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Choi Y. Exploring the impact of pandemic fear on visitation to park attractions in urban city: A case study in Seoul, South Korea. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0301869. [PMID: 38625971 PMCID: PMC11020851 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024] Open
Abstract
This research explores changes in perceptions and utilization of parks during the COVID-19 pandemic in Seoul, South Korea. It investigates the relationship between fear of the pandemic and individuals' opinions about open spaces and their visiting decisions. The study surveyed 600 adults from February 22-23, 2022, and used structural equation modeling to analyze the data. The findings revealed that increased fear of the pandemic led to more positive park sentiments, resulting in higher park visits and fewer visits to other public spaces. The research highlights the significance of parks during the COVID-19 pandemic and how people's perceptions were influenced by their pandemic-related fear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunwon Choi
- Climate & Environment Data Center, Gyeonggi Research Institute, Jangan-gu, Suwon City, Gyeonggi Province, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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2
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Talal ML, Gruntman M. Urban nature visitation, accessibility, and impact of travel distance for sustainable cities. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17808. [PMID: 37853084 PMCID: PMC10584958 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44861-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Accessible urban nature is a key component of creating sustainable urban communities and promoting human health and well-being. To balance the economic, social, and environmental dimensions of sustainable development, the United Nations adopted several sustainable developmental goals (SDGs), such as SDG 11 for sustainable cities and communities, which aims to improve urban planning and management, including equitable access to urban nature. However, more information is still needed regarding how planners and managers can promote urban nature visitation and equitable access during health and environmental crises, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. The purpose of this study was to examine trends in urban nature visitation during the pandemic and then to determine if the effect of the pandemic on the frequency of urban nature site visitation varied by distance to home, using an innovative approach of analyzing both publicly available large-scale mobility data and a web-based survey of urban residents of Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel. The mobility data results showed that there was a negative mean % difference in park visits compared to baseline during the first and third lockdowns, but an increase compared to baseline between lockdowns and even during the second lockdown. This suggests that urban residents had greater need to reconnect with urban nature during and after periods of intense stress. In addition, the survey results showed an increasing negative effect of distance on urban nature site visitation during the pandemic, specifically for urban nature sites located more than 1 km from home. Altogether, the mobility data and survey results suggest that people who lived within 1 km of their preferred urban nature site had disproportionate access to the benefits of urban nature during and after lockdowns than others. To effectively make social and ecological transitions toward urban sustainability, it is vital that cities promote urban nature accessibility during current and future environmental and health crises. Cities should collaborate with diverse stakeholders to create/maintain accessible urban nature sites nearby all sociodemographic groups, provide sustainability education and training to convey the benefits of urban nature, and pursue participatory solutions for understanding urban nature needs and preferences. In this manner, it will be possible to address the growing influence of proximity/travel distance and additional factors that affect urban nature visitation and ultimately, human health and urban sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Talal
- Porter School of the Environment and Earth Sciences, Tel Aviv University, 6997801, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel.
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, 6997801, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel.
- Nicholas Institute for Energy, Environment & Sustainability, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.
| | - Michal Gruntman
- Porter School of the Environment and Earth Sciences, Tel Aviv University, 6997801, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel.
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, 6997801, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel.
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Doremus J, Li L, Jones D. Covid-related surge in global wild bird feeding: Implications for biodiversity and human-nature interaction. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0287116. [PMID: 37531331 PMCID: PMC10395953 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The global extent of supplementary bird feeding is unknown but has consequences for bird conservation and human well-being. Using a measure of search intensity for words related to bird feeding from Google, we document a surge of interest in bird feeding that occurred around the world after Covid-19 led to lockdowns where people stayed home: 115 countries saw an increase in bird feeding search interest. We test whether the existence of interest in bird feeding is associated with greater species richness of bird species, our proxy for biodiversity, and find the relationship is highly significant. Covid-19 lockdowns may have persistent influences on global bird populations and humans' connection to nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Doremus
- Economics Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California, United States of America
| | - Liqing Li
- Department of Agricultural Economics, Texas A&M University College Station, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Darryl Jones
- Centre for Planetary Health & Food Security and School of Environment & Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
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Britton JR, Pinder AC, Alós J, Arlinghaus R, Danylchuk AJ, Edwards W, Freire KMF, Gundelund C, Hyder K, Jarić I, Lennox R, Lewin WC, Lynch AJ, Midway SR, Potts WM, Ryan KL, Skov C, Strehlow HV, Tracey SR, Tsuboi JI, Venturelli PA, Weir JL, Weltersbach MS, Cooke SJ. Global responses to the COVID-19 pandemic by recreational anglers: considerations for developing more resilient and sustainable fisheries. REVIEWS IN FISH BIOLOGY AND FISHERIES 2023:1-17. [PMID: 37360579 PMCID: PMC10227408 DOI: 10.1007/s11160-023-09784-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
The global COVID-19 pandemic resulted in many jurisdictions implementing orders restricting the movements of people to inhibit virus transmission, with recreational angling often either not permitted or access to fisheries and/or related infrastructure being prevented. Following the lifting of restrictions, initial angler surveys and licence sales suggested increased participation and effort, and altered angler demographics, but with evidence remaining limited. Here, we overcome this evidence gap by identifying temporal changes in angling interest, licence sales, and angling effort in world regions by comparing data in the 'pre-pandemic' (up to and including 2019); 'acute pandemic' (2020) and 'COVID-acclimated' (2021) periods. We then identified how changes can inform the development of more resilient and sustainable recreational fisheries. Interest in angling (measured here as angling-related internet search term volumes) increased substantially in all regions during 2020. Patterns in licence sales revealed marked increases in some countries during 2020 but not in others. Where licence sales increased, this was rarely sustained in 2021; where there were declines, these related to fewer tourist anglers due to movement restrictions. Data from most countries indicated a younger demographic of people who participated in angling in 2020, including in urban areas, but this was not sustained in 2021. These short-lived changes in recreational angling indicate efforts to retain younger anglers could increase overall participation levels, where efforts can target education in appropriate angling practices and create more urban angling opportunities. These efforts would then provide recreational fisheries with greater resilience to cope with future global crises, including facilitating the ability of people to access angling opportunities during periods of high societal stress. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11160-023-09784-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Robert Britton
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Bournemouth University, Poole, BH12 5BB UK
| | - Adrian C. Pinder
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Bournemouth University, Poole, BH12 5BB UK
| | - Josep Alós
- Instituto Mediterráneo de Estudios Avanzados, IMEDEA (CSIC–UIB), Esporles, Spain
| | - Robert Arlinghaus
- Department of Fish Biology, Fisheries and Aquaculture, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 310, 12587 Berlin, Germany
- Division of Integrative Fisheries Management, Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt-Univesität zu Berlin, Invalidenstrasse 42, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andy J. Danylchuk
- Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003 USA
| | - Wendy Edwards
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, NR33 0HT Suffolk UK
| | - Kátia M. F. Freire
- Department of Fisheries Engineering and Aquaculture, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Cidade Universitária Prof. José Aloísio de Campos, Rua Mal. Rondon S/N, Jardim Rosa Elze São Cristóvão, Sergipe CEP 49100-000 Brazil
| | - Casper Gundelund
- Section of Freshwater Fisheries and Ecology, Technical University of Denmark, DTU Aqua, 8600 Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Kieran Hyder
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, NR33 0HT Suffolk UK
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ Norfolk UK
| | - Ivan Jarić
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Na Sádkách 702/7, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Ecologie Systématique Evolution, 12 Rue 128, 91190 Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
| | - Robert Lennox
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research and at the Laboratory for Freshwater Ecology, Oslo, Norway
| | - Wolf-Christian Lewin
- Thünen Institute of Baltic Sea Fisheries, Alter Hafen Süd 2, 18069 Rostock, Germany
| | - Abigail J. Lynch
- U.S. Geological Survey, National Climate Adaptation Science Center, 12201 Sunrise Valley Drive MS 516, Reston, VA 20192 USA
| | - Stephen R. Midway
- Department of Oceanography and Coastal Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA
| | - Warren M. Potts
- Department of Ichthyology and Fisheries Science, Rhodes University, P.O. Box 94, Makhanda, 6140 South Africa
| | - Karina L. Ryan
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Western Australian Fisheries and Marine Research Laboratories, 39 Northside Drive, Hillarys, WA 6025 Australia
| | - Christian Skov
- Section of Freshwater Fisheries and Ecology, Technical University of Denmark, DTU Aqua, 8600 Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Harry V. Strehlow
- Thünen Institute of Baltic Sea Fisheries, Alter Hafen Süd 2, 18069 Rostock, Germany
| | - Sean R. Tracey
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 49, Hobart7001, TAS Australia
- Centre For Marine Socioecology, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 49, Hobart7001, TAS Australia
| | - Jun-ichi Tsuboi
- Research Center for Freshwater Fisheries, Japan Fish Res and Education Agency, Nikko, 321-1661 Japan
| | | | - Jessica L. Weir
- Department of Biology, Ball State University, Muncie, IN 47304 USA
| | | | - Steven J. Cooke
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Science, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Dr., Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6 Canada
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van Eeden LM, Francis L, Squires ZE, Hames F, Bekessy SA, Smith L, Hatty M. Demographic and spatial variables associated with spending time in nature during COVID-19 lockdowns. URBAN FORESTRY & URBAN GREENING 2023; 82:127895. [PMID: 36919044 PMCID: PMC9985542 DOI: 10.1016/j.ufug.2023.127895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
To stop the spread of SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus (COVID-19) governments around the world implemented lockdowns restricting public travel. In the Australian state of Victoria, this included limiting permitted reasons for leaving home and restricting movements to within a 5 km radius of one's home. In 2020, we conducted a state-wide survey (N = 1024) of Victorians that coincided with a lockdown. We asked respondents where they had spent time in nature and how they perceived lockdowns affected the amount of time they spent in nature. We then considered demographic and spatial predictors of spending more or less time in nature. Women, younger people, and those living in areas with higher socio-economic status were likely to report spending more time in nature. Closer proximity of residents to parks and waterways and higher proportional area of native vegetation within a 1-km radius were also associated with more time in nature. Understanding how different groups were affected by restrictions on access to nature can help improve government management of crises like pandemics, including through urban planning for green space, supporting improved individual and societal resilience. We discuss the implications of our findings for improving access to nature during lockdowns as well as opportunities for a post-pandemic relationship with nature, particularly in urban settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily M van Eeden
- Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research, Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning, 123 Brown Street, Heidelberg 3084, Victoria, Australia
- ICON Science Research Group, School of Global, Urban and Social Studies, RMIT University, Melbourne 3000, Victoria, Australia
- BehaviourWorks Australia, Monash Sustainable Development Institute, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lachlan Francis
- Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research, Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning, 123 Brown Street, Heidelberg 3084, Victoria, Australia
| | - Zoe E Squires
- Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research, Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning, 123 Brown Street, Heidelberg 3084, Victoria, Australia
| | - Fern Hames
- Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research, Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning, 123 Brown Street, Heidelberg 3084, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sarah A Bekessy
- ICON Science Research Group, School of Global, Urban and Social Studies, RMIT University, Melbourne 3000, Victoria, Australia
| | - Liam Smith
- BehaviourWorks Australia, Monash Sustainable Development Institute, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia
| | - Melissa Hatty
- BehaviourWorks Australia, Monash Sustainable Development Institute, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia
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Sweet FST, Rödl T, Weisser WW. COVID‐19 lockdown measures impacted citizen science hedgehog observation numbers in Bavaria, Germany. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8989. [PMID: 35784062 PMCID: PMC9204849 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID‐19 pandemic has led to temporary changes in human–animal interactions due to changes in human activities. Here, we report on a surge in hedgehog observations during the first COVID‐19 lockdown in Germany in 2020, on the citizen science Web portal “Igel in Bayern” (Hedgehogs in Bavaria) in Germany. This increase in comparison with previous years was attributed to an increase in the number of people reporting hedgehog observations, rather than an increase in the number of hedgehog observations made by each observer. Additionally, in contrast to other studies on the effects of a COVID‐19 lockdown on observations recorded by citizen science projects, the share of observations made in more urbanized areas during the lockdown time was not higher than the change observed in less urbanized areas. This is possibly a result of the differences in COVID‐19 measures between Germany and other countries where preceding studies were carried out, in particular the lack of measures limiting traveling outdoor activities for citizens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio S. T. Sweet
- Terrestrial Ecology Research Group Department of Life Science Systems School of Life Sciences Technical University of Munich Freising Germany
| | - Thomas Rödl
- Landesbund für Vogelschutz e.V Hilpoltstein Germany
| | - Wolfgang W. Weisser
- Terrestrial Ecology Research Group Department of Life Science Systems School of Life Sciences Technical University of Munich Freising Germany
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Valliere JM. Cultivating scientific literacy and a sense of place through course‐based urban ecology research. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8985. [PMID: 35784063 PMCID: PMC9163374 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Undergraduate research experiences have been shown to increase engagement, improve learning outcomes, and enhance career development for students in ecology. However, these opportunities may not be accessible to all students, and incorporating inquiry‐based research directly into undergraduate curricula may help overcome barriers to participation and improve representation and inclusion in the discipline. The shift to online instruction during the COVID‐19 pandemic has imposed even greater challenges for providing students with authentic research experiences, but the pandemic may also provide a unique opportunity for creative projects conducted remotely. In this paper, I describe a course‐based undergraduate research experience (CURE) designed for an upper‐level ecology course at California State University, Dominguez Hills during remote learning. The primary focus of student‐led research activities was to explore the potential impacts of the depopulation of campus during the pandemic on urban coyotes (Canis latrans), for which there were increased sightings reported during this time. Students conducted two research studies, including an evaluation of urban wildlife activity, behavior, and diversity using camera traps installed throughout campus and analysis of coyote diet using data from scat dissections. Students used the data they generated and information from literature reviews, class discussions, and meetings with experts to develop a coyote monitoring and management plan for our campus and create posters to educate the public. Using the campus as a living laboratory, I aimed to engage students in meaningful research while cultivating a sense of place, despite being online. Students’ research outcomes and responses to pre‐ and post‐course surveys highlight the benefits of projects that are anchored in place‐based education and emphasize the importance of ecological research for solving real‐world problems. CUREs focused on local urban ecosystems may be a powerful way for instructors to activate ecological knowledge and capitalize on the cultural strengths of students at urban universities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin M. Valliere
- Department of Biology California State University Dominguez Hills Carson California USA
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Rosa RM, Cavallari DC, Salvador RB. iNaturalist as a tool in the study of tropical molluscs. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0268048. [PMID: 35511960 PMCID: PMC9070955 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although terrestrial gastropods are remarkably diverse, our knowledge of them is still lacking, especially for species from the Global South. As such, new tools to help researchers collect data on these organisms are very welcome. With this in mind, we investigated Brazilian observations on iNaturalist to assess the feasibility of the data available on the platform as a basis for studies on the tropical terrestrial gastropod fauna. The observations on iNaturalist were filtered by country, Brazil, and higher taxa, namely Eupulmonata, Cyclophoroidea and Helicinoidea, yielding a sample of 4,983 observations. These observations were then reviewed in search of records of rare or little-known species, species found outside their previously known range, and interesting ecological interactions. Exotic species made up 35% to 39% of the sampled iNaturalist records. The most commonly observed species were Lissachatina fulica (Bowdich, 1822), Bradybaena similaris (Férussac, 1822), Drymaeus papyraceus (Mawe, 1823), Drymaeus interpunctus (E. von Martens, 1887), Limacus flavus (Linnaeus, 1758), Meghimatium pictum (Stoliczka, 1873), Cornu aspersum (O. F. Müller, 1774), Vaginulus taunaisii (Férussac, 1821), Ovachlamys fulgens (Gude, 1900), and Bulimulus tenuissimus (Férussac, 1832). In total, 166 observations were deemed of interest to our purposes (e.g., rare species, range extensions, ecological interactions), totalling 46 identified species and 16 observations identified at genus level. Among the selected observations, we found pictures of live specimens of species that were previously known only from their shells, such as Megalobulimus pergranulatus (Pilsbry, 1901), bringing to light their appearances in life. Two potentially new species belonging to the genera Plekocheilus Guilding, 1827 and Megalobulimus K. Miller, 1878 were revealed. Additionally, we found records of living individuals of two species that were previously presumed to be possibly extinct, Leiostracus carnavalescus Simone & Salvador, 2016, and Gonyostomus egregius (Pfeiffer, 1845). We take the opportunity to discuss individual records of interest, evaluate the quality of the data and possible improvements, as well the potential and implications of the use of the iNaturalist platform for research in Brazil and other tropical countries. While iNaturalist has its limitations, it holds great potential to help document biodiversity in the tropics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Masson Rosa
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Daniel Caracanhas Cavallari
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Brincalepe Salvador
- Natural History Department, Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, Wellington, Wellington Region, New Zealand
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Miraglia N, Di Brita A. Behavior of Wildlife Species in Urban Areas to Changing Conditions during COVID-19 Lockdowns: A Review. J APPL ANIM WELF SCI 2022; 25:119-125. [PMID: 35236199 DOI: 10.1080/10888705.2022.2047682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 crisis remains an international health disaster with serious impacts on health and business. As countries asked, and continue to ask, their human populations to stay at home to limit the spread of coronavirus, wild animals have been spotted exploring the empty streets of some of the world's largest urban areas.E This period of unusually reduced human mobility can provide invaluable insights into human-wildlife interactions. Reduced human mobility during the pandemic reveals critical aspects of our impact on wild animal welfare, providing important guidance on how best to share space on this crowded planet. Lockdown effects have been drastic, sudden, and widespread. Countries have also responded in broadly similar ways across large parts of the world, presenting invaluable replicates of this phenomenon. This paper will highlight various adaptations and changes in behavior developed by wild animals in urban areas during the early pandemic period. They concerned the effects on wildlife and ecosystems that are related to human activities, possible interactions between humans and wildlife, and the perspectives on wildlife and ecosystem management going forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoletta Miraglia
- Department of Agricultural, Environment and Food Sciences, Molise University, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Aldo Di Brita
- Department of Agricultural, Environment and Food Sciences, Molise University, Campobasso, Italy
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Barnes MR. Urban Lawns as Nature-Based Learning Spaces. ECOPSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1089/eco.2021.0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael R. Barnes
- Department of Horticultural Science, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
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