, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Ruoji Luo
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schrader
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Dietrich A. Volmer
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Saarland University, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Qi Y, Hempelmann R, Volmer DA. Shedding light on the structures of lignin compounds: photo-oxidation under artificial UV light and characterization by high resolution mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:8203-8210. [PMID: 27640206 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9928-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Lignin is the second most abundant natural polymer and a promising alternative energy source for conventional fossil fuels. In this study, we investigated transformations of lignin compounds under artificial UV light conditions at the molecular level. Such light-induced changes of composition profiles in nature after sun exposure have been studied for crude oil in the petroleomics field. We applied a similar high resolution mass spectrometry experimental strategy to lignin and demonstrated various data processing methods to reveal the characteristic differences between the extremely complex data sets of two sample sets, one native control before and one sample after photo-irradiation, using Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance-mass spectrometry. Graphical abstract Kendrick mass defect versus nominal Kendrick mass for mass spectra of a control and UV-oxidized lignin sample.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Qi
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Rolf Hempelmann
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Dietrich A Volmer
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Leshuk T, Wong T, Linley S, Peru KM, Headley JV, Gu F. Solar photocatalytic degradation of naphthenic acids in oil sands process-affected water. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 144:1854-1861. [PMID: 26539710 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.10.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Bitumen mining in the Canadian oil sands creates large volumes of oil sands process-affected water (OSPW), the toxicity of which is due in part to naphthenic acids (NAs) and other acid extractable organics (AEO). The objective of this work was to evaluate the potential of solar photocatalysis over TiO2 to remove AEO from OSPW. One day of photocatalytic treatment under natural sunlight (25 MJ/m(2) over ∼14 h daylight) eradicated AEO from raw OSPW, and acute toxicity of the OSPW toward Vibrio fischeri was eliminated. Nearly complete mineralization of organic carbon was achieved within 1-7 day equivalents of sunlight exposure, and degradation was shown to proceed through a superoxide-mediated oxidation pathway. High resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) analysis of oxidized intermediate compounds indicated preferential degradation of the heavier and more cyclic NAs (higher number of double bond equivalents), which are the most environmentally persistent fractions. The photocatalyst was shown to be recyclable for multiple uses, and thus solar photocatalysis may be a promising "green" advanced oxidation process (AOP) for OSPW treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Leshuk
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada; Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Timothy Wong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Stuart Linley
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada; Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Kerry M Peru
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, 11 Innovation Blvd, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 3H5, Canada
| | - John V Headley
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, 11 Innovation Blvd, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 3H5, Canada
| | - Frank Gu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada; Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Islam A, Kim D, Yim UH, Shim WJ, Kim S. Structure-dependent degradation of polar compounds in weathered oils observed by atmospheric pressure photo-ionization hydrogen/deuterium exchange ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2015; 296:93-100. [PMID: 25913675 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The resin fractions of fresh mixtures of three oils spilled during the M/V Hebei Spirit oil spill, as well as weathered oils collected at weathering stages II and IV from the oil spill site were analyzed and compared by atmospheric pressure photo-ionization hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX MS). The significantly decreased abundance of N(+) and [N-H+D](+) ions suggested that secondary and tertiary amine-containing compounds were preferentially degraded during the early stage of weathering. [N+H](+) and [N+D](+) ions previously attributed to pyridine-type compounds degraded more slowly than secondary and tertiary amine-containing compounds. The preferential degradation of nitrogen-containing compounds was confirmed by photo-degradation experiments using 15 standard compounds. In addition, significant increases of [S1O1+H](+) and [S1O1+D](+) ions with higher DBE values were observed from fresh oil mixtures as compared to stages II and IV samples, and that could be linked with the decrease of higher DBE compounds of the S1 class. This study presented convincing arguments and evidence demonstrating that secondary and tertiary amines were more vulnerable to photo-degradation than compounds containing pyridine, and hence, preferential degradation depending on chemical structures must be considered in the production of hazardous or toxic components.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ananna Islam
- Kyungpook National University, Department of Chemistry, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghwi Kim
- Kyungpook National University, Department of Chemistry, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Un Hyuk Yim
- Oil and POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, KIOST, Geoje 656-834, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Joon Shim
- Oil and POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, KIOST, Geoje 656-834, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghwan Kim
- Kyungpook National University, Department of Chemistry, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea; Green Nano Center, Department of Chemistry, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zito P, Chen H, Podgorski DC, McKenna AM, Tarr MA. Sunlight creates oxygenated species in water-soluble fractions of Deepwater Horizon oil. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2014; 280:636-643. [PMID: 25222929 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.08.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In order to assess the impact of sunlight on oil fate, Macondo well oil from the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) rig was mixed with pure water and irradiated with simulated sunlight. After irradiation, the water-soluble organics (WSO) from the dark and irradiated samples were extracted and characterized by ultrahigh resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS). Liquid-liquid extraction yielded two fractions from dark and irradiated water/oil mixtures: acidic WSOs (negative-ion electrospray (ESI)), and base/neutral WSOs (positive-ion ESI) coupled to FT-ICR MS to catalog molecular-level transformations that occur to Macondo-derived WSOs after solar irradiation. Such direct measure of oil phototransformation has not been previously reported. The most abundant heteroatom class detected in the irradiated WSO acid fractions correspond to molecules that contain five oxygens (O5), while the most abundant acids in the dark samples contain two oxygen atoms per molecule (O2). Higher-order oxygen classes (O5-O9) were abundant in the irradiated samples, but <1.5% relative abundance in the dark sample. The increased abundance of higher-order oxygen classes in the irradiated samples relative to the dark samples indicates that photooxidized components of the Macondo crude oil become water-soluble after irradiation. The base/neutral fraction showed decreased abundance of pyridinic nitrogen (N1) concurrent with an increased abundance of N1Ox classes after irradiation. The predominance of higher-order oxygen classes indicates that multiple photochemical pathways exist that result in oxidation of petroleum compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Phoebe Zito
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70148, United States
| | - Huan Chen
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, 1800 East Paul Dirac Drive, Tallahassee, FL 32310-4005, United States
| | - David C Podgorski
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, 1800 East Paul Dirac Drive, Tallahassee, FL 32310-4005, United States; Future Fuels Institute, Florida State University, 1800 East Paul Dirac Drive, Tallahassee, FL 32310-4005, United States
| | - Amy M McKenna
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, 1800 East Paul Dirac Drive, Tallahassee, FL 32310-4005, United States
| | - Matthew A Tarr
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70148, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Antle P, Zeigler C, Robbat A. Retention behavior of alkylated polycyclic aromatic sulfur heterocycles on immobilized ionic liquid stationary phases. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1361:255-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
19
|
Islam A, Cho Y, Yim UH, Shim WJ, Kim YH, Kim S. The comparison of naturally weathered oil and artificially photo-degraded oil at the molecular level by a combination of SARA fractionation and FT-ICR MS. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2013; 263 Pt 2:404-411. [PMID: 24231315 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Revised: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/14/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Two sets of oil samples, one obtained from different weathering stages of the M/V Hebei Spirit oil spill site and the other prepared by an in vitro photo-degradation experiment, were analyzed and compared at the molecular level by atmospheric pressure photo-ionization coupled with Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS). For a more detailed comparison at the molecular level, the oil samples were separated into saturate, aromatic, resin, and asphaltene (SARA) fractions before MS analysis. Gravimetric analysis of the SARA fractions revealed a decreased weight percentage of the aromatic fraction and an increased resin fraction in both sets of samples. Molecular-level investigations of the SARA fractions showed a significant reduction in the S1 class in the saturate fraction and increase of S1O1 class compounds with high DBE values in resin fraction. Levels of N1 and N1O1 class compounds resulting in protonated ions (presumably basic nitrogen compounds) increased after degradation compared to compounds generating molecular ions (presumably non-basic nitrogen compounds). This study revealed changes occurring in heteroatom polar species of crude oils such as sulfur and nitrogen containing compounds that have not been easily detected with conventional GC based techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ananna Islam
- Kyungpook National University, Department of Chemistry, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Griffiths MT, Da Campo R, O’Connor PB, Barrow MP. Throwing Light on Petroleum: Simulated Exposure of Crude Oil to Sunlight and Characterization Using Atmospheric Pressure Photoionization Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2013; 86:527-34. [DOI: 10.1021/ac4025335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T. Griffiths
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Raffaello Da Campo
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Peter B. O’Connor
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Mark P. Barrow
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Potent phototoxicity of marine bunker oil to translucent herring embryos after prolonged weathering. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30116. [PMID: 22312421 PMCID: PMC3270018 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pacific herring embryos (Clupea pallasi) spawned three months following the Cosco Busan bunker oil spill in San Francisco Bay showed high rates of late embryonic mortality in the intertidal zone at oiled sites. Dead embryos developed to the hatching stage (e.g. fully pigmented eyes) before suffering extensive tissue deterioration. In contrast, embryos incubated subtidally at oiled sites showed evidence of sublethal oil exposure (petroleum-induced cardiac toxicity) with very low rates of mortality. These field findings suggested an enhancement of oil toxicity through an interaction between oil and another environmental stressor in the intertidal zone, such as higher levels of sunlight-derived ultraviolet (UV) radiation. We tested this hypothesis by exposing herring embryos to both trace levels of weathered Cosco Busan bunker oil and sunlight, with and without protection from UV radiation. Cosco Busan oil and UV co-exposure were both necessary and sufficient to induce an acutely lethal necrotic syndrome in hatching stage embryos that closely mimicked the condition of dead embryos sampled from oiled sites. Tissue levels of known phototoxic polycyclic aromatic compounds were too low to explain the observed degree of phototoxicity, indicating the presence of other unidentified or unmeasured phototoxic compounds derived from bunker oil. These findings provide a parsimonious explanation for the unexpectedly high losses of intertidal herring spawn following the Cosco Busan spill. The chemical composition and associated toxicity of bunker oils should be more thoroughly evaluated to better understand and anticipate the ecological impacts of vessel-derived spills associated with an expanding global transportation network.
Collapse
|
22
|
Nocun M, Andersson JT. Argentation chromatography for the separation of polycyclic aromatic compounds according to ring number. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1219:47-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Revised: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
|