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Ghiglieno I, Carlin S, Cola G, Vrhovsek U, Valenti L, Garcia-Aloy M, Mattivi F. Impact of meteorological conditions, canopy shading and leaf removal on yield, must quality, and norisoprenoid compounds content in Franciacorta sparkling wine. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1125560. [PMID: 37265632 PMCID: PMC10229778 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1125560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is a major concern in agriculture; in grapevine production, climate change can affect yield and wine quality as they depend on the complex interactions between weather, plant material, and viticultural techniques. Wine characteristics are strongly influenced by microclimate of the canopy affecting primary and secondary metabolites of the grapevine. Air temperature and water availability can influence sugar and acid concentration in grapes and relative wines, and their content of volatile compounds such as norisoprenoids. This becomes relevant in sparkling wine production where grapes are generally harvested at a relatively low pH, high acidity, and low sugar content and where the norisoprenoids significantly contributes to the final aroma of the wine. The effect of climate change on grapevine and wine, therefore, calls for the implementation of on-field adaptation strategies. Among them canopy management through leaf removal and shading have been largely investigated in the wine growing sector. The present study, conducted over 4 years (2010-2013) aims at investigating how leaf removal and artificial shading strategies affect grape maturation, must quality and the production of norisoprenoids, analyzed using an untargeted approach, in sparkling wine. Specifically, this paper investigates the effect of meteorological conditions (i.e., water availability and temperatures) and the effect of leaf removal and shading on Vitis vinifera L. cv. Chardonnay and Pinot noir, which are suitable to produce sparkling wine in the DOCG Franciacorta wine growing area (Lombardy, Italy). The effect of leaf removal and shading practices on norisoprenoids has been the focus of the study. No defoliation and artificial shading treatments play an important role in the preservation of the acidity in warm seasons and this suggests calibrating defoliation activities in relation to the meteorological trend without standardized procedures. This is particularly relevant in the case of sparkling wine, where the acidity is essential to determine wine quality. The enhanced norisoprenoid aromas obtained with a total defoliation represent a further element to direct defoliation and shading strategies. The obtained results increase knowledge about the effect of different defoliation and artificial shading applications in relation to meteorological condition supporting the management decision-making in the Franciacorta wine growing area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Ghiglieno
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences - Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Carlin
- Metabolomic Unit, Food Quality and Nutrition Department, Research and Innovation Center, Edmund Mach Foundation, S. Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Gabriele Cola
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences - Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Urska Vrhovsek
- Metabolomic Unit, Food Quality and Nutrition Department, Research and Innovation Center, Edmund Mach Foundation, S. Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Leonardo Valenti
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences - Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Mar Garcia-Aloy
- Metabolomic Unit, Food Quality and Nutrition Department, Research and Innovation Center, Edmund Mach Foundation, S. Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Fulvio Mattivi
- Metabolomic Unit, Food Quality and Nutrition Department, Research and Innovation Center, Edmund Mach Foundation, S. Michele all’Adige, Italy
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Tan SM, Rees SWP, Jelley RE, Wang J, Fedrizzi B, Barker D. Enantioselective Total Synthesis of (R,R)-Blumenol B and d9-(R,R)-Blumenol B. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27217294. [PMID: 36364120 PMCID: PMC9655556 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
C13-norisoprenoids are of particular importance to grapes and wines, as these molecules influence wine aroma and have been shown to significantly contribute to the distinct character of various wine varieties. Blumenol B is a putative precursor to a number of important wine aroma compounds, including the well-known compounds theaspirone and vitispirane. The enantioselective synthesis of (R,R)-blumenol B from commercially available 4-oxoisophorone was achieved using a short and easily scaleable route, which was then successfully applied to the synthesis of poly-deuterated d9-blumenol B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Min Tan
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, 23 Symonds St., Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Shaun W. P. Rees
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, 23 Symonds St., Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Rebecca E. Jelley
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, 23 Symonds St., Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Jin Wang
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, 23 Symonds St., Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Bruno Fedrizzi
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, 23 Symonds St., Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- Centre for Green Chemical Science, School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- Correspondence: (B.F.); (D.B.)
| | - David Barker
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, 23 Symonds St., Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- Centre for Green Chemical Science, School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
- Correspondence: (B.F.); (D.B.)
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Say D. Physicochemical composition, nitrogen fraction and volatile profiles of goat cheese made with artisanal liquid coagulant. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022; 59:2469-2478. [PMID: 35602432 PMCID: PMC9114207 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-021-05266-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study, physicochemical composition, nitrogen fractions and volatile compounds of goat cheeses manufactured using artisanal liquid coagulant by four different manufacturers in a mountainous area were investigated. Fresh goat cheeses were characterized by their high fat and high levels of total free amino acids. Volatile profiles were isolated by a solid-phase microextraction technique (SPME/GC-MS) and analyzed by gas chromography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In the cheeses, 50 aroma components were identified as ten acids, nine terpens, nine alcohols, eight esters, six aldehydes, five ketones, two volatile phenols and one norisoprenoid with 13 carbon atoms. The major aroma compounds found were nonanoic acid, 2-hexanol and acetoin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilek Say
- Vocational School of Pozantı, Cukurova University, Pozantı, 01470 Adana, Turkey
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Zhang Y, Liu W, Zhang B, Zhang Y, Cai Z, Song H, Ma R, Yu M. Analysis of volatile compounds and their potential regulators in four high-quality peach (Prunus persica L.) cultivars with unique aromas. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Liang Z, Fang Z, Pai A, Luo J, Gan R, Gao Y, Lu J, Zhang P. Glycosidically bound aroma precursors in fruits: A comprehensive review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 62:215-243. [PMID: 32880480 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1813684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Fruit aroma is mainly contributed by free and glycosidically bound aroma compounds, in which glycosidically bound form can be converted into free form during storage and processing, thereby enhancing the overall aroma property. In recent years, the bound aroma precursors have been widely used as flavor additives in the food industry to enhance, balance and recover the flavor of products. This review summarizes the fruit-derived aroma glycosides in different aspects including chemical structures, enzymatic hydrolysis, biosynthesis and occurrence. Aroma glycosides structurally involve an aroma compound (aglycone) and a sugar moiety (glycone). They can be hydrolyzed to release free volatiles by endo- and/or exo-glucosidase, while their biosynthesis refers to glycosylation process using glycosyltransferases (GTs). So far, aroma glycosides have been found and studied in multiple fruits such as grapes, mangoes, lychees and so on. Additionally, their importance in flavor perception, their utilization in food flavor enhancement and other industrial applications are also discussed. Aroma glycosides can enhance flavor perception via hydrolyzation by β-glucosidase in human saliva. Moreover, they are able to impart product flavor by controlling the liberation of active volatiles in industrial applications. This review provides fundamental information for the future investigation on the fruit-derived aroma glycosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijian Liang
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Zhongxiang Fang
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ahalya Pai
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jiaqiang Luo
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Renyou Gan
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Gao
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiang Lu
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pangzhen Zhang
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Mele MA, Kang HM, Lee YT, Islam MZ. Grape terpenoids: flavor importance, genetic regulation, and future potential. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 61:1429-1447. [PMID: 32401037 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1760203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Terpenes significantly affect the flavor and quality of grapes and wine. This review summarizes recent research on terpenoids with regard to grape wine. Although, the grapevine terpene synthase gene family is the largest identified, genetic modifications involving terpenes to improve wine flavor have received little attention. Key enzyme modulation alters metabolite production. Over the last decade, the heterologous manipulation of grape glycosidase has been used to alter terpenoids, and cytochrome P450s may affect terpene synthesis. Metabolic and genetic engineering can further modify terpenoid metabolism, while using transgenic grapevines (trait transfer to the plant) could yield more flavorful wine. We also discuss traits involved in wine aroma quality, and the strategies that can be used to improve grapevine breeding technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmuda Akter Mele
- Department of Horticulture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Min Kang
- Department of Horticulture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Tack Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Gachon University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Mohammad Zahirul Islam
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Gachon University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
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Research Advances on Biosynthesis, Regulation, and Biological Activities of Apocarotenoid Aroma in Horticultural Plants. J CHEM-NY 2020. [DOI: 10.1155/2020/2526956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Apocarotenoids, which play important roles in the growth and development of horticultural plants, are produced by the action of carotenoid cleavage oxygenase (CCO) family members or nonenzymatic cleavage actions. Apocarotenoids are commonly found in leaves, flowers, and fruits of many horticultural plants and participate in the formation of pigments, flavors, hormones, and signaling compounds. Some of them are recognized as important aroma components of fruit and flower with aromatic odor, such as βß-ionone, β-damascenone, and 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one in tomato fruit, and have low odor thresholds with β-ionone having odor threshold of only 0.007 ppb. In this review, the main apocarotenoid aroma components in horticultural plants were listed, and factors influencing their production were discussed at first. Then, the biosynthetic pathway of apocarotenoid aromas was briefly introduced, and the CCDs gene family was highlighted, and the nonenzymatic production of apocarotenoid aromas was also mentioned. Next, chemical and molecular regulations of apocarotenoid aromas and their biological activities were summarized. Finally, further exploration aspects needed were suggested. We anticipate that this review can afford some crucial information for comprehensive application of apocarotenoid volatile compounds in horticultural plants.
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Tang K, Hu J, Fan W, Xu Y, Li JM. Chemometric analysis of Chinese red wines using stir bar sorptive extraction combined with GC–MS analysis. Eur Food Res Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-019-03380-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Alem H, Rigou P, Schneider R, Ojeda H, Torregrosa L. Impact of agronomic practices on grape aroma composition: a review. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2019; 99:975-985. [PMID: 30142253 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Aroma compounds are secondary metabolites that play a key role in grape quality for enological purposes. Terpenes, C13 -norisoprenoids, phenols, and non-terpenic alcohols are the most important aroma compounds in grapes and they can be found as free volatiles or glycoconjugated (bound) molecules. The non-volatile glycosylated group is the largest, and it is present in all varieties of Vitis vinifera (L.), the most widely used species for wine production. These aroma precursors represent the reserve of aroma molecules that can be released during winemaking. Their relative and absolute concentrations at fruit ripening determine the organoleptic value of the final product. A large range of biotic and abiotic factors can influence their biosynthesis in several ways. Agronomic practices such as irrigation, training systems, leaf removal, and bunch thinning can have an effect at plant level. The spraying of stimulatory compounds on fruit at different developmental stages has also been shown to modify metabolic pathways at fruit level with some impact on the aroma composition of the grapevine fruit. Viticulturists could act to promote aroma precursors to improve the aromatic profile of grapes and the wine ultimately produced. However, agronomic practices do not always have uniform results. The metabolic and physiological changes resulting from agronomic practices are unknown because there has not been sufficient research to date. This review presents the state of the art regarding the influences of vineyard agronomic management on the biosynthesis of grape aroma compounds. Although literature regarding the topic is abundant there are still many unknown biological mechanisms involved and/or that have been insufficiently studied. The aim of this work is therefore to find the gaps in scientific literature so that future investigations can focus on them. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hubert Alem
- UE 999 Pech-Rouge, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Gruissan, France
- AGAP, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier Cedex 02, France
- Facultad de Agronomía, Cátedra de Fruticultura, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Peggy Rigou
- SPO, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier Cedex 02, France
| | - Rémi Schneider
- Institut Français de la Vigne et du Vin, Gruissan, France
| | - Hernán Ojeda
- UE 999 Pech-Rouge, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Gruissan, France
| | - Laurent Torregrosa
- UE 999 Pech-Rouge, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Gruissan, France
- AGAP, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier Cedex 02, France
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10
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Awad P, Athès V, Decloux ME, Ferrari G, Snakkers G, Raguenaud P, Giampaoli P. Evolution of Volatile Compounds during the Distillation of Cognac Spirit. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:7736-7748. [PMID: 28756673 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b02406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cognac wine spirit has a complex composition in volatile compounds which contributes to its organoleptic profile. This work focused on the batch distillation process and, in particular, on volatile compounds specifically produced by chemical reactions during the distillation of Cognac wine spirit, traditionally conducted in two steps with charentais pot stills. The aim of this study was to characterize these volatile compounds formed during distillation. Sampling has been performed on the distillates and inside the boiler during a typical Cognac distillation. The analysis of these samples allowed us to perform a mass balance and to point out several types of volatile compounds whose quantities strongly increased during the distillation process. These compounds were distinguished by their chemical family. It has been found that the first distillation step was decisive for the formation of volatile compounds. Moreover, 2 esters, 3 aldehydes, 12 norisoprenoids, and 3 terpenes were shown to be generated during the process. These results suggest that some volatile compounds found in Cognac spirit are formed during distillation due to chemical reactions induced by high temperature. These findings give important indications to professional distillers in order to enhance the product's quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Awad
- UMR 782 Génie et Microbiologie des Procédés Alimentaires (GMPA), AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay , F-78330 Thiverval-Grignon, France
- UMR 1145 Ingénierie Procédés Aliments, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay , 1 av. des Olympiades, F-91300 Massy, France
| | - Violaine Athès
- UMR 782 Génie et Microbiologie des Procédés Alimentaires (GMPA), AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay , F-78330 Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Martine Esteban Decloux
- UMR 1145 Ingénierie Procédés Aliments, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay , 1 av. des Olympiades, F-91300 Massy, France
| | - Gérald Ferrari
- Station Viticole du BNIC , 69 rue de Bellefonds, F-16100 Cognac, France
| | | | - Patrick Raguenaud
- Fondation Jean Poupelain, 30 rue de Gatechien, F-16100 Javrezac, France
| | - Pierre Giampaoli
- UMR 1145 Ingénierie Procédés Aliments, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay , 1 av. des Olympiades, F-91300 Massy, France
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Carlin S, Vrhovsek U, Franceschi P, Lotti C, Bontempo L, Camin F, Toubiana D, Zottele F, Toller G, Fait A, Mattivi F. Regional features of northern Italian sparkling wines, identified using solid-phase micro extraction and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2016; 208:68-80. [PMID: 27132825 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.03.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We carried out comprehensive mapping of volatile compounds in 70 wines, from 48 wineries and 6 vintages, representative of the two main production areas for Italian sparkling wines, by HS-SPME-GCxGC-TOF-MS and multivariate analysis. The final scope was to describe the metabolomics space of these wines, and to verify whether the grape cultivar signature, the pedoclimatic influence of the production area, and the complex technology were measurable in the final product. The wine chromatograms provided a wealth of information, with 1695 compounds being found. A large number of putative markers influenced by the cultivation area was observed. A subset of 196 biomarkers fully discriminated between the two types of sparkling wines investigated. Among the new compounds, safranal and α-isophorone were observed. We showed how correlation-based network analysis could be used as a tool to detect the differences in compound behaviour based on external/environmental influences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Carlin
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), Via E. Mach 1, 38010-San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Urska Vrhovsek
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), Via E. Mach 1, 38010-San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Pietro Franceschi
- Biostatistics and Data Management, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), Via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige, TN, Italy
| | - Cesare Lotti
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), Via E. Mach 1, 38010-San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Luana Bontempo
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), Via E. Mach 1, 38010-San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Federica Camin
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), Via E. Mach 1, 38010-San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - David Toubiana
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands (FAAB), The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer, Israel
| | - Fabio Zottele
- Department of Experimentation and Technology Services, Technology Transfer Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), Via E. Mach 1, 38010-San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Giambattista Toller
- Department of Experimentation and Technology Services, Technology Transfer Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), Via E. Mach 1, 38010-San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Aaron Fait
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands (FAAB), The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer, Israel
| | - Fulvio Mattivi
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), Via E. Mach 1, 38010-San Michele all'Adige, Italy.
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Ben Akacha N, Gargouri M. Microbial and enzymatic technologies used for the production of natural aroma compounds: Synthesis, recovery modeling, and bioprocesses. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2014.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Cai K, Xiang Z, Pan W, Zhao H, Ren Z, Lei B, Geng Z. Identification and quantitation of glycosidically bound aroma compounds in three tobacco types by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1311:149-56. [PMID: 24011421 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2013] [Revised: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Glycosidically bound aroma compounds in three different types of tobacco were investigated. After isolation of extracts obtained by Amberlite XAD-2 adsorption and ethyl acetate elution, glycosides were analyzed after enzymatic hydrolysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) or directly after trifluoroacetylated (TFA) derivatization by GC-MS in electron ionization (EI) and negative chemical ionization (NCI) mode. In total 21 bound aglycones were identified by β-glucosidase hydrolysis. These aglycones mainly consisted of C13-norisoprenoids, aromatic components and sesquiterpenoids. Additionally, with the aid of enzymatic hydrolysis, 15 β-d-glucopyranosides and 1 β-d-rutinoside were tentatively identified by TFA derivatization. TFA method was validated by repeatability and successfully employed to analyze different types of tobacco. Principal component analysis (PCA) was carried out on identified glycoside variables to visualize the difference between the tobacco types and the relationship between the glycoside variables and the tobacco types was established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Cai
- Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Guiyang 550081, PR China
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14
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Wang RK, Wang CE, Fei YY, Gai JY, Zhao TJ. Genome-wide identification and transcription analysis of soybean carotenoid oxygenase genes during abiotic stress treatments. Mol Biol Rep 2013; 40:4737-45. [PMID: 23666055 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-013-2570-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoid oxygenase is a key enzyme in carotenoid metabolism leading to the synthesis of two phytohormones, abscisic acid (ABA) and strigolactone, as well as norisoprenoids. Few studies have analyzed inter-relationship of the metabolic networks of these three substances. In this present paper, soybean carotenoid oxygenase genes were identified to reveal their phylogenetic relationships, and the transcriptional response of these genes to four abiotic stresses (NaCl, PEG, high and low temperature) and ABA treatment were investigated to characterize their potential roles in plant resistance. Positive selection was found in the branches of carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase (CCD1), CCD8 and NCED (9-cis-epoxycarotenoid oxygenase), indicating an adaptive evolution in these clades. In soybean eight carotenoid oxygenase genes were identified. The transcriptional responses of almost all of them under stress and ABA conditions were significantly altered when assessed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Notably, CCD1 and CCD4, previously known as the key genes in norisoprenoids metabolism, showed especially strong responses to the abiotic stresses and ABA treatment. Furthermore, transcription levels of CCD7 and CCD8, key genes for the strigolactone pathway, highly increased during ABA treatment providing further evidence that ABA is involved in regulating strigolactone metabolism. All of the carotenoid oxygenase genes in soybean are involved in plant abiotic stress physiology, and ABA is presumed to be a core regulatory substance. These findings provide some insights into the mechanisms that underlie the regulation of tolerance response to abiotic stresses in soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Kai Wang
- Soybean Research Institute, National Center for Soybean Improvement, MOA Key Laboratory for Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean (General), National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
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A new norisoprenoid and other compounds from Fuzhuan brick tea. Molecules 2012; 17:3539-46. [PMID: 22430120 PMCID: PMC6268391 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17033539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Revised: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Fuzhuan brick tea, a kind of dark tea consumed mainly in the border regions of Southwestern and Northwestern China since the 1860s, is produced from the leaves of Camellia sinensis var. sinensis by microbial fermentation. From this special fermented tea, a new norisoprenoid, 3R,9R-oxido-5-megastigmene, was isolated, together with α-linolenic acid, strictin, isovitexin, astragalin, (+)-catechin, (−)-epicatechin, (−)-epicatechin gallate, (+)-gallocatechin, (−)-epigallocatechin, (−)-epigallocatechin gallate and gallic acid. The structures of the compounds were identified by spectroscopic means. The new compound didn’t show any inhibition activity against the tested enteric pathogenic microorganisms at a concentration of 800 μg/mL by the hole plate diffusion method.
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Selli S, Bagatar B, Sen K, Kelebek H. Evaluation of differences in the aroma composition of free-run and pressed neutral grape juices obtained from Emir (Vitis vinifera L.). Chem Biodivers 2012; 8:1776-82. [PMID: 21922666 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201100053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the differences in the aroma compounds released after the free-run and pressed juices of cv. Emir grape (Vitis vinifera L.) were evaluated. Aroma compounds were obtained by liquid-liquid extraction with CH(2) Cl(2) , and then analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). According to the results, pressing uniformly increased the levels of the aromatic constituents, but this treatment lowered the grape juice quality for winemaking by increasing the total phenolic compounds, browning index, and C(6) -alcohol levels (green-herbaceaous odor) as compared to the free-run juice. From all the aroma compounds identified in both juices, hexan-1-ol, (E)-hex-2-en-1-ol, isobutanol, isoamyl alcohol, and 2-phenylethanol were the most abundant volatile compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serkan Selli
- University of Çukurova, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Food Engineering, TR-01330 Adana.
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Sefton MA, Skouroumounis GK, Elsey GM, Taylor DK. Occurrence, sensory impact, formation, and fate of damascenone in grapes, wines, and other foods and beverages. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:9717-46. [PMID: 21866982 DOI: 10.1021/jf201450q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Among plant-derived odorants, damascenone is one of the most ubiquitous, sometimes occurring as an apparent natural product but more commonly occurring in processed foodstuffs and beverages. It has been widely reported as a component of alcoholic beverages, particularly of wines made from the grape Vitis vinifera . Although damascenone has one of the lowest ortho- and retronasal detection thresholds of any odorant, its contribution to the sensory properties of most products remains poorly understood. Damascenone can be formed by acid-catalyzed hydrolyses of plant-derived apocarotenoids, in both aglycon and glycoconjugated forms. These reactions can account for the formation of damascenone in some, but not all, products. In wine, damascenone can also be subject to degradation processes, particularly by reaction with sulfur dioxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Sefton
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, PMB 1, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
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Cooper CM, Davies NW, Motti CA, Menary RC. Glycosidic conjugates of C13 norisoprenoids, monoterpenoids, and cucurbates in Boronia megastigma (Nees). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:2610-2617. [PMID: 21366309 DOI: 10.1021/jf104051t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of a methanolic extract of marc from Boronia megastigma (Nees) using LC-MS (APCI, nominal mass) provided strong evidence for the presence of both glycosides and malonyl glycosides of methyl cucurbates, C13 norisoprenoids including megastigmanes, and monoterpene alcohols. Subsequent fractionation of an extract from the marc using XAD-2 and LH 20 chromatography followed by LC-UV/MS-SPE-NMR and accurate mass LC-MS resulted in the isolation and identification of (1R,4R,5R)-3,3,5-trimethyl-4-[(1E)-3-oxobut-1-en-1-yl]cyclohexyl β-D-glucopyranoside (3-hydroxy-5,6-dihydro-β-ionone-β-D-glucopyranoside); 3,7-dimethylocta-1,5-diene-3,7-diol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside; and a methyl {(1R)-3-(β-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-2-[(2Z)-pent-2-en-1-yl]cyclopentyl}acetate stereoisomer (a methyl cucurbate-β-D-glucopyranoside); and provided evidence for 3,7-dimethylocta-1,5-diene-3,7-diol-3-O-(6'-O-malonyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside in boronia flowers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris M Cooper
- School of Agricultural Science and Central Science Laboratory, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 54, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.
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Giaccio J, Capone DL, Håkansson AE, Smyth HE, Elsey GM, Sefton MA, Taylor DK. The formation of wine lactone from grape-derived secondary metabolites. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:660-664. [PMID: 21189016 DOI: 10.1021/jf1038162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Wine lactone (i.e., 3a,4,5,7a-tetrahydro-3,6-dimethylbenzofuran-2(3H)-one, 1a/1b) was formed hydrolytically at wine pH from both racemic (E)-2,6-dimethyl-6-hydroxyocta-2,7-dienoic acid (3) and the corresponding glucose ester 2a at 45 °C but at room temperature was only formed from the acid 3. The glucose ester does not appear to be a significant precursor for the formation of wine lactone in wine. The slow formation of wine lactone from the free acid 3 indicates that the acid is not likely to be an important precursor to wine lactone in young wines unless present in high concentration (≫ 1 mg/L), but could be a significant precursor to wine lactone in wine that is several years old. The wine lactone formed in hydrolysates of the (6R)-enantiomer of 3 was partially enriched in the (3S,3aS,7aR)-enantiomer 1a when the hydrolysis was conducted at pH 3.2 and 100 °C in a closed vessel or under simultaneous distillation-extraction (SDE) conditions, and the enantiomeric excess (ee) varied from 5 to 22%. Hydrolysis of (6R)-3 in sealed ampules at 45 °C and at pH 3.0, 3.2, or 3.4 gave near-racemic wine lactone, but when the hydrolyses were conducted at room temperature, the product was enriched in the (3S,3aS,7aR)-enantiomer 1a and the ee was greater at higher pH (up to 60% at pH 3.4).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Giaccio
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, PMB 1, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
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Brandi F, Bar E, Mourgues F, Horváth G, Turcsi E, Giuliano G, Liverani A, Tartarini S, Lewinsohn E, Rosati C. Study of 'Redhaven' peach and its white-fleshed mutant suggests a key role of CCD4 carotenoid dioxygenase in carotenoid and norisoprenoid volatile metabolism. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2011; 11:24. [PMID: 21269483 PMCID: PMC3045293 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-11-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2010] [Accepted: 01/26/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carotenoids are plant metabolites which are not only essential in photosynthesis but also important quality factors in determining the pigmentation and aroma of flowers and fruits. To investigate the regulation of carotenoid metabolism, as related to norisoprenoids and other volatile compounds in peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch.), and the role of carotenoid dioxygenases in determining differences in flesh color phenotype and volatile composition, the expression patterns of relevant carotenoid genes and metabolites were studied during fruit development along with volatile compound content. Two contrasted cultivars, the yellow-fleshed 'Redhaven' (RH) and its white-fleshed mutant 'Redhaven Bianca' (RHB) were examined. RESULTS The two genotypes displayed marked differences in the accumulation of carotenoid pigments in mesocarp tissues. Lower carotenoid levels and higher levels of norisoprenoid volatiles were observed in RHB, which might be explained by differential activity of carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase (CCD) enzymes. In fact, the ccd4 transcript levels were dramatically higher at late ripening stages in RHB with respect to RH. The two genotypes also showed differences in the expression patterns of several carotenoid and isoprenoid transcripts, compatible with a feed-back regulation of these transcripts. Abamine SG - an inhibitor of CCD enzymes - decreased the levels of both isoprenoid and non-isoprenoid volatiles in RHB fruits, indicating a complex regulation of volatile production. CONCLUSIONS Differential expression of ccd4 is likely to be the major determinant in the accumulation of carotenoids and carotenoid-derived volatiles in peach fruit flesh. More in general, dioxygenases appear to be key factors controlling volatile composition in peach fruit, since abamine SG-treated 'Redhaven Bianca' fruits had strongly reduced levels of norisoprenoids and other volatile classes. Comparative functional studies of peach carotenoid cleavage enzymes are required to fully elucidate their role in peach fruit pigmentation and aroma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Brandi
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura, Unità di Ricerca per la Frutticoltura-Forlì (CRA-FRF), via la Canapona 1 bis, 47100 Forlì, Italy
| | - Einat Bar
- Dept. of Vegetable Crops, ARO Newe Ya'ar Research Center, P.O. Box 1021, 30095 Ramat Yishay, Israel
| | - Fabienne Mourgues
- National Agency for New technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), Trisaia Research Center, S.S. 106 km 419+500, 75026 Rotondella, Italy
| | - Györgyi Horváth
- University of Pécs, Medical School Department of Pharmacognosy, H-7624 Pécs, Rókus u. 2, Hungary
| | - Erika Turcsi
- University of Pécs, Medical School, Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, H-7624 Pécs, Szigeti út 12, Hungary
| | - Giovanni Giuliano
- ENEA, Casaccia Research Center, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123 Roma, Italy
| | - Alessandro Liverani
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura, Unità di Ricerca per la Frutticoltura-Forlì (CRA-FRF), via la Canapona 1 bis, 47100 Forlì, Italy
| | - Stefano Tartarini
- Dipartimento Colture Arboree, Università di Bologna, via Fanin 42, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Efraim Lewinsohn
- Dept. of Vegetable Crops, ARO Newe Ya'ar Research Center, P.O. Box 1021, 30095 Ramat Yishay, Israel
| | - Carlo Rosati
- National Agency for New technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), Trisaia Research Center, S.S. 106 km 419+500, 75026 Rotondella, Italy
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Meret M, Brat P, Mertz C, Lebrun M, Günata Z. Contribution to aroma potential of Andean blackberry (Rubus glaucus Benth.). Food Res Int 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2010.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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22
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Kwasniewski MT, Vanden Heuvel JE, Pan BS, Sacks GL. Timing of cluster light environment manipulation during grape development affects C13 norisoprenoid and carotenoid concentrations in Riesling. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:6841-9. [PMID: 20450186 DOI: 10.1021/jf904555p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Sunlight exposure of winegrape clusters is frequently reported to increase C(13)-norisoprenoids in resulting wines, but the timing and mechanism of this influence is not well understood. Fruit zone leaf removal was applied to Vitis vinifera cv. Riesling at three timings: 2, 33 and 68 days past berry set (PBS), and compared to an untreated control. Free and total 1,1,6-trimethyl-1,2-dihydronaphthalene (TDN), vitispirane and beta-damascenone were measured in juice and wines, and carotenoid profiles were determined in grapes at midseason and maturity. Significantly higher total TDN was observed in grapes from the 33-day PBS treatment compared to the control and other treatments (195 microg/L vs 54-87 microg/L). Total vitispirane in juice was also significantly increased in the 33-day PBS treatment, while total beta-damascenone was reduced in the 68-day PBS treatment compared to the control. Existing HPLC protocols were modified to allow for quantification of zeaxanthin in V. vinifera berries, and zeaxanthin was determined to be significantly higher in the 33-day PBS treatment than the control or other treatments (p < 0.05). Total TDN in juice correlated with free TDN in wine, with 11.0% +/- 2.5% of total juice TDN converted to free TDN in wine. In contrast, total vitispirane increased significantly during fermentation, and was not correlated with vitispirane in juice. In summary, leaf removal at 33 days PBS significantly increased zeaxanthin in Riesling grapes midseason, total TDN and vitispirane in the juice of mature Riesling grapes, and free and total TDN in finished wine, while earlier or later leaf removal had no effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misha T Kwasniewski
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Cornell University, 630 West North Street, Geneva, New York 14456, USA
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Du X, Finn CE, Qian MC. Bound volatile precursors in genotypes in the pedigree of 'Marion' blackberry (Rubus sp.). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:3694-3699. [PMID: 20192206 DOI: 10.1021/jf9034089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Glycosidically bound volatiles and precursors in genotypes representing the pedigree for 'Marion' blackberry were investigated over two growing seasons. The volatile precursors were isolated using a C18 solid-phase extraction column. After enzymatic hydrolysis, the released volatiles were analyzed using stir bar sorptive extraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and direct microvial insert thermal desorption GC-MS. The most abundant volatile precursors in the genotypes were alcohols, followed by shikimic acid derivatives. High amounts of furanone glycosides were also detected, while norisoprenoids only existed in a small amount in blackberries. The volatile precursor composition in the genotypes in the 'Marion' pedigree was very similar to their free volatile distribution. 'Logan' and 'Olallie' predominantly had bound norisoprenoids. Wild 'Himalaya' predominated with terpene alcohol and furaneol glycosides, whereas 'Santiam' and 'Chehalem' contained a high level of terpene alcohol glycosides. A similar inheritance pattern was also observed for some volatile precursors in the genotypes in the 'Marion' pedigree. A high content of linalool, hydroxylinalool, and alpha-ionol glycosides in 'Olallie' and a low content in 'Chehalem' resulted in a moderate level in their offspring 'Marion', while a low content of (E)-linalool oxide precursor in 'Olallie' and a high content in 'Chehalem' also resulted in a moderate level in 'Marion'. However, the concentration of furaneol glycosides in 'Marion' exceeded that of its two parents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofen Du
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
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Winterhalter P, Schreier P. The generation of norisoprenoid volatiles in starfruit(Averrhoa carambolaL.): A review∗. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129509541041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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25
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Oliveira JM, Oliveira P, Baumes RL, Maia O. Changes in aromatic characteristics of Loureiro and Alvarinho wines during maturation. J Food Compost Anal 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2008.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Padmakumari KP. Free and Glycosidically Bound Volatiles in Curry Leaves (Murraya koenigii) (L) Spreng. JOURNAL OF ESSENTIAL OIL RESEARCH 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/10412905.2008.9700063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Oliveira J, Oliveira P, Baumes R, Maia M. Volatile and Glycosidically Bound Composition of Loureiro and Alvarinho Wines. FOOD SCI TECHNOL INT 2008. [DOI: 10.1177/1082013208097442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Composition of Loureiro and Alvarinho wines from the Vinhos Verdes region, regarding free volatile compounds as well as glycosidically bound aroma precursors, was exhaustively determined by gas chromatography—mass spectrometry after adsorption on XAD-2 resin. On the whole, were identified and quantified 120 volatile compounds in the free fraction and 77 glycosidically bound compounds, belonging to C6-compounds, alcohols, fatty acids ethyl esters, esters of organic acids, acetates, monoterpenic alcohols, monoterpenic oxides and diols, C13-norisoprenoids, volatile phenols, volatile fatty acids, and carbonyl compounds. Globally, the wines of the two cultivars present similar composition on volatiles. However, regarding varietal compounds, Loureiro wines were richer than Alvarinho ones with respect to C6-compounds and monoterpenic compounds, occurring the opposite for volatile phenols. It was also demonstrated that wines of both varieties might benefit the aroma reserve, present as glycoconjugates, as it is susceptible of being technologically explored. Linalool, Ho-trienol, (α-terpineol, contributing with fruity and floral notes, and (β-damascenone mostly for Alvarinho, confering tropical fruit notes, are the varietal compounds which may particularly influence the aroma of these wines. Respecting fermentative compounds, Alvarinho is also particularly rich in fatty acids ethyl esters related to lipid metabolism and acetates of fusel alcohols, which can provide it a fruity character; Loureiro contains higher levels of esters of organic acids and 2-phenylethanol, conferring fruity and floral notes. Sensory analysis agreed with chemical analyses showing a pronounced tree and tropical fruit character for Alvarinho wines while Loureiro wines present more intense citrus fruit notes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.M. Oliveira
- IBB - Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Biological Engineering Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal,
| | - P. Oliveira
- Departamento de Produção e Sistemas, Universidade do Minho Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - R.L. Baumes
- Unité Mixte de Recherches Sciences pour l'Œnologie, INRA-M 2, Place Viala, 36060 Montpellier Cedex 01, France
| | - M.O. Maia
- IBB - Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Biological Engineering Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
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Schwab W, Davidovich-Rikanati R, Lewinsohn E. Biosynthesis of plant-derived flavor compounds. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2008; 54:712-32. [PMID: 18476874 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2008.03446.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 585] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants have the capacity to synthesize, accumulate and emit volatiles that may act as aroma and flavor molecules due to interactions with human receptors. These low-molecular-weight substances derived from the fatty acid, amino acid and carbohydrate pools constitute a heterogenous group of molecules with saturated and unsaturated, straight-chain, branched-chain and cyclic structures bearing various functional groups (e.g. alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, esters and ethers) and also nitrogen and sulfur. They are commercially important for the food, pharmaceutical, agricultural and chemical industries as flavorants, drugs, pesticides and industrial feedstocks. Due to the low abundance of the volatiles in their plant sources, many of the natural products had been replaced by their synthetic analogues by the end of the last century. However, the foreseeable shortage of the crude oil that is the source for many of the artificial flavors and fragrances has prompted recent interest in understanding the formation of these compounds and engineering their biosynthesis. Although many of the volatile constituents of flavors and aromas have been identified, many of the enzymes and genes involved in their biosynthesis are still not known. However, modification of flavor by genetic engineering is dependent on the knowledge and availability of genes that encode enzymes of key reactions that influence or divert the biosynthetic pathways of plant-derived volatiles. Major progress has resulted from the use of molecular and biochemical techniques, and a large number of genes encoding enzymes of volatile biosynthesis have recently been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilfried Schwab
- Biomolecular Food Technology, Technical University Munich, 85354 Freising, Lise-Meitner-Strasse 34, Germany.
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Neugebauer W, Winterhalter P, Schreier P. 3-Hydroxy-α-ionyl-β-D-Glucopyranosides from Stinging Nettle (Urtica dioicaL.) Leaves. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/10575639508043155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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30
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan H Swiegers
- The Australian Wine Research Institute, Glen Osmond Adelaide, South Australia 5064, Australia
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Biogeneration of C13-norisoprenoid compounds: experiments supportive for an apo-carotenoid pathway in grapevines. Anal Chim Acta 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(01)01589-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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32
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Jiang L, Kojima H, Yamada K, Kobayashi A, Kubota K. Isolation of some glycosides as aroma precursors in young leaves of Japanese pepper (Xanthoxylum piperitum DC.). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2001; 49:5888-5894. [PMID: 11743780 DOI: 10.1021/jf0104937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
To clarify the formation mechanism for the major alcoholic aroma compounds in young leaves of Japanese pepper, the glycosides were isolated as aroma precursors. The presence of glycosides of the main alcoholic aroma constituents was indirectly determined by enzymatic hydrolysis and trifluoroacetylation (TFA) of the glycoside-containing fraction. After Amberlite XAD-2 column chromatography, ODS flash chromatography, and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), two new compounds, namely, (3S,6S)-cis-linalool-3,7-oxide beta-D-glucopyranoside and 2-methylpropanyl 6-O-beta-D-apiofuranosyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside, were isolated. In addition, (3S,6R)-cis-linalool-3,6-oxide beta-D-glucopyranoside, which absolute configuration was the first determined, and six known glycosides, citronellyl beta-D-glucopyranoside, linalyl 6-O-beta-D-apiofuranosyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside, (Z)-3-hexenyl beta-D-glucopyranoside, benzyl 6-O-beta-D-apiofuranosyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside, dendranthemoside A, and 3,6-dihydroxy-5,6-dihydro-beta-ionol 9-beta-D-glucopyranoside, were isolated. All of these glycosides were isolated for the first time from the leaves of Japanese pepper. Their structures were established on the basis of spectral data and chemical evidence. The ratios of stereoisomers of the aglycon moieties of citronellyl beta-D-glucopyranoside and linalyl 6-O-beta-D-apiofuranosyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside were investigated by a chiral GC analysis and compared with those of free citronellol and linalool in the aroma concentrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Jiang
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Ochanomizu University, 2-1-1 Ohtsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan
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Wirth J, Guo W, Baumes R, Günata Z. Volatile compounds released by enzymatic hydrolysis of glycoconjugates of leaves and grape berries from Vitis vinifera Muscat of Alexandria and Shiraz cultivars. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2001; 49:2917-2923. [PMID: 11409987 DOI: 10.1021/jf001398l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Glycoconjugates from Muscat of Alexandria and Shiraz leaves and grape berries were isolated by adsorption on Amberlite XAD-2 resin, and enzymatically released aglycons were analyzed by GC-FID and GC-MS. About 120 aglycons were fully or tentatively identified. Compositional differences were observed between leaves and berries of the two varieties in five aglycon chemical groups: C6 alcohols, aliphatic alcohols, monoterpenes, shikimates, and C(13)-norisoprenoids, which were much more abundant in the leaves than in the berries. The differences observed for C(13)-norisoprenoids were in agreement with their hypothetical independent biosynthesis in leaves and berries. Thus, 3-hydroxy-beta-damascone, an important norisoprenoid aglycon of grape berries, was not detected in leaves, whereas its oxidized derivative, 3-oxo-alpha-damascone, was absent in berries. Compositional differences were also observed between Muscat and Shiraz leaves. 3-Oxo-alpha-ionol was not detected in Shiraz leaves, and its retro derivatives were less abundant than in Muscat of Alexandria leaves. Conversely, in Shiraz leaves the levels of 7,8-dihydroionone derivatives, such as megastigman-3,9-diol and 3-oxo-7,8-dihydro-alpha-ionol, were higher than in Muscat of Alexandria leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wirth
- Unité de recherches Biopolymères et Arômes, IPV-ENSAM-INRA, 2 place viala, 34060 Montpellier Cedex 1, France
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Ma SJ, Watanabe N, Yagi A, Sakata K. The (3R,9R)-3-hydroxy-7,8-dihydro-beta-ionol disaccharide glycoside is an aroma precursor in tea leaves. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2001; 56:819-825. [PMID: 11324911 DOI: 10.1016/s0031-9422(00)00361-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The disaccharide glycoside, (3R,9R)-3-hydroxy-7,8-dihydro-beta-ionyl 6-O-beta-D-apiofuranosyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside was isolated as an aroma precursor from the leaves of Camellia sinensis var. sinensis cv. Yabukita. Its stereochemistry was elucidated on the basis of spectral data and chemical synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Ma
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Japan
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Skouroumounis GK, Gunata YZ, Baumes RL. Isolation of Two Megastigmane-3,9-diol Glucosides from Shiraz Leaves. JOURNAL OF ESSENTIAL OIL RESEARCH 2000. [DOI: 10.1080/10412905.2000.9712183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Osorio C, Duque C, Fujimoto Y. C(13)-Norisoprenoid glucoconjugates from lulo (Solanum quitoense L.) leaves. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 1999; 47:1641-1645. [PMID: 10564031 DOI: 10.1021/jf9807364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
With the aid of multilayer coil countercurrent chromatography, subsequent acetylation, and liquid chromatographic purification of a glycosidic mixture obtained from lulo (Solanum quitoense L.) leaves, three C(13)-norisoprenoid glucoconjugates were isolated in pure form. Their structures were elucidated by NMR, MS, and CD analyses to be the novel (6R,9R)-13-hydroxy-3-oxo-alpha-ionol 9-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (4a), the uncommon (3S,5R,8R)-3, 5-dihydroxy-6,7-megastigmadien-9-one 5-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (citroside A) (5a), and the known (6S,9R)-vomifoliol 9-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (6a). Enzymatic treatment of compound 5a showed the formation of 3-hydroxy-7,8-didehydro-beta-ionone (7), an important lulo peeling volatile, which in its turn after chemical reduction and heated acid catalyzed rearrangement generates beta-damascenone (9) and 3-hydroxy-beta-damascone (10).
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Affiliation(s)
- C Osorio
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá
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Parada F, Duque C. Studies on the Aroma of Piñuela Fruit Pulp (Bromelia plumieri): Free and Bound Volatile Composition and Characterization of Some Glucoconjugates as Aroma Precursors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-4168(19981001)21:10<577::aid-jhrc577>3.0.co;2-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Busch J, Grether Y, Ochs D, Séquin U. Total synthesis and biological activities of (+)- and (-)-boscialin and their 1'-epimers. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 1998; 61:591-597. [PMID: 9599255 DOI: 10.1021/np970517x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Natural (-)-boscialin [(-)-1] has recently been described as one of the constituents of various medicinal plants. To obtain more material for investigations of its biological activities, we carried out the synthesis of (-)-1 and its isomers. Starting from the chiral building block 2, the key steps of the synthesis involved a regioselective reduction and a nucleophilic addition. The enantiomer of the natural product, (+)-boscialin [(+)-1], could be obtained via acid-catalyzed epimerization of hydroxyketone 4 to (+)-3. Starting the synthesis with (-)-3 led to (-)-boscialin [(-)-1] with the natural absolute configuration. In addition to (+)- and (-)-boscialin, the corresponding 1'-epimers (+)- and (-)-epiboscialin were also obtained. In vitro assays with (-)-boscialin [(-)-1] and its three stereoisomers were carried out to test for activity against microbes, parasites, and human fibroblasts. The investigations revealed activity against various microbes and against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and also revealed cytotoxicity against human cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Busch
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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Winterhalter P, Skouroumounis GK. Glycoconjugated aroma compounds: occurrence, role and biotechnological transformation. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 1997; 55:73-105. [PMID: 9017925 DOI: 10.1007/bfb0102063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The present paper reviews the occurrence of glycosidically bound aroma compounds in the plant kingdom and discusses different hypotheses concerning their role in plants. Emphasis is on biotechnological methods for flavor release and flavor enhancement through enzymatic hydrolysis of glycoconjugated aroma substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Winterhalter
- Inst. für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
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Schreier P. Enzymes and flavour biotechnology. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 1997. [DOI: 10.1007/bfb0102062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Messerer M, Winterhalter P. (2Z)-4-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-buten-1-yl-ß-D-glucoside and (2Z)-1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-buten-4-yl-ß-D-glucoside: Two New Hemiterpene Glucosides fromVitis viniferaLeaves. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1080/10575639508044067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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