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Coppeto DJ, Martin JS, Ringen EJ, Palmieri V, Young LJ, Jaeggi AV. Peptides and primate personality: Central and peripheral oxytocin and vasopressin levels and social behavior in two baboon species (Papio hamadryas and Papio anubis). Peptides 2024; 179:171270. [PMID: 38969236 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2024.171270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
The neurohormones oxytocin (OT) and arginine vasopressin (AVP) are involved in social behaviors and psychiatric conditions. However, more research on nonhuman primates with complex social behaviors is needed. We studied two closely-related primate species with divergent social and mating systems; hamadryas baboons (Papio hamadryas, n=38 individuals) and anubis baboons (Papio anubis, n=46). We measured OT in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF, n=75), plasma (n=81) and urine (n=77), and AVP in CSF (n=45), and we collected over 250 hours of focal behavioral observations. Using Bayesian multivariate models, we found no clear species difference in hormone levels; the strongest support was for hamadryas having higher CSF OT levels than anubis (posterior probability [PP] for females = 0.75, males = 0.84). Looking at nine specific behaviors, OT was associated with affiliative behaviors (approach, proximity, grooming, PP ∼ 0.85 - 1.00), albeit inconsistently across sources of measurement (CSF, plasma, and urine, which were uncorrelated with each other). Most behaviors had low repeatability (R ∼ 0 - 0.2), i.e. they did not exhibit stable between-individual differences (or "personality"), and different behaviors did not neatly coalesce into higher-order factors (or "behavioral syndromes"), which cautions against the use of aggregate behavioral measures and highlights the need to establish stable behavioral profiles when testing associations with baseline hormone levels. In sum, we found some associations between peptides and social behavior, but also many null results, OT levels from different sources were uncorrelated, and our behavioral measures did not indicate clear individual differences in sociability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Coppeto
- Department of Anthropology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Jordan S Martin
- Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Erik J Ringen
- Linguistic Research Infrastructure, University of Zurich, Zurich 8050, Switzerland
| | | | - Larry J Young
- Silvio O. Conte Center for Oxytocin and Social Cognition, Center for Translational Social Neuroscience, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Adrian V Jaeggi
- Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich 8057, Switzerland.
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2
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Fowler KJ, Potratz EJ, Malone M, Halloway A, Peplinski J, Brown JS. Looking at the bid picture: A framework for identifying reverse auctions in ecological systems. J Anim Ecol 2024; 93:774-783. [PMID: 38679917 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.14085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Biological market theory can be used to explain intraspecific cooperation, interspecific mutualism, and sexual selection through models of game theory. These models describe the interactions between organisms as two classes of traders (buyers/sellers) exchanging commodities in the form of goods (e.g. food, shelter, matings) and services (e.g. warning calls, protection). Here, we expand biological market theory to include auction theory where bidding serves to match buyers and sellers. In a reverse auction, the seller increases the value of the item or decreases the cost until a buyer steps forward. We provide several examples of ecological systems that may have reverse auctions as underlying mechanisms to form mutualistic relationships. We focus on the yellow baboon (Papio cynocephalus) mating system as a case study to propose how the mechanisms of a reverse auction, which have the unintended but emergent consequence of producing a mutually beneficial outcome that improves collective reproductive benefits of the troop in this multi-female multi-male polygynandrous social system. For the yellow baboon, we posit that the "seller" is the reproductively cycling female, and the "buyer" is a male looking to mate with a cycling female. To the male, the "item for the sale" is the opportunity to sire an offspring, the price is providing safety and foraging time (via consortship) to the female. The "increasing value of the item for sale" is the chance of conception, which increases with each cycle since a female has resumed cycling post-partum. The female's sexual swelling is an honest indicator of that cycle's probability of conception, and since resident males can track a female's cycle since resumption, there is transparency. The males presumably know the chance of conception when choosing to bid by offering consortship. Across nature, this reverse auction game likely exists in other inter- and intraspecific social relationships. Considering an ecological system as a reverse auction broadens our view of social evolution and adaptations through the lens of human economic structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine J Fowler
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Emily J Potratz
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Margaret Malone
- Florida Institute of Environment & Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, North Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Abdel Halloway
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Joy Peplinski
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Joel S Brown
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Integrated Mathematical Oncology, Moffit Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida, USA
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3
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Gesquiere LR, Adjangba C, Wango TL, Oudu VK, Mututua RS, Warutere JK, Siodi IL, Campos FA, Archie EA, Markham AC, Alberts SC. Thyroid hormone concentrations in female baboons: Metabolic consequences of living in a highly seasonal environment. Horm Behav 2024; 161:105505. [PMID: 38364455 PMCID: PMC11218546 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2024.105505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
How female mammals adapt metabolically in response to environmental variation remains understudied in the wild, because direct measures of metabolic activity are difficult to obtain in wild populations. However, recent advances in the non-invasive measurement of fecal thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3), an important regulator of metabolism, provide an opportunity to understand how female baboons living in the harsh Amboseli ecosystem in southern Kenya adapt to environmental variability and escape strict reproductive seasonality. Specifically, we assessed how a female's activity budget, diet, and concentrations of fecal T3 metabolites (mT3) changed over the course of the year and between years. We then tested which of several environmental variables (season, rainfall, and temperature) and behavioral variables (female activity budget and diet) best predicted mT3 concentrations. Finally, we determined if two important reproductive events - onset of ovarian cycling and conception of an offspring - were preceded by changes in female mT3 concentrations. We found female baboons' mT3 concentrations varied markedly across the year and between years as a function of environmental conditions. Further, changes in a female's behavior and diet only partially mediated the metabolic response to the environment. Finally, mT3 concentrations increased in the weeks prior to menarche and cycling resumption, regardless of the month or season in which cycling started. This pattern indicates that metabolic activation may be an indicator of reproductive readiness in female baboons as their energy balance is restored.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tim L Wango
- Amboseli Baboon Research Project, PO Box 72211-0020, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Vivian K Oudu
- Amboseli Baboon Research Project, PO Box 72211-0020, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | | | - I Long'ida Siodi
- Amboseli Baboon Research Project, PO Box 72211-0020, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Fernando A Campos
- Department of Anthropology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Archie
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - A Catherine Markham
- Department of Anthropology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Susan C Alberts
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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Ozogány K, Kerekes V, Fülöp A, Barta Z, Nagy M. Fine-scale collective movements reveal present, past and future dynamics of a multilevel society in Przewalski's horses. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5096. [PMID: 37669934 PMCID: PMC10480438 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40523-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Studying animal societies needs detailed observation of many individuals, but technological advances offer new opportunities in this field. Here, we present a state-of-the-art drone observation of a multilevel herd of Przewalski's horses, consisting of harems (one-male, multifemale groups). We track, in high spatio-temporal resolution, the movements of 238 individually identified horses on drone videos, and combine movement analyses with demographic data from two decades of population monitoring. Analysis of collective movements reveals how the structure of the herd's social network is related to kinship and familiarity of individuals. The network centrality of harems is related to their age and how long the harem stallions have kept harems previously. Harems of genetically related stallions are closer to each other in the network, and female exchange is more frequent between closer harems. High movement similarity of females from different harems predicts becoming harem mates in the future. Our results show that only a few minutes of fine-scale movement tracking combined with high throughput data driven analysis can reveal the structure of a society, reconstruct past group dynamics and predict future ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Ozogány
- ELKH-DE Behavioural Ecology Research Group, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary.
- Department of Evolutionary Zoology and Human Biology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary.
| | - Viola Kerekes
- Hortobágy National Park Directorate, Sumen u. 2, Debrecen, 4024, Hungary
| | - Attila Fülöp
- ELKH-DE Behavioural Ecology Research Group, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
- Department of Evolutionary Zoology and Human Biology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, Hungarian Department of Biology and Ecology, Babeș-Bolyai University, Str. Clinicilor 5-7, 400006, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Centre for Systems Biology, Biodiversity and Bioresources (3B), Babeș-Bolyai University, Str. Clinicilor 5-7, 400006, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- STAR-UBB Institute of Advanced Studies in Science and Technology, Babeş-Bolyai University, Str. Mihail Kogălniceanu 1, 400084, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Zoltán Barta
- ELKH-DE Behavioural Ecology Research Group, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
- Department of Evolutionary Zoology and Human Biology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Máté Nagy
- MTA-ELTE "Lendület" Collective Behaviour Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Pázmány P. Stny. 1A, Budapest, 1117, Hungary.
- Department of Biological Physics, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány P. Stny. 1A, Budapest, 1117, Hungary.
- MTA-ELTE Statistical and Biological Physics Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Pázmány P. Stny. 1A, Budapest, 1117, Hungary.
- Department of Collective Behavior, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany.
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Ibrahim H, Bekele A, Fashing PJ, Nguyen N, Yazezew D, Moges A, Venkataraman VV, Mekonnen A. Feeding ecology of a highland population of hamadryas baboons (Papio hamadryas) at Borena-Sayint National Park, northern Ethiopia. Primates 2023; 64:513-526. [PMID: 37369925 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-023-01077-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Studying the diet and feeding behavior of primates is essential to understanding their ecology and designing effective conservation plans. Despite decades of study on the hamadryas baboon (Papio hamadryas) in lowland habitats, little is known about the feeding ecology of this species in highland ecosystems. To address this empirical gap, we tracked temporal changes in vegetation abundance and their relation to the dietary choices of hamadryas baboons in highland habitat at Borena-Sayint National Park (BSNP) in northern Ethiopia. We performed behavioral scan sampling on a focal study band of 21-37 hamadryas baboons over a 12-month period. We found that mature and young leaves were the most abundant plant parts throughout the year, while fruits and flowers were the least abundant, with significant seasonal variation that followed the bimodal pattern of rainfall characteristic of the Ethiopian highlands ecosystem. The annual diet of hamadryas baboons at BSNP consisted mostly of fruits (32.0%) and graminoid blades (21.2%), and included 52 food species across 22 families of plants and three families of animals. Food raided from nearby farms accounted for 8.8% of their diet. The availability of fruits and flowers was positively correlated with their consumption, suggesting that these are preferred foods, whereas graminoid blades, and other leaves, appeared to be less preferred foods. The feeding ecology of hamadryas baboons at BSNP differs considerably from that of lowland populations. The well-studied lowland hamadryas baboons in Awash National Park obtain much of their diet from Acacia species and palm fruit, whereas those at BSNP, where Acacia trees are rare and palms are absent, relied on Olinia rochetiana and Rosa abyssinica for a combined 27% of their annual diet. The reliance of hamadryas baboons at BSNP on cultivated crops for nearly one-tenth of their diet leads to conflict with humans and warrants more detailed study so that this issue can be addressed in conservation plans for the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein Ibrahim
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Wollo University, P.O. Box 1145, Dessie, Ethiopia.
| | - Afework Bekele
- Department of Zoological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Peter J Fashing
- Division of Anthropology and Environmental Studies Program, California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, CA, USA
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nga Nguyen
- Division of Anthropology and Environmental Studies Program, California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, CA, USA
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo, Norway
| | - Dereje Yazezew
- Department of Biology, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Debre Berhan University, P.O. Box 445, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
| | - Amera Moges
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Bahir Dar University, P.O. Box 79, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Vivek V Venkataraman
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Addisu Mekonnen
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Wildlife and Ecotourism Management, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
- Department of Microbial, Cellular and Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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6
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Melin AD, Hogan JD, Campos FA, Wikberg E, King‐Bailey G, Webb S, Kalbitzer U, Asensio N, Murillo‐Chacon E, Cheves Hernandez S, Guadamuz Chavarria A, Schaffner CM, Kawamura S, Aureli F, Fedigan L, Jack KM. Primate life history, social dynamics, ecology, and conservation: Contributions from long‐term research in Área de Conservación Guanacaste, Costa Rica. Biotropica 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda D. Melin
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology University of Calgary Calgary AB Canada
- Verhaltensökologie & Soziobiologie Deutsches Primatenzentrum – Leibniz‐Institut für Primatenforschung Göttingen Germany
| | - Jeremy D. Hogan
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology University of Calgary Calgary AB Canada
| | | | - Eva Wikberg
- Department of Anthropology Tulane University New Orleans LA USA
| | | | - Shasta Webb
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology University of Calgary Calgary AB Canada
| | - Urs Kalbitzer
- Department of Anthropology McGill University Montreal QC Canada
| | - Norberto Asensio
- Departamento de Psicología Social y Metodología de las Ciencias del Comportamiento Universidad del País Vasco Bilbao Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Shoji Kawamura
- Department of Integrated Biosciences The University of Tokyo Kashiwa Japan
| | - Filippo Aureli
- Instituto de Neuroetología Universidad Veracruzana Xalapa Mexico
- Research Centre in Evolutionary Anthropology and Palaeoecology Liverpool John Moores University Liverpool UK
| | - Linda Fedigan
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology University of Calgary Calgary AB Canada
| | - Katharine M. Jack
- Department of Anthropology University of Texas at San Antonio San Antonio TX USA
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7
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Dal Pesco F, Fischer J. On the evolution of baboon greeting rituals. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190420. [PMID: 32594879 PMCID: PMC7423252 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To balance the trade-offs of male co-residence, males living in multi-male groups may exchange ritualized greetings. Although these non-aggressive signals are widespread in the animal kingdom, the repertoire described in the genus Papio is exceptional, involving potentially harmful behaviours such as genital fondling. Such greetings are among the most striking male baboon social interactions, yet their function remains disputed. Drawing on the comprehensive analysis from our own research on wild Guinea baboons, combined with a survey of the literature into other baboon species, we review the form and function of male-male ritualized greetings and their relation to the various social systems present in this genus. These ritualized signals differ between species in their occurrence, form and function. While ritualized greetings are rare in species with the most intense contest competition, the complexity of and risk involved in greeting rituals increase with the degree of male-male tolerance and cooperation. The variety of societies found in this genus, combined with its role as a model for human socioecological evolution, sheds light on the evolution of ritualized behaviour in non-human primates and rituals in humans. This article is part of the theme issue 'Ritual renaissance: new insights into the most human of behaviours'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Dal Pesco
- Cognitive Ethology Laboratory, German Primate Center, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
- Leibniz ScienceCampus Primate Cognition, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
- Department for Primate Cognition, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Julia Fischer
- Cognitive Ethology Laboratory, German Primate Center, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
- Leibniz ScienceCampus Primate Cognition, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
- Department for Primate Cognition, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
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8
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Philopatry at the frontier: A demographically driven scenario for the evolution of multilevel societies in baboons (Papio). J Hum Evol 2020; 146:102819. [PMID: 32736063 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2020.102819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The baboons (Papio sp.) exhibit marked interspecies variation in social behavior. The thesis presented here argues, first, that male philopatry is a crucial factor, arguably the crucial factor, underlying the other distinctive features (one-male units, multilevel society) shared by hamadryas and Guinea baboons, but not other species of Papio. The second suggestion is that male philopatry as a population norm was not an adaptation to a particular habitat or set of ecological circumstances but evolved in the common ancestor of hamadryas and Guinea baboons as a response to natural selection in the demographic context peculiar to the frontier of a rapidly expanding population. Other derived features of social structure (male-male tolerance, some facultative female dispersal) subsequently evolved to accommodate male philopatry. The mitochondrial genetic population structure of extant baboons preserves a footprint of the initial expansion of 'modern' Papio. Immediately after the expansion, male-philopatric, multilevel populations with a general physical and behavioral resemblance to Guinea baboons occupied the whole northern hemisphere range of the genus. Behavioral and physical autapomorphies of hamadryas baboons evolved in a subpopulation of this ancestral northern base, in response to a less productive habitat of the Horn of Africa. Subsequently, ancestral olive baboons 'reinvented' male dispersal. They and yellow baboons, another male-dispersing species, then replaced most of the male-philopatric northern populations, by male-driven introgression and nuclear swamping.
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9
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Dell'Anna F, Llorente M, Weiß BM, von Fersen L, Amici F. The effect of individual and food characteristics on food retrieval and food sharing in captive Guinea baboons (Papio papio). Am J Primatol 2019; 82:e23078. [PMID: 31840293 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Access to food is of major importance to the fitness and survival of every individual, particularly in group-living animals, in which individual characteristics and food distribution can affect food intake. Additionally, several species of primates are known to share food under certain conditions. Such unresisted transfer of food from one individual to another appears to be adaptive, for instance as a tool to maintain and reinforce social bonds. In this study, we aimed to test how food retrieval and food sharing varies depending on the social relationship between individuals, and on the characteristics of the food. In six different test conditions, we provided a captive group of Guinea baboons (Papio papio, N = 23) with multiple food items, differing in quality, quantity, density, monopolizability, and effort required to obtain it. We further used behavioral observations to assess individual relationships and possible variations in grooming exchanges linked to food sharing events. Out of 424 events in which food items were retrieved by the subjects, we detected no instances of active food sharing and only 17 of passive food sharing. The way food was retrieved was affected by individual and food characteristics (i.e., quantity, quality, and monopolizability of food): Males and central individuals (i.e., those connected to many partners, and/or having partners with many connections in the social network) were more likely to retrieve food during test conditions. In particular, events of passive food sharing mostly happened when the quality of food was low, and between individuals belonging to the same community (i.e., having close relationships). No other food characteristics affected the probability to share food, and the occurrence of food sharing had no immediate effect on grooming exchanges. Overall, our findings suggest that food sharing is relatively rare in Guinea baboons unless the food has a low quality and individuals form close social bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Dell'Anna
- Instituto de Neuroetologia, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Mexico.,Innovació i Formació, Fundació Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Miquel Llorente
- Department of Psychology, Facultat d'Educació i Psicologia, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain.,Unitat de Recerca i Etologia, Fundació Mona, Riudellots de la Selva, Spain.,Institut de Recerca i Estudis en Primatologia-IPRIM, Girona, Spain
| | - Brigitte M Weiß
- Research Group "Primate Behavioural Ecology", Department of Human Behaviour, Ecology and Culture Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology (MPI EVA) Deutscher Platz 6, Leipzig, Germany.,Behavioral Ecology Research Group, Faculty of Life Science, Institute of Biology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Federica Amici
- Research Group "Primate Behavioural Ecology", Department of Human Behaviour, Ecology and Culture Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology (MPI EVA) Deutscher Platz 6, Leipzig, Germany.,Behavioral Ecology Research Group, Faculty of Life Science, Institute of Biology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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10
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Swedell L, Plummer T. Social evolution in Plio-Pleistocene hominins: Insights from hamadryas baboons and paleoecology. J Hum Evol 2019; 137:102667. [PMID: 31629289 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2019.102667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Reconstructions of hominin evolution have long benefited from comparisons with nonhuman primates, especially baboons and chimpanzees. The hamadryas baboon (Papio hamadryas) is arguably one of the best such models, as it exhibits both the male kin bonding and the cross-sex pair bonding thought to have been important in hominin evolution. Here we link processes of behavioral evolution in hamadryas baboons with those in a Plio-Pleistocene hominin, provisionally identified as Homo erectus (sensu lato) - a pivotal species in that its larger body and brain size and wider ranging patterns increased female costs of reproduction, increasing the importance of sociality. The combination of these higher costs of reproduction and shifts in diet and food acquisition have previously been argued to have been alleviated either via strengthening of male-female bonds (involving male provisioning and the evolution of monogamy) or via the assistance of older, post-reproductive females (leading to post-reproductive longevity in females, i.e., the grandmother hypothesis). We suggest that both arrangements could have been present in Plio-Pleistocene hominins if they lived in multilevel societies. Here we expand on our earlier scenario with two sets of recent data in support of it, (1) archaeological data from the 2 million year old Oldowan site of Kanjera South, Kenya and other sites that are suggestive of tool dependent foraging on nutrient dense resources (animal carcasses and plant underground storage organs), cooperation, and food sharing; and (2) a pattern of genetic variation in hamadryas baboons that suggests the operation of kin selection among both males and females at multiple levels of society. Taken together, these two sets of data strengthen our model and support the idea of a complex society linked by male-male, male-female, and female-female bonds at multiple levels of social organization in Plio-Pleistocene hominins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Swedell
- Dept of Anthropology, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, NY 11367-1597, USA; New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, NY, USA; Anthropology Program, CUNY Graduate Center, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA; Biology and Psychology Programs, CUNY Graduate Center, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA; Dept of Archaeology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Thomas Plummer
- Dept of Anthropology, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, NY 11367-1597, USA; New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, NY, USA; Anthropology Program, CUNY Graduate Center, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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11
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Petersdorf M, Weyher AH, Kamilar JM, Dubuc C, Higham JP. Sexual selection in the Kinda baboon. J Hum Evol 2019; 135:102635. [PMID: 31421317 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2019.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Due to wide variation in the presence and degree of expression of a diverse suite of sexually-selected traits, the tribe Papionini represents an outstanding model for understanding how variation in sexual selection pressures and mechanisms leads to trait evolution. Here, we discuss the particular value of Papio as a model genus for studies of sexual selection, emphasizing the presence of multiple mating systems, and differences in the expression of sexually-selected traits among closely-related species. We draw particular attention to the Kinda baboon (Papio kindae), a comparatively less-studied baboon species, by providing a primer to Kinda baboon morphology, genetics, physiology, and behavior. Based on observations of large group sizes, combined with low degrees of sexual dimorphism and large relative testis size relative to other baboon species, we test the hypothesis that Kinda baboons have evolved under reduced direct, and increased indirect, male-male competition. We present the first long-term data on wild Kinda baboons in Zambia. Kinda baboon females show seasonal peaks in births and reproductive receptivity, and males exhibit a queing-rather than contest-based dominance acquisition with long alpha-male tenure lengths. We finish by making a number of explicit testable predictions about Kinda baboon sexual signals and behaviors, and suggest that Kinda baboons have potential to offer new insights into the selective environments that may have been experienced during homininization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Petersdorf
- Department of Anthropology, New York University, New York, NY, 10003, USA.
| | - Anna H Weyher
- Department of Anthropology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01002, USA
| | - Jason M Kamilar
- Department of Anthropology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01002, USA
| | - Constance Dubuc
- Department of Anthropology, New York University, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - James P Higham
- Department of Anthropology, New York University, New York, NY, 10003, USA
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12
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Pisor AC, Surbeck M. The evolution of intergroup tolerance in nonhuman primates and humans. Evol Anthropol 2019; 28:210-223. [DOI: 10.1002/evan.21793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne C. Pisor
- Department of AnthropologyWashington State University Pullman Washington
- Department of Human Behavior, Ecology, and CultureMax Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology Leipzig Germany
| | - Martin Surbeck
- Department of Human Evolutionary BiologyHarvard University Cambridge Massachusetts
- Department of PrimatologyMax Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology Leipzig Germany
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13
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Chala D, Roos C, Svenning JC, Zinner D. Species-specific effects of climate change on the distribution of suitable baboon habitats - Ecological niche modeling of current and Last Glacial Maximum conditions. J Hum Evol 2019; 132:215-226. [PMID: 31203848 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Baboons (genus Papio) have been proposed as a possible analogous phylogeographic model for intra-African dispersal of hominins during the Pleistocene. Previous studies of the genus reveal complex evolutionary dynamics including introgressive hybridization and, as for hominins, it has been hypothesized that past climate change has been a major driver in their evolutionary history. However, how historical climate changes affected the distribution and extent of baboon habitats is not clear. We therefore employed three ecological niche modeling algorithms (maximum entropy model: MaxEnt; general additive model: GAM; gradient boosting model: GBM) to map suitable habitat of baboons at both genus and species levels under two extreme late-Quaternary climates: current (warm period) and Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, cold period). The three model algorithms predicted habitat suitabilities for the baboon species with high accuracy, as indicated by AUC values of 0.83-0.85 at genus level and ≥0.90 for species. The results suggest that climate change from LGM to current affected the distribution and extent of suitable habitats for the genus Papio only slightly (>80% of the habitat remained suitable). However, and in contrast to our expectation for ecological generalists, individual species have been differentially affected. While P. ursinus and P. anubis lost some of their suitable habitats (net loss 25.5% and 13.3% respectively), P. kindae and P. papio gained large portions (net gain >62%), and P. cynocephalus and P. hamadryas smaller portions (net gain >20%). Overlap among the specific realized climate niches remained small, suggesting only slight overlap of suitable habitat among species. Results of our study further suggest that shifts of suitable habitats could have led to isolation and reconnection of populations which most likely affected gene flow among them. The impact of historic climate changes on baboon habitats might have been similar for other savanna living species, such as hominins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desalegn Chala
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, PO Box 1172, Blindern, 0318 Oslo, Norway; Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Gaustadalléen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - Christian Roos
- Gene Bank of Primates, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; Primate Genetics Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jens-Christian Svenning
- Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Dietmar Zinner
- Cognitive Ethology Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
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14
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Grieneisen LE, Charpentier MJE, Alberts SC, Blekhman R, Bradburd G, Tung J, Archie EA. Genes, geology and germs: gut microbiota across a primate hybrid zone are explained by site soil properties, not host species. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20190431. [PMID: 31014219 PMCID: PMC6501927 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.0431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota in geographically isolated host populations are often distinct. These differences have been attributed to between-population differences in host behaviours, environments, genetics and geographical distance. However, which factors are most important remains unknown. Here, we fill this gap for baboons by leveraging information on 13 environmental variables from 14 baboon populations spanning a natural hybrid zone. Sampling across a hybrid zone allowed us to additionally test whether phylosymbiosis (codiversification between hosts and their microbiota) is detectable in admixed, closely related primates. We found little evidence of genetic effects: none of host genetic ancestry, host genetic relatedness nor genetic distance between host populations were strong predictors of baboon gut microbiota. Instead, gut microbiota were best explained by the baboons' environments, especially the soil's geologic history and exchangeable sodium. Indeed, soil effects were 15 times stronger than those of host-population FST, perhaps because soil predicts which foods are present, or because baboons are terrestrial and consume soil microbes incidentally with their food. Our results support an emerging picture in which environmental variation is the dominant predictor of host-associated microbiomes. We are the first to show that such effects overshadow host species identity among members of the same primate genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E. Grieneisen
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Marie J. E. Charpentier
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier, Université Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Montpellier, France
| | - Susan C. Alberts
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
- Institute for Primate Research, National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi 00502, Kenya
| | - Ran Blekhman
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Gideon Bradburd
- Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Jenny Tung
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
- Institute for Primate Research, National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi 00502, Kenya
| | - Elizabeth A. Archie
- Department of Biology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
- Institute for Primate Research, National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi 00502, Kenya
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15
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Bonnell TR, Henzi SP, Barrett L. Functional social structure in baboons: Modeling interactions between social and environmental structure in group-level foraging. J Hum Evol 2019; 126:14-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2018.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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16
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Dal Pesco F, Fischer J. Greetings in male Guinea baboons and the function of rituals in complex social groups. J Hum Evol 2018; 125:87-98. [PMID: 30502900 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ritualized greetings, defined as exchanges of non-aggressive signals, are common among males living in multi-male groups and are thought to balance the trade-offs of male co-residence. While ritualized greetings are widespread in the animal kingdom, the behavioral repertoire described in the genus Papio is exceptional, as it involves potentially harmful behaviors such as genital fondling. Although greetings are one of the most striking male social interactions in baboons, their function is still disputed. We investigated the function of male-male ritualized greeting behavior in wild Guinea baboons. This species lives in multilevel societies where several 'units' comprising a primary male, females with young, and occasionally a secondary male form a 'party', and two to three parties form a gang. Adult males maintain affiliative relationships with preferred male partners whom they support in coalitions, regardless of kinship. We examined the social behavior of 24 adolescent and adult males (∼900 h focal observations) in the Niokolo-Koba National Park, Senegal, to test whether greetings reflect relationship quality or function to buffer tension. Greetings were ten times more frequent than aggression and twice as frequent as affiliation. Neither dyadic aggression nor tense context predicted greeting rate, discounting the buffering hypothesis. Greetings occurred almost exclusively between males of the same party, even when other parties were around. Within parties, spatially tolerant partners greeted more frequently but dyads did not greet due to proximity prior to the greeting. Although affiliation did not predict overall greeting rate, intense and potentially costly greetings were more likely between males with stronger affiliative relationships. Greetings in Guinea baboons appear to signal commitment among party members, test relationships among spatially tolerant partners, and accentuate relationship strength among highly affiliated males. Although ritualized baboon greetings lack the symbolic component of human rituals, they appear to serve similar functions, specifically to strengthen in-group affiliation and promote cooperation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Dal Pesco
- Cognitive Ethology Laboratory, German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany; Leibniz ScienceCampus Primate Cognition, Göttingen, Germany; Department for Primate Cognition, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Julia Fischer
- Cognitive Ethology Laboratory, German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany; Leibniz ScienceCampus Primate Cognition, Göttingen, Germany; Department for Primate Cognition, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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17
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Port M, Schülke O, Ostner J. Reproductive tolerance in male primates: Old paradigms and new evidence. Evol Anthropol 2018; 27:107-120. [PMID: 29971904 DOI: 10.1002/evan.21586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Within social groups of primates, males commonly compete over reproduction, but they may also rely on cooperation with other males. Theory suggests that it may be adaptive for male primates to tolerate some reproduction by other males if reproductive tolerance fosters cooperation, particularly that dominant males yield so-called reproductive concessions to subordinates to entice their cooperation. We review four recent studies that claimed to have found evidence for reproductive concessions or similar forms of reproductive tolerance. However, upon critical reevaluation of their results, no study provides conclusive support for reproductive concessions as predicted by theoretical models. Yet two studies demonstrated a form of reproductive tolerance that cannot be explained by any of the existing models, and that seems to have evolved only in multi-male, multi-female societies with diverse strategic options for males. Our article provides guidance how to study this form of reproductive tolerance in the absence of a unifying model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Port
- Department of Behavioral Ecology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Oliver Schülke
- Department of Behavioral Ecology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Research Group Primate Social Evolution, German Primate Centre, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Julia Ostner
- Department of Behavioral Ecology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Research Group Primate Social Evolution, German Primate Centre, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
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18
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Gesquiere LR, Pugh M, Alberts SC, Markham AC. Estimation of energetic condition in wild baboons using fecal thyroid hormone determination. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2018; 260:9-17. [PMID: 29427633 PMCID: PMC5856635 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Understanding how environmental and social factors affect reproduction through variation in energetic condition remains understudied in wild animals, in large part because accurately and repeatedly measuring energetic condition in the wild is a challenge. Thyroid hormones (THs), such as triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4), have a key role in mitigating metabolic responses to energy intake and expenditure, and therefore are considered important biomarkers of an animal's energetic condition. Recent method development has shown that T3 and T4 metabolites can be measured in feces, but studies measuring THs in wild populations remain rare. Here we measured fecal T3 metabolites (mT3) in baboons, and tested whether the conditions of collection and storage used for steroid hormones could also be used for mT3; we focused on mT3 as it is the biologically active form of TH and because fecal T4 metabolites (mT4) were below detection levels in our samples. We also tested if mT3 could be determined in freeze-dried samples stored for long periods of time, and if these concentrations reflected expected biological variations across seasons and reproductive states. Our results show that mT3 can be measured with accuracy and precision in baboon feces. The conditions of collection and storage we use for steroid hormones are appropriate for mT3 determination. In addition, mT3 concentrations can be determined in samples stored at -20 °C for up to 9 years, and are not predicted by the amount of time in storage. As expected, wild female baboons have lower mT3 concentrations during the dry season. Interestingly, mT3 concentrations are lower in pregnant and lactating females, possibly reflecting an energy sparing mechanism. Retroactive determination of mT3 concentration in stored, freeze-dried feces opens the door to novel studies on the role of energetic condition on fitness in wild animals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mya Pugh
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Susan C Alberts
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Institute for Primate Research, National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi 00502, Kenya
| | - A Catherine Markham
- Department of Anthropology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
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19
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Fuchs AJ, Gilbert CC, Kamilar JM. Ecological niche modeling of the genus Papio. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2018; 166:812-823. [PMID: 29607482 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ecological niche modeling (ENM) has been used to assess how abiotic variables influence species distributions and diversity. Baboons are broadly distributed throughout Africa, yet the degree of climatic specialization is largely unexplored for individual taxa. Also, the influence of climate on baboon phylogenetic divergence is unknown. In this study, we constructed ENMs to investigate how niches vary across Papio species to understand how climatic variables have influenced their biogeography and mode of speciation. MATERIALS AND METHODS We used Maxent to generate ENMs by collating locality data for six Papio species and climate information from WorldClim. In addition, we examined the degree of niche overlap among all possible pairs of taxa, which can provide insight into patterns of species diversity. Lastly, we conducted a Mantel test to assess the relationship between niche overlap and estimated time since divergence. RESULTS Our models performed moderately to extremely well, with a mean area under the curve value of 0.868. The species with the best models include P. papio and P. kindae, whereas P. hamadryas had the poorest models. We found that most species pairs exhibited significantly different niches. Lastly, we found no significant correlation between niche overlap and divergence times. DISCUSSION Niche models had good predictive power, which indicates Papio species distributions are correlated with climatic variables to varying degrees. Significantly little niche overlap and incomplete geographic boundaries suggests these models generally support a parapatric speciation scenario for the genus Papio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Fuchs
- Department of Anthropology, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10065.,Department of Anthropology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Christopher C Gilbert
- Department of Anthropology, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10065.,PhD Program in Anthropology, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10016.,New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, New York 10016
| | - Jason M Kamilar
- Department of Anthropology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003.,Graduate Program in Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
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20
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Abstract
Two major types of aggression, proactive and reactive, are associated with contrasting expression, eliciting factors, neural pathways, development, and function. The distinction is useful for understanding the nature and evolution of human aggression. Compared with many primates, humans have a high propensity for proactive aggression, a trait shared with chimpanzees but not bonobos. By contrast, humans have a low propensity for reactive aggression compared with chimpanzees, and in this respect humans are more bonobo-like. The bimodal classification of human aggression helps solve two important puzzles. First, a long-standing debate about the significance of aggression in human nature is misconceived, because both positions are partly correct. The Hobbes-Huxley position rightly recognizes the high potential for proactive violence, while the Rousseau-Kropotkin position correctly notes the low frequency of reactive aggression. Second, the occurrence of two major types of human aggression solves the execution paradox, concerned with the hypothesized effects of capital punishment on self-domestication in the Pleistocene. The puzzle is that the propensity for aggressive behavior was supposedly reduced as a result of being selected against by capital punishment, but capital punishment is itself an aggressive behavior. Since the aggression used by executioners is proactive, the execution paradox is solved to the extent that the aggressive behavior of which victims were accused was frequently reactive, as has been reported. Both types of killing are important in humans, although proactive killing appears to be typically more frequent in war. The biology of proactive aggression is less well known and merits increased attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard W Wrangham
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
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21
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Balasubramaniam KN, Beisner BA, Berman CM, De Marco A, Duboscq J, Koirala S, Majolo B, MacIntosh AJ, McFarland R, Molesti S, Ogawa H, Petit O, Schino G, Sosa S, Sueur C, Thierry B, de Waal FBM, McCowan B. The influence of phylogeny, social style, and sociodemographic factors on macaque social network structure. Am J Primatol 2017; 80. [PMID: 29140552 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2017] [Revised: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Among nonhuman primates, the evolutionary underpinnings of variation in social structure remain debated, with both ancestral relationships and adaptation to current conditions hypothesized to play determining roles. Here we assess whether interspecific variation in higher-order aspects of female macaque (genus: Macaca) dominance and grooming social structure show phylogenetic signals, that is, greater similarity among more closely-related species. We use a social network approach to describe higher-order characteristics of social structure, based on both direct interactions and secondary pathways that connect group members. We also ask whether network traits covary with each other, with species-typical social style grades, and/or with sociodemographic characteristics, specifically group size, sex-ratio, and current living condition (captive vs. free-living). We assembled 34-38 datasets of female-female dyadic aggression and allogrooming among captive and free-living macaques representing 10 species. We calculated dominance (transitivity, certainty), and grooming (centrality coefficient, Newman's modularity, clustering coefficient) network traits as aspects of social structure. Computations of K statistics and randomization tests on multiple phylogenies revealed moderate-strong phylogenetic signals in dominance traits, but moderate-weak signals in grooming traits. GLMMs showed that grooming traits did not covary with dominance traits and/or social style grade. Rather, modularity and clustering coefficient, but not centrality coefficient, were strongly predicted by group size and current living condition. Specifically, larger groups showed more modular networks with sparsely-connected clusters than smaller groups. Further, this effect was independent of variation in living condition, and/or sampling effort. In summary, our results reveal that female dominance networks were more phylogenetically conserved across macaque species than grooming networks, which were more labile to sociodemographic factors. Such findings narrow down the processes that influence interspecific variation in two core aspects of macaque social structure. Future directions should include using phylogeographic approaches, and addressing challenges in examining the effects of socioecological factors on primate social structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna N Balasubramaniam
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, UC Davis, Davis, California
| | - Brianne A Beisner
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, UC Davis, Davis, California.,California National Primate Research Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California
| | - Carol M Berman
- Department of Anthropology, Graduate Program in Evolution, Ecology and Behavior, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | | | - Julie Duboscq
- Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan.,Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
| | - Sabina Koirala
- Small Mammal Conservation and Research Foundation (SMCRF), Kathamandu, Nepal
| | | | - Andrew J MacIntosh
- Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan.,Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
| | - Richard McFarland
- Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | | | - Hideshi Ogawa
- School of International Liberal Studies, Chukyo University, Toyota, Japan
| | - Odile Petit
- Ethologie Cognitive et Sociale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Strasbourg, France
| | - Gabriele Schino
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie della Cognizione, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Rome, Italy
| | - Sebastian Sosa
- Anthropology Department, Sun-Yat sen University, Guang Zhou, China
| | - Cédric Sueur
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Strasbourg, France
| | - Bernard Thierry
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Brenda McCowan
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, UC Davis, Davis, California.,California National Primate Research Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California
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22
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Silk JB, Roberts ER, Barrett BJ, Patterson SK, Strum SC. Female–male relationships influence the form of female–female relationships in olive baboons, Papio anubis. Anim Behav 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2017.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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23
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Strier KB. What does variation in primate behavior mean? AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2017; 162 Suppl 63:4-14. [PMID: 28105716 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Interest in intraspecific behavioral variation has grown with concerns about the ability of primates to adapt to the rapidly changing ecological and demographic conditions that threaten their survival. Now, in addition to identifying the causes and phylogenetic distribution of normative, species-specific behavior patterns for interspecific comparisons, there is widespread recognition of the need to incorporate intraspecific variation. This variation is evident across groups and populations of the same species as well over the long histories of single groups of long-lived, socially complex animals with overlapping generations. Yet, analyses of both cross-sectional and longitudinal data require explicit criteria about how to classify and interpret behavioral variation, and must be sensitive to the limitations of space-for-time substitutions in these comparisons. Current approaches have made great advances, but there remains an urgent challenge of understanding intraspecific variation in a way that will facilitate the development of new predictive models to assess population resilience and extinction risks in the face of climate change and other anthropogenic influences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen B Strier
- Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705
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24
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Contexts and consequences of takeovers in hamadryas baboons: Female parity, reproductive state, and observational evidence of pregnancy loss. Am J Primatol 2017; 79. [DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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25
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Young C, McFarland R, Barrett L, Henzi SP. Formidable females and the power trajectories of socially integrated male vervet monkeys. Anim Behav 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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26
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Fischer J, Kopp GH, Dal Pesco F, Goffe A, Hammerschmidt K, Kalbitzer U, Klapproth M, Maciej P, Ndao I, Patzelt A, Zinner D. Charting the neglected West: The social system of Guinea baboons. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2017; 162 Suppl 63:15-31. [PMID: 28105722 PMCID: PMC6586040 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Primate social systems are remarkably diverse, and thus play a central role in understanding social evolution, including the biological origin of human societies. Although baboons have been prominently featured in this context, historically little was known about the westernmost member of the genus, the Guinea baboon (Papio papio). MATERIAL AND METHODS Here, we summarize the findings from the first years of observations at the field site CRP Simenti in the Niokolo Koba National Park in Senegal. RESULTS Guinea baboons reveal a nested multi-level social organization, with reproductive units comprising one "primary" male, one to several females, young, and occasionally "secondary" males at the base of the society. Three to five units form "parties," which team up with other parties to form a "gang." Different gangs have largely overlapping home ranges and agonistic interactions between different parties or gangs are rare. Some but not all strongly socially bonded males are highly related, and population genetic and behavioral evidence indicate female-biased dispersal. Females play an important role in intersexual bond formation and maintenance, and female tenure length varies between a few weeks to several years. DISCUSSION While the social organization resembles that of hamadryas baboons (P. hamadryas), the social structure differs considerably, specifically in terms of low male aggressiveness and female freedom. Despite substantial differences in social organization and social structure, the acoustic structure of Guinea baboon vocalizations does not differ substantially from that of other baboon taxa. With its multi-level organization, stable bonds between males and females, as well as a high-degree of male-male cooperation and tolerance, Guinea baboons constitute an intriguing model for reconstructing human social evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Fischer
- Cognitive Ethology LaboratoryGerman Primate CenterGöttingenGermany
| | - Gisela H. Kopp
- Cognitive Ethology LaboratoryGerman Primate CenterGöttingenGermany
- Department of BiologyUniversity of KonstanzKonstanzGermany
- Department of Migration and Immuno‐EcologyMax‐Planck‐Institute for OrnithologyRadolfzellGermany
| | | | - Adeelia Goffe
- Cognitive Ethology LaboratoryGerman Primate CenterGöttingenGermany
| | | | - Urs Kalbitzer
- Cognitive Ethology LaboratoryGerman Primate CenterGöttingenGermany
- Department of Anthropology and ArchaeologyUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryCanada
| | | | - Peter Maciej
- Cognitive Ethology LaboratoryGerman Primate CenterGöttingenGermany
| | - Ibrahima Ndao
- Direction de Park National de Niokolo KobaTambacoundaSenegal
| | - Annika Patzelt
- Cognitive Ethology LaboratoryGerman Primate CenterGöttingenGermany
| | - Dietmar Zinner
- Cognitive Ethology LaboratoryGerman Primate CenterGöttingenGermany
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Polo P, Colmenares F. Seasonality of reproductive events and early mortality in a colony of hamadryas baboons (Papio hamadryas hamadryas) over a 30-year period: Capital breeding and life history patterns in a food-provisioned population seasonally thermally stressed. Am J Primatol 2016; 78:1149-1164. [PMID: 27273743 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In environments where energy demands and resource availability vary seasonally, individuals are expected to time the optimal allocation of resources to support survival and reproduction. Although female baboons are regarded as all year round, capital breeders, we wondered how they would respond in an ecological scenario where food were not limiting, foraging effort were negligible, and they were thermally stressed during the cold winter. This study analyzes a 30-year database of conceptions, births, resumptions of postlactational ovarian activity, menarches, and prenatal and early postnatal reproductive failures recorded in a food-provisioned colony of hamadryas baboons located in a temperate zone (40°25'N) to search for seasonal patterns in their life-history patterns and explore its fitness consequences. The results show that the study females exhibited moderate seasonality and behaved like capital breeders; ovarian activity peaked during the period of benign weather conditions (spring and early summer) and births and lactation peaked during the period when they were thermally stressed and faced a negative energy balance (winter). Mistimed conceptions were more likely to fail than timed conceptions were, although this association could be artefactual due to the difficulty to accurately detect prenatal losses. Insolation and, to a lesser extent, temperature were positively associated with conceptions, resumptions of postlactational ovarian activity and onsets of menarche, and negatively associated with births. These findings highlight the extent of plasticity (width of peaks) and resiliency (retention of a capital breeding tactic even under highly seasonally thermally stressful cold conditions) in how primates can adjust their life history patterns and solve tradeoffs in a scenario of strong seasonal variation. Am. J. Primatol. 78:1149-1164, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Polo
- Grupo UCM de Estudio del Comportamiento Animal y Humano, Facultad de Psicología, Departamento de Psicobiología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Estudios Avanzados, Universidad de Playa Ancha, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Fernando Colmenares
- Grupo UCM de Estudio del Comportamiento Animal y Humano, Facultad de Psicología, Departamento de Psicobiología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
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Dostie MJ, Lusseau D, Bonnell T, Clarke PM, Chaplin G, Kienzle S, Barrett L, Henzi SP. Proof of principle: the adaptive geometry of social foragers. Anim Behav 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2016.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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29
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Farine DR, Strandburg-Peshkin A, Berger-Wolf T, Ziebart B, Brugere I, Li J, Crofoot MC. Both Nearest Neighbours and Long-term Affiliates Predict Individual Locations During Collective Movement in Wild Baboons. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27704. [PMID: 27292778 PMCID: PMC4904494 DOI: 10.1038/srep27704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In many animal societies, groups of individuals form stable social units that are shaped by well-delineated dominance hierarchies and a range of affiliative relationships. How do socially complex groups maintain cohesion and achieve collective movement? Using high-resolution GPS tracking of members of a wild baboon troop, we test whether collective movement in stable social groups is governed by interactions among local neighbours (commonly found in groups with largely anonymous memberships), social affiliates, and/or by individuals paying attention to global group structure. We construct candidate movement prediction models and evaluate their ability to predict the future trajectory of focal individuals. We find that baboon movements are best predicted by 4 to 6 neighbours. While these are generally individuals’ nearest neighbours, we find that baboons have distinct preferences for particular neighbours, and that these social affiliates best predict individual location at longer time scales (>10 minutes). Our results support existing theoretical and empirical studies highlighting the importance of local rules in driving collective outcomes, such as collective departures, in primates. We extend previous studies by elucidating the rules that maintain cohesion in baboons ‘on the move’, as well as the different temporal scales of social interactions that are at play.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien R Farine
- Department of Anthropology, University of California Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis CA, USA.,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panama.,Edward Grey Institute of Field Ornithology, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, UK.,Department of Collective Behaviour, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Konstanz, 78457, Germany.,Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457, Germany
| | - Ariana Strandburg-Peshkin
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, 106A Guyot Hall, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Tanya Berger-Wolf
- Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois at Chicago, 851 South Morgan St, Chicago IL, USA
| | - Brian Ziebart
- Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois at Chicago, 851 South Morgan St, Chicago IL, USA
| | - Ivan Brugere
- Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois at Chicago, 851 South Morgan St, Chicago IL, USA
| | - Jia Li
- Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois at Chicago, 851 South Morgan St, Chicago IL, USA
| | - Margaret C Crofoot
- Department of Anthropology, University of California Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis CA, USA.,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panama.,Animal Behaviour Graduate Group, University of California Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis CA, USA
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30
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Kalbitzer U, Roos C, Kopp GH, Butynski TM, Knauf S, Zinner D, Fischer J. Insights into the genetic foundation of aggression in Papio and the evolution of two length-polymorphisms in the promoter regions of serotonin-related genes (5-HTTLPR and MAOALPR) in Papionini. BMC Evol Biol 2016; 16:121. [PMID: 27287312 PMCID: PMC4901440 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-016-0693-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aggressive behaviors are an integral part of competitive interactions. There is considerable variation in aggressiveness among individuals both within and among species. Aggressiveness is a quantitative trait that is highly heritable. In modern humans and macaques (Macaca spp.), variation in aggressiveness among individuals is associated with polymorphisms in the serotonergic (5-HT) neurotransmitter system. To further investigate the genetics underlying interspecific variation in aggressiveness, 123 wild individuals from five baboon species (Papio papio, P. hamadryas, P. anubis, P. cynocephalus, and P. ursinus) were screened for two polymorphisms in promoter regions of genes relevant for the 5-HT system (5-HTTLPR and MAOALPR). RESULTS Surprisingly, despite considerable interspecific variation in aggressiveness, baboons are monomorphic in 5-HTTLPR, except for P. hamadryas, which carries one additional allele. Accordingly, this locus cannot be linked to behavioral variation among species. A comparison among 19 papionin species, including nine species of macaques, shows that the most common baboon allele is similar to the one described for Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus), probably representing the ancestral allele in this tribe. It should be noted that (almost) all baboons live in Africa, but within Macaca only M. sylvanus lives on this continent. Baboons are, however, highly polymorphic in the so-called 'warrior gene' MAOALPR, carrying three alleles. Due to considerable variation in allele frequencies among populations of the same species, this genotype cannot be invoked to explain variation in aggressiveness at the species level. CONCLUSIONS This study provides another indication that 5-HTTLPR is not related to aggressiveness in primates per se, but may have been under differential selective pressures among taxa and potentially among populations in different geographic regions. The results on MAOALPR alleles in Papio indicate that variation in the metabolism of monoamine neurotransmitters and associated behaviors is more important among populations than among species. We, therefore, propose to compile behavioral data from additional populations of Papio to obtain further insight into the genetics underlying behavioral differences among primate species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urs Kalbitzer
- Cognitive Ethology Laboratory, German Primate Center (DPZ), Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada.
| | - Christian Roos
- Gene Bank of Primates and Primate Genetics Laboratory, German Primate Center (DPZ), Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gisela H Kopp
- Cognitive Ethology Laboratory, German Primate Center (DPZ), Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457, Constance, Germany
- Department of Migration and Immuno-Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Am Obstberg 1, 78315, Radolfzell, Germany
| | - Thomas M Butynski
- Lolldaiga Hills Research Programme, Sustainability Centre Eastern Africa, P. O. Box 149, Nanyuki, 10400, Kenya
| | - Sascha Knauf
- Work Group Neglected Tropical Diseases, Pathology Unit, German Primate Center (DPZ), Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dietmar Zinner
- Cognitive Ethology Laboratory, German Primate Center (DPZ), Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Julia Fischer
- Cognitive Ethology Laboratory, German Primate Center (DPZ), Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
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31
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Minge C, Berghänel A, Schülke O, Ostner J. Patterns and Consequences of Male-Infant Relationships in Wild Assamese Macaques ( Macaca assamensis). INT J PRIMATOL 2016; 37:350-370. [PMID: 27546937 PMCID: PMC4978776 DOI: 10.1007/s10764-016-9904-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Male care for offspring is unexpected in polygynandrous mammals. Evidence from nonhuman primates, however, indicates not only the existence of stable male-immature associations in multimale-multifemale groups, but also male care in the form of protection from infanticidal attacks and conspecific harassment. Here, we investigate the relationship characteristics, dynamics, and consequences of male-immature associations in wild Assamese macaques, Macaca assamensis, at Phu Khieo Wildlife Sanctuary, Thailand, to inform hypotheses of their evolutionary origins. Female Assamese macaques reproduce seasonally and do not signal ovulation, resulting in low mating and paternity skew. However, male-immature associations are predicted by paternity, and male behavior potentially reflects paternal effort. We present focal animal data on 12 immatures followed from birth beyond weaning into their juvenile life (1188 focal hours). The distribution of composite sociality indices suggests that male-immature relationships were highly differentiated. Association patterns and the degree of differentiation remained stable from 6 mo well into the juvenile phase, suggesting that male protection extends beyond the phase of high infanticide risk. Based on Hinde indices, immatures were responsible for maintaining the relationships. The likelihood that an infant was associated with its preferred male increased if the mother was absent and if other males were present in proximity, suggesting that immatures sought protection. The presence of the preferred male did not decrease the rate of mild aggression immatures received from group members, but the stronger the relationship between an immature and a male, the more often it received agonistic support from him. Future studies will have to assess whether this agonistic support translates into improved fitness and represents true paternal care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christin Minge
- Department for Behavioral Ecology, Georg-August University Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Berghänel
- Department for Behavioral Ecology, Georg-August University Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Oliver Schülke
- Department for Behavioral Ecology, Georg-August University Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Research Group Primate Social Evolution, German Primate Center Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Julia Ostner
- Department for Behavioral Ecology, Georg-August University Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Research Group Primate Social Evolution, German Primate Center Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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32
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Städele V, Pines M, Swedell L, Vigilant L. The ties that bind: Maternal kin bias in a multilevel primate society despite natal dispersal by both sexes. Am J Primatol 2016; 78:731-44. [PMID: 26890431 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In many social animals, individuals derive fitness benefits from close social bonds, which are often formed among kin of the philopatric sex. Hamadryas baboons, however, exhibit a hierarchical, multilevel social system where both sexes disperse from their natal one-male-unit (OMU). Although this would seem to hinder maintenance of kin ties, both sexes appear largely philopatric at the higher order band and clan levels, possibly allowing for bonds with same sex kin by both males and females. In order to investigate the possibility of kin bonds in hamadryas baboons, we identified kin dyads in a band without known pedigree information using a large panel of genetic markers: 1 Y-linked, 4 X-linked, and 23 autosomal microsatellites and part of the mitochondrial hypervariable region I. With these data, we performed a kinship analysis while accounting for misclassification rates through simulations and determined kinship among two types of dyads: leader and follower males and female dyads within OMUs. Leader and follower males were maternal relatives more often than expected by chance, suggesting that kinship plays a role in the formation of these relationships. Moreover, maternal female relatives were found in the same OMU more often than expected by chance, indicating that females may be motivated to maintain post-dispersal contact with maternal female kin. Our results suggest that hamadryas baboons can recognize maternal kin and that kin selection has contributed to shaping their complex social system. This implies that an ancestral maternal kin bias has been retained in hamadryas society. Am. J. Primatol. 78:731-744, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Städele
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mathew Pines
- Filoha Hamadryas Project, Awash National Park, Metahara, Ethiopia
| | - Larissa Swedell
- Filoha Hamadryas Project, Awash National Park, Metahara, Ethiopia.,Department of Anthropology, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, New York.,New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, New York.,Department of Archaeology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Linda Vigilant
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
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33
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Rosenbaum S, Hirwa JP, Silk JB, Vigilant L, Stoinski TS. Infant Mortality Risk and Paternity Certainty Are Associated with Postnatal Maternal Behavior toward Adult Male Mountain Gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei). PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147441. [PMID: 26863300 PMCID: PMC4749219 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexually selected infanticide is an important source of infant mortality in many mammalian species. In species with long-term male-female associations, females may benefit from male protection against infanticidal outsiders. We tested whether mountain gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei) mothers in single and multi-male groups monitored by the Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund's Karisoke Research Center actively facilitated interactions between their infants and a potentially protective male. We also evaluated the criteria mothers in multi-male groups used to choose a preferred male social partner. In single male groups, where infanticide risk and paternity certainty are high, females with infants <1 year old spent more time near and affiliated more with males than females without young infants. In multi-male groups, where infanticide rates and paternity certainty are lower, mothers with new infants exhibited few behavioral changes toward males. The sole notable change was that females with young infants proportionally increased their time near males they previously spent little time near when compared to males they had previously preferred, perhaps to encourage paternity uncertainty and deter aggression. Rank was a much better predictor of females' social partner choice than paternity. Older infants (2-3 years) in multi-male groups mirrored their mothers' preferences for individual male social partners; 89% spent the most time in close proximity to the male their mother had spent the most time near when they were <1 year old. Observed discrepancies between female behavior in single and multi-male groups likely reflect different levels of postpartum intersexual conflict; in groups where paternity certainty and infanticide risk are both high, male-female interests align and females behave accordingly. This highlights the importance of considering individual and group-level variation when evaluating intersexual conflict across the reproductive cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy Rosenbaum
- Department of Anthropology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | | | - Joan B. Silk
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
- Institute for Human Origins, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Linda Vigilant
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tara S. Stoinski
- Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
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Zadubrovskiy PA, Zadubrovskaya IV, Potapov MA, Potapova OF, Evsikov VI. Types of narrow-skulled vole (Lasiopodomys gregalis) colonies in Northern Kulunda and seasonal dynamics of their demographic composition. RUSS J ECOL+ 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s106741361601015x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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35
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Freeman NJ, Young C, Barrett L, Henzi SP. Coalition Formation by Male Vervet Monkeys (Chlorocebus pygerythrus) in South Africa. Ethology 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.12447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie J. Freeman
- Department of Psychology; University of Lethbridge; Lethbridge AB Canada
- Applied Behavioural Ecology and Ecosystems Research Unit; University of South Africa; Florida Gauteng South Africa
| | - Christopher Young
- Department of Psychology; University of Lethbridge; Lethbridge AB Canada
- Applied Behavioural Ecology and Ecosystems Research Unit; University of South Africa; Florida Gauteng South Africa
| | - Louise Barrett
- Department of Psychology; University of Lethbridge; Lethbridge AB Canada
- Applied Behavioural Ecology and Ecosystems Research Unit; University of South Africa; Florida Gauteng South Africa
| | - S. Peter Henzi
- Department of Psychology; University of Lethbridge; Lethbridge AB Canada
- Applied Behavioural Ecology and Ecosystems Research Unit; University of South Africa; Florida Gauteng South Africa
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36
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Kalbitzer U, Heistermann M, Cheney D, Seyfarth R, Fischer J. Social behavior and patterns of testosterone and glucocorticoid levels differ between male chacma and Guinea baboons. Horm Behav 2015; 75:100-10. [PMID: 26344413 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 08/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In multi-male, multi-female groups of mammals, males usually compete aggressively over access to females. However, species vary in the intensity of male contest competition, which has been linked to differences in testosterone and glucocorticoid profiles. Chacma (Papio ursinus) and Guinea (P. papio) baboons constitute an intriguing model to examine variation in male competition and male endocrine correlates, because of the differences in their social systems. Chacma baboons live in stable female-bonded groups with linear male dominance hierarchies and a high male mating skew, whereas Guinea baboons live in male-bonded, multi-level societies. We recorded male behavior and assayed testosterone (fT) and glucocorticoid metabolite (fGC) levels from fecal samples in one population of each species. Male chacma baboons were more frequently involved in agonistic interactions, and dominance relationships were more consistent than in Guinea baboons, where we could not detect linear hierarchies. Notably, male chacma baboons were also more aggressive towards females, indicating an overall higher aggressiveness in this species. In contrast, male Guinea baboons showed higher levels of affiliative interactions and spatial tolerance. High-ranking and consorting male chacma baboons showed elevated fGC levels and also tended to show elevated fT levels, but there was no effect of consortship in Guinea baboons. Agonism was not related to hormone levels in either species. Thus, predictors of fT and fGC levels in Guinea baboons seem to differ from chacma baboons. Our results support the view that different social systems create differential selection pressures for male aggression, reflected by different hormone profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urs Kalbitzer
- Cognitive Ethology Laboratory, German Primate Center (DPZ), Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. N.W., Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada.
| | - Michael Heistermann
- Endocrinology Laboratory, German Primate Center (DPZ), Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dorothy Cheney
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Robert Seyfarth
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Julia Fischer
- Cognitive Ethology Laboratory, German Primate Center (DPZ), Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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37
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Kikuchi Y, Kuraoka A. Sexual Dimorphism of Endocranial, Facial and Limb Measurements in the Yellow Baboon ( Papio cynocephalus). Anat Histol Embryol 2015; 44:275-82. [DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y. Kikuchi
- Division of Human Anatomy and Biological Anthropology; Department of Anatomy and Physiology; Faculty of Medicine; Saga University; Saga 849-8501 Japan
| | - A. Kuraoka
- Division of Human Anatomy and Biological Anthropology; Department of Anatomy and Physiology; Faculty of Medicine; Saga University; Saga 849-8501 Japan
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38
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Kopp GH, Fischer J, Patzelt A, Roos C, Zinner D. Population genetic insights into the social organization of Guinea baboons (Papio papio): Evidence for female-biased dispersal. Am J Primatol 2015; 77:878-89. [PMID: 25864569 PMCID: PMC4654240 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Sex differences in philopatry and dispersal have important consequences on the genetic structure of populations, social groups, and social relationships within groups. Among mammals, male dispersal and female philopatry are most common and closely related taxa typically exhibit similar dispersal patterns. However, among four well-studied species of baboons, only hamadryas baboons exhibit female dispersal, thus differing from their congenerics, which show female philopatry and close-knit female social relationships. Until recently, knowledge of the Guinea baboon social system and dispersal pattern remained sparse. Previous observations suggested that the high degree of tolerance observed among male Guinea baboons could be due to kinship. This led us to hypothesize that this species exhibits male philopatry and female dispersal, conforming to the hamadryas pattern. We genotyped 165 individuals from five localities in the Niokolo-Koba National Park, Senegal, at 14 autosomal microsatellite loci and sequenced a fragment of the mitochondrial hypervariable region I (HVRI) of 55 individuals. We found evidence for higher population structuring in males than in females, as expected if males are the more philopatric sex. A comparison of relatedness between male-male and female-female dyads within and among communities did not yield conclusive results. HVRI diversity within communities was high and did not differ between the sexes, also suggesting female gene flow. Our study is the first comprehensive analysis of the genetic population structure in Guinea baboons and provides evidence for female-biased dispersal in this species. In conjunction with their multilevel social organization, this finding parallels the observations for human hunter-gatherers and strengthens baboons as an intriguing model to elucidate the processes that shaped the highly cooperative societies of Homo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisela H Kopp
- Cognitive Ethology Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Julia Fischer
- Cognitive Ethology Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Annika Patzelt
- Cognitive Ethology Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christian Roos
- Gene Bank of Primates and Primate Genetics Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dietmar Zinner
- Cognitive Ethology Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
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Carter AJ, Lee AEG, Marshall HH, Ticó MT, Cowlishaw G. Phenotypic assortment in wild primate networks: implications for the dissemination of information. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2015; 2:140444. [PMID: 26064652 PMCID: PMC4453262 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.140444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Individuals' access to social information can depend on their social network. Homophily-a preference to associate with similar phenotypes-may cause assortment within social networks that could preclude information transfer from individuals who generate information to those who would benefit from acquiring it. Thus, understanding phenotypic assortment may lead to a greater understanding of the factors that could limit the transfer of information between individuals. We tested whether there was assortment in wild baboon (Papio ursinus) networks, using data collected from two troops over 6 years for six phenotypic traits-boldness, age, dominance rank, sex and the propensity to generate/exploit information-using two methods for defining a connection between individuals-time spent in proximity and grooming. Our analysis indicated that assortment was more common in grooming than proximity networks. In general, there was homophily for boldness, age, rank and the propensity to both generate and exploit information, but heterophily for sex. However, there was considerable variability both between troops and years. The patterns of homophily we observed for these phenotypes may impede information transfer between them. However, the inconsistency in the strength of assortment between troops and years suggests that the limitations to information flow may be quite variable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alecia J. Carter
- Large Animal Research Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Author for correspondence: Alecia J. Carter e-mail:
| | - Alexander E. G. Lee
- The Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, UK
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park, Berkshire, UK
| | - Harry H. Marshall
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK
| | - Miquel Torrents Ticó
- The Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, UK
| | - Guy Cowlishaw
- The Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, UK
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Genetic influences on response to novel objects and dimensions of personality in Papio baboons. Behav Genet 2015; 45:215-27. [PMID: 25604451 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-014-9702-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Behavioral variation within and between populations and species of the genus Papio has been studied extensively, but little is known about the genetic causes of individual- or population-level differences. This study investigates the influence of genetic variation on personality (sometimes referred to as temperament) in baboons and identifies a candidate gene partially responsible for the variation in that phenotype. To accomplish these goals, we examined individual variation in response to both novel objects and an apparent novel social partner (using a mirror test) among pedigreed baboons (n = 578) from the Southwest National Primate Research Center. We investigated the frequency and duration of individual behaviors in response to novel objects and used multivariate factor analysis to identify trait-like dimensions of personality. Exploratory factor analysis identified two distinct dimensions of personality within this population. Factor 1 accounts for 46.8 % of the variance within the behavioral matrix, and consists primarily of behaviors related to the "boldness" of the subject. Factor 2 accounts for 18.8 % of the variation, and contains several "anxiety" like behaviors. Several specific behaviors, and the two personality factors, were significantly heritable, with the factors showing higher heritability than most individual behaviors. Subsequent analyses show that the behavioral reactions observed in the test protocol are associated with animals' social behavior observed later in their home social groups. Finally we used linkage analysis to map quantitative trait loci for the measured phenotypes. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in a positional candidate gene (SNAP25) are associated with variation in one of the personality factors, and CSF levels of homovanillic acid and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol. This study documents heritable variation in personality among baboons and suggests that sequence variation in SNAP25 may influence differences in behavior and neurochemistry in these nonhuman primates.
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Arlet ME, Isbell LA, Kaasik A, Molleman F, Chancellor RL, Chapman CA, Mänd R, Carey JR. Determinants of Reproductive Performance Among Female Gray-Cheeked Mangabeys (Lophocebus albigena) in Kibale National Park, Uganda. INT J PRIMATOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-014-9810-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Hongo S. New evidence from observations of progressions of mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx): a multilevel or non-nested society? Primates 2014; 55:473-81. [DOI: 10.1007/s10329-014-0438-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Sexual conflict in a polygynous primate: costs and benefits of a male-imposed mating system. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-013-1641-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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The Influence of Social Systems on Patterns of Mitochondrial DNA Variation in Baboons. INT J PRIMATOL 2013; 35:210-225. [PMID: 24523566 PMCID: PMC3915079 DOI: 10.1007/s10764-013-9725-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Behavior is influenced by genes but can also shape the genetic structure of natural populations. Investigating this link is of great importance because behavioral processes can alter the genetic diversity on which selection acts. Gene flow is one of the main determinants of the genetic structure of a population and dispersal is the behavior that mediates gene flow. Baboons (genus Papio) are among the most intensely studied primate species and serve as a model system to investigate the evolution of social systems using a comparative approach. The general mammalian pattern of male dispersal and female philopatry has thus far been found in baboons, with the exception of hamadryas baboons (Papio hamadryas). As yet, the lack of data on Guinea baboons (Papio papio) creates a taxonomic gap in genus-wide comparative analyses. In our study we investigated the sex-biased dispersal pattern of Guinea baboons in comparison to hamadryas, olive, yellow, and chacma baboons using sequences of the maternally transmitted mitochondrial hypervariable region I. Analyzing whole-range georeferenced samples (N = 777), we found strong evidence for female-biased gene flow in Guinea baboons and confirmed this pattern for hamadryas baboons, as shown by a lack of genetic-geographic structuring. In addition, most genetic variation was found within and not among demes, in sharp contrast to the pattern observed in matrilocal primates including the other baboon taxa. Our results corroborate the notion that the Guinea baboons’ social system shares some important features with that of hamadryas baboons, suggesting similar evolutionary forces have acted to distinguish them from all other baboons.
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Widdig A. The Impact of male reproductive skew on kin structure and sociality in multi-male groups. Evol Anthropol 2013; 22:239-50. [DOI: 10.1002/evan.21366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Ostner J, Vigilant L, Bhagavatula J, Franz M, Schülke O. Stable heterosexual associations in a promiscuous primate. Anim Behav 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2013.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Barrett L, Blumstein DT, Clutton-Brock TH, Kappeler PM. Taking note of Tinbergen, or: the promise of a biology of behaviour. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2013; 368:20120352. [PMID: 23569300 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2012.0352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In this concluding paper, we revisit Tinbergen's 1963 article and assess its impact on the field of behavioural research in general, and the papers in this volume in particular. We show how Tinbergen's insistence that greater attention should be paid to studies of 'survival value' has yielded immense returns over the past 50 years, allowing an integrative biology of behaviour to emerge and thrive, and that his addition of ontogeny to the 'major problems of biology' was both insightful and prescient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Barrett
- Department of Psychology, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Canada.
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Stone OML, Laffan SW, Curnoe D, Herries AIR. The Spatial Distribution of Chacma Baboon (Papio ursinus) Habitat Based on an Environmental Envelope Model. INT J PRIMATOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-013-9669-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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50
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Moreira J, Vukov J, Sousa C, Santos FC, d'Almeida AF, Santos MD, Pacheco JM. Individual memory and the emergence of cooperation. Anim Behav 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2012.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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