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Kumar N, Rachagani S, Natarajan G, Crook A, Gopal T, Rajamanickam V, Kaushal JB, Nagabhishek SN, Powers R, Batra SK, Saraswathi V. Histidine Enhances the Anticancer Effect of Gemcitabine against Pancreatic Cancer via Disruption of Amino Acid Homeostasis and Oxidant-Antioxidant Balance. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15092593. [PMID: 37174059 PMCID: PMC10177467 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15092593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the severe toxicity posed by chemotherapeutic drugs, adjuvant nutritional intervention has gained increased attention in the treatment of pancreatic cancer (PC). Amino acid (AA) metabolism is aberrantly regulated in PC and circulating histidine (His) levels are low in PC patients. We hypothesized that His uptake and/or metabolism is dysregulated in PC and that combining His with gemcitabine (Gem), a drug used in the treatment of PC, will enhance the anti-cancer effects of Gem. We performed in vitro and in vivo studies to determine the anticancer effect of the combination of His and Gem against lethal PC. We demonstrate that circulating His levels are low in both human subjects and genetically engineered mice exhibiting pancreatic tumors. Interestingly, the expression of histidine ammonia lyase, an enzyme involved in His catabolism, is higher in PC compared to normal subjects. His + Gem exerts a more potent cytotoxic effect in PC cells compared to individual treatments. His treatment results in a profound increase in His accumulation, accompanied by a depletion of a number of AAs, promoting cancer cell survival and/or glutathione (GSH) synthesis. His but not Gem increases hydrogen peroxide and depletes cellular GSH. Supplementation with GSH protects cells against His + Gem-induced cytotoxicity. Further, our in vivo studies demonstrate that His + Gem potently reduced tumor mass and improved mouse survival. Taken together, our data suggest that PC cells exhibit an aberrant His uptake/accumulation which, in turn, leads to oxidative stress and depletion of AA pool, thereby enhancing the anticancer effect of Gem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narendra Kumar
- The Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- The VA Nebraska Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, USA
| | - Satyanarayana Rachagani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Gopalakrishnan Natarajan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Alexandra Crook
- The Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Thiyagarajan Gopal
- The Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- The VA Nebraska Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, USA
| | - Vinothkumar Rajamanickam
- The Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- The VA Nebraska Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, USA
| | - Jyoti B Kaushal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Sirpu N Nagabhishek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Robert Powers
- The Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
- Nebraska Center for Integrated Biomolecular Communication, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Surinder K Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Viswanathan Saraswathi
- The Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- The VA Nebraska Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, USA
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2
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Islam A, Shaukat Z, Hussain R, Gregory SL. One-Carbon and Polyamine Metabolism as Cancer Therapy Targets. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12121902. [PMID: 36551330 PMCID: PMC9775183 DOI: 10.3390/biom12121902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer metabolic reprogramming is essential for maintaining cancer cell survival and rapid replication. A common target of this metabolic reprogramming is one-carbon metabolism which is notable for its function in DNA synthesis, protein and DNA methylation, and antioxidant production. Polyamines are a key output of one-carbon metabolism with widespread effects on gene expression and signaling. As a result of these functions, one-carbon and polyamine metabolism have recently drawn a lot of interest for their part in cancer malignancy. Therapeutic inhibitors that target one-carbon and polyamine metabolism have thus been trialed as anticancer medications. The significance and future possibilities of one-carbon and polyamine metabolism as a target in cancer therapy are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anowarul Islam
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide 5042, Australia
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5001, Australia
| | - Zeeshan Shaukat
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5001, Australia
| | - Rashid Hussain
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5001, Australia
| | - Stephen L. Gregory
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide 5042, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-0466987583
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3
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Holbert CE, Cullen MT, Casero RA, Stewart TM. Polyamines in cancer: integrating organismal metabolism and antitumour immunity. Nat Rev Cancer 2022; 22:467-480. [PMID: 35477776 PMCID: PMC9339478 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-022-00473-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The natural mammalian polyamines putrescine, spermidine and spermine are essential for both normal and neoplastic cell function and replication. Dysregulation of metabolism of polyamines and their requirements is common in many cancers. Both clinical and experimental depletion of polyamines have demonstrated their metabolism to be a rational target for therapy; however, the mechanisms through which polyamines can establish a tumour-permissive microenvironment are only now emerging. Recent data indicate that polyamines can play a major role in regulating the antitumour immune response, thus likely contributing to the existence of immunologically 'cold' tumours that do not respond to immune checkpoint blockade. Additionally, the interplay between the microbiota and associated tissues creates a tumour microenvironment in which polyamine metabolism, content and function can all be dramatically altered on the basis of microbiota composition, dietary polyamine availability and tissue response to its surrounding microenvironment. The goal of this Perspective is to introduce the reader to the many ways in which polyamines, polyamine metabolism, the microbiota and the diet interconnect to establish a tumour microenvironment that facilitates the initiation and progression of cancer. It also details ways in which polyamine metabolism and function can be successfully targeted for therapeutic benefit, including specifically enhancing the antitumour immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra E Holbert
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Robert A Casero
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Tracy Murray Stewart
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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4
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Novita Sari I, Setiawan T, Seock Kim K, Toni Wijaya Y, Won Cho K, Young Kwon H. Metabolism and function of polyamines in cancer progression. Cancer Lett 2021; 519:91-104. [PMID: 34186159 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Polyamines are essential for the proliferation, differentiation, and development of eukaryotes. They include spermine, spermidine, and the diamine precursor putrescine, and are low-molecular-weight, organic polycations with more than two amino groups. Their intracellular concentrations are strictly maintained within a specific physiological range through several regulatory mechanisms in normal cells. In contrast, polyamine metabolism is dysregulated in many neoplastic states, including cancer. In various types of cancer, polyamine levels are elevated, and crosstalk occurs between polyamine metabolism and oncogenic pathways, such as mTOR and RAS pathways. Thus, polyamines might have potential as therapeutic targets in the prevention and treatment of cancer. The molecular mechanisms linking polyamine metabolism to carcinogenesis must be unraveled to develop novel inhibitors of polyamine metabolism. This overview describes the nature of polyamines, their association with carcinogenesis, the development of polyamine inhibitors and their potential, and the findings of clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ita Novita Sari
- Department of Integrated Biomedical Science, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan-si, 31151, Republic of Korea
| | - Tania Setiawan
- Department of Integrated Biomedical Science, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan-si, 31151, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Seock Kim
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-bio Science (SIMS), Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan-si, 31151, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoseph Toni Wijaya
- Department of Integrated Biomedical Science, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan-si, 31151, Republic of Korea
| | - Kae Won Cho
- Department of Integrated Biomedical Science, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan-si, 31151, Republic of Korea; Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-bio Science (SIMS), Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan-si, 31151, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyog Young Kwon
- Department of Integrated Biomedical Science, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan-si, 31151, Republic of Korea; Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-bio Science (SIMS), Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan-si, 31151, Republic of Korea.
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5
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Liu M, Wang D, Luo Y, Hu L, Bi Y, Ji J, Huang H, Wang G, Zhu L, Ma J, Kim E, Luo CK, Abbruzzese JL, Li X, Yang VW, Li Z, Lu W. Selective killing of cancer cells harboring mutant RAS by concomitant inhibition of NADPH oxidase and glutathione biosynthesis. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:189. [PMID: 33594044 PMCID: PMC7887267 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03473-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Oncogenic RAS is a critical driver for the initiation and progression of several types of cancers. However, effective therapeutic strategies by targeting RAS, in particular RASG12D and RASG12V, and associated downstream pathways have been so far unsuccessful. Treatment of oncogenic RAS-ravaged cancer patients remains a currently unmet clinical need. Consistent with a major role in cancer metabolism, oncogenic RAS activation elevates both reactive oxygen species (ROS)-generating NADPH oxidase (NOX) activity and ROS-scavenging glutathione biosynthesis. At a certain threshold, the heightened oxidative stress and antioxidant capability achieve a higher level of redox balance, on which cancer cells depend to gain a selective advantage on survival and proliferation. However, this prominent metabolic feature may irrevocably render cancer cells vulnerable to concurrent inhibition of both NOX activity and glutathione biosynthesis, which may be exploited as a novel therapeutic strategy. In this report, we test this hypothesis by treating the HRASG12V-transformed ovarian epithelial cells, mutant KRAS-harboring pancreatic and colon cancer cells of mouse and human origins, as well as cancer xenografts, with diphenyleneiodonium (DPI) and buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) combination, which inhibit NOX activity and glutathione biosynthesis, respectively. Our results demonstrate that concomitant targeting of NOX and glutathione biosynthesis induces a highly potent lethality to cancer cells harboring oncogenic RAS. Therefore, our studies provide a novel strategy against RAS-bearing cancers that warrants further mechanistic and translational investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muyun Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, No. 905 Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, China
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Yongde Luo
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lianghao Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yawei Bi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Juntao Ji
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Haojie Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoqiang Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Liang Zhu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Jianjia Ma
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Eunice Kim
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Catherine K Luo
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - James L Abbruzzese
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Xiaokun Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Vincent W Yang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Zhaoshen Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, China.
| | - Weiqin Lu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
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6
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Nagdas S, Kashatus JA, Nascimento A, Hussain SS, Trainor RE, Pollock SR, Adair SJ, Michaels AD, Sesaki H, Stelow EB, Bauer TW, Kashatus DF. Drp1 Promotes KRas-Driven Metabolic Changes to Drive Pancreatic Tumor Growth. Cell Rep 2019; 28:1845-1859.e5. [PMID: 31412251 PMCID: PMC6711191 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria undergo fission and fusion to maintain homeostasis, and tumors exhibit the dysregulation of mitochondrial dynamics. We recently demonstrated that ectopic HRasG12V promotes mitochondrial fragmentation and tumor growth through Erk phosphorylation of the mitochondrial fission GTPase Dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1). However, the role of Drp1 in the setting of endogenous oncogenic KRas remains unknown. Here, we show that Drp1 is required for KRas-driven anchorage-independent growth in fibroblasts and patient-derived pancreatic cancer cell lines, and it promotes glycolytic flux, in part through the regulation of hexokinase 2 (HK2). Furthermore, Drp1 deletion imparts a significant survival advantage in a model of KRas-driven pancreatic cancer, and tumors exhibit a strong selective pressure against complete Drp1 deletion. Rare tumors that arise in the absence of Drp1 have restored glycolysis but exhibit defective mitochondrial metabolism. This work demonstrates that Drp1 plays dual roles in KRas-driven tumor growth: supporting both glycolysis and mitochondrial function through independent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarbajeet Nagdas
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Jennifer A Kashatus
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Aldo Nascimento
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Syed S Hussain
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Riley E Trainor
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Sarah R Pollock
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Sara J Adair
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Alex D Michaels
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Hiromi Sesaki
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Edward B Stelow
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Todd W Bauer
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - David F Kashatus
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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7
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Wuebben EL, Wilder PJ, Cox JL, Grunkemeyer JA, Caffrey T, Hollingsworth MA, Rizzino A. SOX2 functions as a molecular rheostat to control the growth, tumorigenicity and drug responses of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells. Oncotarget 2017; 7:34890-906. [PMID: 27145457 PMCID: PMC5085197 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly deadly malignancy. Expression of the stem cell transcription factor SOX2 increases during progression of PDAC. Knockdown of SOX2 in PDAC cell lines decreases growth in vitro; whereas, stable overexpression of SOX2 in one PDAC cell line reportedly increases growth in vitro. Here, we reexamined the role of SOX2 in PDAC cells, because inducible SOX2 overexpression in other tumor cell types inhibits growth. In this study, four PDAC cell lines were engineered for inducible overexpression of SOX2 or inducible knockdown of SOX2. Remarkably, inducible overexpression of SOX2 in PDAC cells inhibits growth in vitro and reduces tumorigenicity. Additionally, inducible knockdown of SOX2 in PDAC cells reduces growth in vitro and in vivo. Thus, growth and tumorigenicity of PDAC cells is highly dependent on the expression of optimal levels of SOX2 – a hallmark of molecular rheostats. We also determined that SOX2 alters the responses of PDAC cells to drugs used in PDAC clinical trials. Increasing SOX2 reduces growth inhibition mediated by MEK and AKT inhibitors; whereas knockdown of SOX2 further reduces growth when PDAC cells are treated with these inhibitors. Thus, targeting SOX2, or its mode of action, could improve the treatment of PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin L Wuebben
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5950, USA
| | - Phillip J Wilder
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5950, USA
| | - Jesse L Cox
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-3135, USA
| | - James A Grunkemeyer
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5950, USA
| | - Thomas Caffrey
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5950, USA
| | - Michael A Hollingsworth
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5950, USA
| | - Angie Rizzino
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5950, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5870, USA
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8
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Phanstiel O. An overview of polyamine metabolism in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Int J Cancer 2017; 142:1968-1976. [PMID: 29134652 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the deadliest major cancers, with a five year survival rate of less than 8%. With current therapies only giving rise to modest life extension, new approaches are desperately needed. Even though targeting polyamine metabolism is a proven anticancer strategy, there are no reports, which thoroughly survey the literature describing the role of polyamine biosynthesis and transport in PDAC. This review seeks to fill this void by describing what is currently known about polyamine metabolism in PDAC and identifies new targets and opportunities to treat this disease. Due to the pleiotropic effects that polyamines play in cells, this review covers diverse areas ranging from polyamine metabolism (biosynthesis, catabolism and transport), as well as the potential role of polyamines in desmoplasia, autophagy and immune privilege. Understanding these diverse roles provides the opportunity to design new therapies to treat this deadly cancer via polyamine depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otto Phanstiel
- Department of Medical Education, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL
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Investigation of Polyamine Metabolism and Homeostasis in Pancreatic Cancers. Med Sci (Basel) 2017; 5:medsci5040032. [PMID: 29215586 PMCID: PMC5753661 DOI: 10.3390/medsci5040032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancers are currently the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death and new therapies are desperately needed. The most common pancreatic cancer is pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). This report describes the development of therapies, which effectively deplete PDAC cells of their required polyamine growth factors. Of all human tissues, the pancreas has the highest level of the native polyamine spermidine. To sustain their high growth rates, PDACs have altered polyamine metabolism, which is reflected in their high intracellular polyamine levels and their upregulated import of exogenous polyamines. To understand how these cancers respond to interventions that target their specific polyamine pools, L3.6pl human pancreatic cancer cells were challenged with specific inhibitors of polyamine biosynthesis. We found that pancreatic cell lines have excess polyamine pools, which they rebalance to address deficiencies induced by inhibitors of specific steps in polyamine biosynthesis (e.g., ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), spermidine synthase (SRM), and spermine synthase (SMS)). We also discovered that combination therapies targeting ODC, SMS, and polyamine import were the most effective in reducing intracellular polyamine pools and reducing PDAC cell growth. A combination therapy containing difluoromethylornithine (DFMO, an ODC inhibitor) and a polyamine transport inhibitor (PTI) were shown to significantly deplete intracellular polyamine pools. The additional presence of an SMS inhibitor as low as 100 nM was sufficient to further potentiate the DFMO + PTI treatment.
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10
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The Metastatic Potential and Chemoresistance of Human Pancreatic Cancer Stem Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148807. [PMID: 26859746 PMCID: PMC4747523 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) typically have the capacity to evade chemotherapy and may be the principal source of metastases. CSCs for human pancreatic ductal carcinoma (PDAC) have been identified, but neither the metastatic potential nor the chemoresistance of these cells has been adequately evaluated. We have addressed these issues by examining side-population (SP) cells isolated from the Panc-1 and BxPC3 lines of human PDAC cells, the oncogenotypes of which differ. SP cells could be isolated from monolayers of Panc-1, but only from spheroids of BxPC3. Using orthotopic xenografts into the severely immunocompromised NSG mouse, we found that SP cells isolated from both cell lines produced tumors that were highly metastatic, in contrast to previous experience with PDAC cell lines. SP cells derived from both cell lines expressed the ABCG2 transporter, which was demonstrably responsible for the SP phenotype. SP cells gave rise to non-SP (NSP) cells in vitro and in vivo, a transition that was apparently due to posttranslational inhibition of the ABCG2 transporter. Twenty-two other lines of PDAC cells also expressed ABCG2. The sensitivity of PDAC SP cells to the vinca alkaloid vincristine could be greatly increased by verapamil, a general inhibitor of transporters. In contrast, verapamil had no effect on the killing of PDAC cells by gemcitabine, the current first-line therapeutic for PDAC. We conclude that the isolation of SP cells can be a convenient and effective tool for the study of PDAC CSCs; that CSCs may be the principal progenitors of metastasis by human PDAC; that the ABCG2 transporter is responsible for the SP phenotype in human PDAC cells, and may be a ubiquitous source of drug-resistance in PDAC, but does not confer resistance to gemcitabine; and that inhibition of ABCG2 might offer a useful adjunct in a therapeutic attack on the CSCs of PDAC.
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11
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Eling N, Reuter L, Hazin J, Hamacher-Brady A, Brady NR. Identification of artesunate as a specific activator of ferroptosis in pancreatic cancer cells. Oncoscience 2015; 2:517-32. [PMID: 26097885 PMCID: PMC4468338 DOI: 10.18632/oncoscience.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 369] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic KRas reprograms pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells to states which are highly resistant to apoptosis. Thus, a major preclinical goal is to identify effective strategies for killing PDAC cells. Artesunate (ART) is an anti-malarial that specifically induces programmed cell death in different cancer cell types, in a manner initiated by reactive oxygen species (ROS)-generation. In this study we demonstrate that ART specifically induced ROS- and lysosomal iron-dependent cell death in PDAC cell lines. Highest cytotoxicity was obtained in PDAC cell lines with constitutively-active KRas, and ART did not affect non-neoplastic human pancreatic ductal epithelial (HPDE) cells. We determined that ART did not induce apoptosis or necroptosis. Instead, ART induced ferroptosis, a recently described mode of ROS- and iron-dependent programmed necrosis which can be activated in Ras-transformed cells. Co-treatment with the ferroptosis inhibitor ferrostatin-1 blocked ART-induced lipid peroxidation and cell death, and increased long-term cell survival and proliferation. Importantly, analysis of PDAC patient mRNA expression indicates a dependency on antioxidant homeostasis and increased sensitivity to free intracellular iron, both of which correlate with Ras-driven sensitivity to ferroptosis. Overall, our findings suggest that ART activation of ferroptosis is an effective, novel pathway for killing PDAC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Eling
- Lysosomal Systems Biology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany ; Systems Biology of Cell Death Mechanisms, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany ; BioQuant, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lukas Reuter
- Lysosomal Systems Biology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany ; Systems Biology of Cell Death Mechanisms, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany ; BioQuant, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - John Hazin
- Systems Biology of Cell Death Mechanisms, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany ; Department of Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany ; BioQuant, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anne Hamacher-Brady
- Lysosomal Systems Biology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany ; BioQuant, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nathan R Brady
- Systems Biology of Cell Death Mechanisms, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany ; Department of Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany ; BioQuant, University of Heidelberg, Germany
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12
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Fofaria NM, Srivastava SK. STAT3 induces anoikis resistance, promotes cell invasion and metastatic potential in pancreatic cancer cells. Carcinogenesis 2014; 36:142-50. [PMID: 25411359 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgu233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor cells need to attain anoikis resistance to survive prior to metastasis making it a vital trait of malignancy. The mechanism by which pancreatic cancer cells resist anoikis and metastasize is not well established. Significant proportion of pancreatic cancer cells resisted anoikis when grown under anchorage-independent conditions. The cells that resisted anoikis showed higher migratory and invasive characteristics than the cells that were cultured under anchorage-dependent condition. Interestingly, anoikis-resistant cells exhibited significantly increased expression and phosphorylation of signal transducer and activation of transcription 3 (STAT3) at Tyr 705, as compared to adherent cells. AG 490 and piplartine (PL) induced significant anoikis in anoikis-resistant pancreatic cancer cells. Silencing STAT3 not only reduced the capacity of pancreatic cancer cells to resist anoikis but also reversed its invasive characteristics. Interleukin-6 treatment and overexpression of STAT3 enhanced anoikis resistance and protected the cells from PL-induced anoikis. PL-treated cells completely failed to develop tumors when injected subcutaneously in immune-compromised mice. Moreover, these cells also failed to metastasize when injected intravenously. On the other hand, untreated anoikis-resistant cells not only formed aggressive tumors but also metastasized substantially to lungs and liver when injected intravenously. Metastatic nodules formed by untreated anoikis-resistant cells in lungs exhibited significant phosphorylation of STAT3 at Tyr705. Taken together, our results established the critical involvement of STAT3 in conferring anoikis resistance to pancreatic cancer cells and increased metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neel M Fofaria
- Department of Biomedical Sciences & Cancer Biology Center, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Sanjay K Srivastava
- Department of Biomedical Sciences & Cancer Biology Center, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
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13
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Sinha A, Cherba D, Bartlam H, Lenkiewicz E, Evers L, Barrett MT, Haab BB. Mesenchymal-like pancreatic cancer cells harbor specific genomic alterations more frequently than their epithelial-like counterparts. Mol Oncol 2014; 8:1253-65. [PMID: 24837184 PMCID: PMC4198499 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2014.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The aggressiveness of pancreatic cancer is associated with the acquisition of mesenchymal characteristics by a subset of pancreatic cancer cells. The factors driving the development of this subset are not well understood. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that acquisition of a mesenchymal phenotype occurs selectively in tumor cells that harbor specific enabling genetic alterations. We obtained whole-genome comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) measurements on pancreatic cancer cell lines that have either an epithelial-like (17 cell lines) or a mesenchymal-like (9 cell lines) phenotype in vitro. The total amounts of amplifications and deletions were equivalent between the epithelial and mesenchymal groups, but 20 genes showed a major difference between the groups in prevalence of alterations. All 20 alterations (18 deletions and 2 amplifications) were more prevalent in the mesenchymal group, confirming the advanced nature of this cellular subtype. CDKN2A was altered in more than 50% of both groups, but co-deletions in neighboring genes, and concomitant loss of gene expression, were more prevalent in the mesenchymal group, suggesting that the size of the loss around CDKN2A affects cell phenotype. Whole-genome CGH on 11 primary cancer tissues revealed that the 20 genes were altered at a higher prevalence (up to 55% of the cases for certain genes) than randomly selected sets of 20 genes, with the same direction of alteration as in the cell lines. These findings support the concept that specific genetic alterations enable phenotype plasticity and provide promising candidate genes for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkadeep Sinha
- Van Andel Research Institute, 333 Bostwick NE, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA; Genetics Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - David Cherba
- Van Andel Research Institute, 333 Bostwick NE, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Heather Bartlam
- Van Andel Research Institute, 333 Bostwick NE, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Elizabeth Lenkiewicz
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, 445 N. Fifth Street, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Lisa Evers
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, 445 N. Fifth Street, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Michael T Barrett
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, 445 N. Fifth Street, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Brian B Haab
- Van Andel Research Institute, 333 Bostwick NE, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA; Genetics Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
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14
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Gutiérrez ML, Muñoz-Bellvis L, Sarasquete ME, Hernández-Mejía DG, Abad MDM, Bengoechea O, Corchete L, González-González M, García-García J, Gonzalez M, Mota I, Orfao A, Sayagues JM. Altered interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization profiles of chromosomes 4, 8q24, and 9q34 in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma are associated with a poorer patient outcome. J Mol Diagn 2014; 16:648-59. [PMID: 25157969 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2014.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Most patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) die within 6 months of diagnosis. However, 20% to 25% patients undergoing total tumor resection remain alive and disease-free 5 years after diagnostic surgery. Few studies on tumor markers have predicted patient prognosis and/or survival. We evaluated the effect of tumor cytogenetic copy number changes detected by interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization on overall survival (OS) of 55 PDAC patients. The prognostic value of copy number changes showing an effect on OS was validated in an external cohort of 44 surgically resected PDAC patients by comparative genomic hybridization arrays, and the genes coded in altered chromosomes with prognostic value were identified by high-density single-nucleotide polymorphism arrays in 20 cases. Copy number changes of chromosomes 4 and 9q34 with gains of 8q24 were independently associated with shorter OS. On the basis of these three chromosomal alterations, a score is proposed that identifies patients with significantly different (P < 0.001) 5-year OS rates: 60% ± 20%, 16% ± 8%, and 0% ± 0%, respectively. Our results show an association between tumor cytogenetics and OS of PDAC patients and provide the basis for further prognostic stratification of patients undergoing complete tumor resection. Further studies to identify specific genes coded in these chromosomes and their functional consequences are necessary to understand the clinical effect of these changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- María L Gutiérrez
- Cytometry General Service-NUCLEUS, Department of Medicine and Cancer Center Research and Institute of Molecular Biology and Cellular Oncology, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Luis Muñoz-Bellvis
- Department of General and Digestive Surgery, University Hospital of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - María E Sarasquete
- Hematology Service, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca, University Hospital of Salamanca, Cancer Center Research and Institute of Molecular Biology and Cellular Oncology, Salamanca, Spain
| | - David G Hernández-Mejía
- Cytometry General Service-NUCLEUS, Department of Medicine and Cancer Center Research and Institute of Molecular Biology and Cellular Oncology, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - María del Mar Abad
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Oscar Bengoechea
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Luis Corchete
- Hematology Service, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca, University Hospital of Salamanca, Cancer Center Research and Institute of Molecular Biology and Cellular Oncology, Salamanca, Spain
| | - María González-González
- Cytometry General Service-NUCLEUS, Department of Medicine and Cancer Center Research and Institute of Molecular Biology and Cellular Oncology, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Jacinto García-García
- Department of General and Digestive Surgery, University Hospital of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Marcos Gonzalez
- Hematology Service, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca, University Hospital of Salamanca, Cancer Center Research and Institute of Molecular Biology and Cellular Oncology, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Ines Mota
- Cytometry General Service-NUCLEUS, Department of Medicine and Cancer Center Research and Institute of Molecular Biology and Cellular Oncology, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Alberto Orfao
- Cytometry General Service-NUCLEUS, Department of Medicine and Cancer Center Research and Institute of Molecular Biology and Cellular Oncology, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
| | - José M Sayagues
- Cytometry General Service-NUCLEUS, Department of Medicine and Cancer Center Research and Institute of Molecular Biology and Cellular Oncology, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
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15
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Chen Y, Wang X, Zhao P, Zhang Y, Cao B. Development and Characterization of Monoclonal Antibodies Against Pancreatic Cancer Marker Hippocalcin-like 1 Protein. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2014; 33:20-7. [DOI: 10.1089/mab.2013.0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoting Wang
- Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ping Zhao
- Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Brian Cao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan
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16
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Brito I, Hupé P, Neuvial P, Barillot E. Stability-based comparison of class discovery methods for DNA copy number profiles. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81458. [PMID: 24339933 PMCID: PMC3855312 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
MOTIVATION Array-CGH can be used to determine DNA copy number, imbalances in which are a fundamental factor in the genesis and progression of tumors. The discovery of classes with similar patterns of array-CGH profiles therefore adds to our understanding of cancer and the treatment of patients. Various input data representations for array-CGH, dissimilarity measures between tumor samples and clustering algorithms may be used for this purpose. The choice between procedures is often difficult. An evaluation procedure is therefore required to select the best class discovery method (combination of one input data representation, one dissimilarity measure and one clustering algorithm) for array-CGH. Robustness of the resulting classes is a common requirement, but no stability-based comparison of class discovery methods for array-CGH profiles has ever been reported. RESULTS We applied several class discovery methods and evaluated the stability of their solutions, with a modified version of Bertoni's [Formula: see text]-based test [1]. Our version relaxes the assumption of independency required by original Bertoni's [Formula: see text]-based test. We conclude that Minimal Regions of alteration (a concept introduced by [2]) for input data representation, sim [3] or agree [4] for dissimilarity measure and the use of average group distance in the clustering algorithm produce the most robust classes of array-CGH profiles. AVAILABILITY The software is available from http://bioinfo.curie.fr/projects/cgh-clustering. It has also been partly integrated into "Visualization and analysis of array-CGH"(VAMP)[5]. The data sets used are publicly available from ACTuDB [6].
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Brito
- Institut Curie, Paris, France
- INSERM, U900, Paris, France
- Mines ParisTech, Fontainebleau, France
| | - Philippe Hupé
- Institut Curie, Paris, France
- INSERM, U900, Paris, France
- Mines ParisTech, Fontainebleau, France
- CNRS UMR144, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Neuvial
- Laboratoire Statistique & Génome, Université d′Évry Val d′Essonne, UMR CNRS 8071-USC INRA, Évry, France
| | - Emmanuel Barillot
- Institut Curie, Paris, France
- INSERM, U900, Paris, France
- Mines ParisTech, Fontainebleau, France
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17
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Camaj P, Jäckel C, Krebs S, De Toni EN, Blum H, Jauch KW, Nelson PJ, Bruns CJ. Hypoxia-independent gene expression mediated by SOX9 promotes aggressive pancreatic tumor biology. Mol Cancer Res 2013; 12:421-32. [PMID: 24302456 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-13-0351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Pancreatic cancer aggressiveness is characterized by its high capacity for local invasion, ability to promote angiogenesis, and potential to metastasize. Hypoxia is known to represent a crucial step in the development of aggressive malignant features of many human cancers. However, micrometastatic tumors are not typically subjected to hypoxic events during early stages of dissemination; therefore, it is unclear how these tumors are able to maintain their aggressive phenotype. Thus, the identification of regulators of hypoxia-related genes in aggressive/metastatic tumors represents a fundamental step for the design of future therapies to treat pancreatic cancer. To this end, transcriptomic profiles were compared between the nonmetastatic pancreatic cancer cell line FG (LMET) and its angiogenic/metastatic derivate L3.6pl (HMET) under normoxic or hypoxic conditions. Cluster analysis revealed a number of transcripts that were induced by hypoxia in nonmetastatic cancer cells. Strikingly, this cluster was determined to be constitutively activated under normoxia in the metastatic cancer cells and could not be further induced by hypoxia. A subset of these transcripts were regulated by the transcription factor SOX9 in the aggressive-metastatic cells, but driven by hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) in the parental nonmetastatic cell line. Moreover, these transcripts were enriched in cancer-related networks including: WNT, CXCR4, retinoic acid, and (FAK) focal adhesion kinase, gene PTK2 signaling pathways. In functional assays, inhibition of SOX9 expression in HMET cells led to increased apoptosis and reduced migration in vitro and a significant reduction in primary tumor growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis following orthotopic tumor cell injection. At the molecular level, the control of SOX9 expression was associated with changes in the methylation status of the SOX9 promoter. Finally, SOX9 upregulation was verified in a series of tumor specimens of patients with pancreatic carcinoma. IMPLICATIONS SOX9 represents a novel target for pancreatic cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Camaj
- Klinikum Großhadern, VH02 426, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 München, Germany.
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18
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Mirzoeva OK, Collisson EA, Schaefer PM, Hann B, Hom YK, Ko AH, Korn WM. Subtype-specific MEK-PI3 kinase feedback as a therapeutic target in pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Mol Cancer Ther 2013; 12:2213-25. [PMID: 23918833 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-13-0104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the KRAS oncogene are dominant features in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA). Because KRAS itself is considered "undruggable," targeting pathways downstream of KRAS are being explored as a rational therapeutic strategy. We investigated the consequences of MAP-ERK kinase (MEK) inhibition in a large PDA cell line panel. Inhibition of MEK activated phosphoinositide 3-kinase in an EGF receptor (EGFR)-dependent fashion and combinations of MEK and EGFR inhibitors synergistically induced apoptosis. This combinatorial effect was observed in the epithelial but not mesenchymal subtype of PDA. RNA expression analysis revealed predictors of susceptibility to the combination, including E-cadherin, HER3, and the miR200-family of microRNAs, whereas expression of the transcription factor ZEB1 was associated with resistance to the drug combination. Knockdown of HER3 in epithelial-type and ZEB1 in mesenchymal-type PDA cell lines resulted in sensitization to the combination of MEK and EGFR inhibitors. Thus, our findings suggest a new, subtype-specific, and personalized therapeutic strategy for pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga K Mirzoeva
- Corresponding Author: W. Michael Korn, UCSF Divisions of Gastroenterology and Hematology/Oncology, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, 2340 Sutter St., Box 1387, San Francisco, CA 94115.
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19
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Kovacevic Z, Chikhani S, Lui GYL, Sivagurunathan S, Richardson DR. The iron-regulated metastasis suppressor NDRG1 targets NEDD4L, PTEN, and SMAD4 and inhibits the PI3K and Ras signaling pathways. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 18:874-87. [PMID: 22462691 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.4273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The metastasis suppressor gene, N-myc downstream regulated gene-1 (NDRG1), is negatively correlated with tumor progression in multiple neoplasms, including pancreatic cancer. Moreover, NDRG1 is an iron-regulated gene that is markedly upregulated by cellular iron-depletion using novel antitumor agents such as the chelator, di-2-pyridylketone 4,4-dimethyl-3-thiosemicarbazone (Dp44mT), in pancreatic cancer cells. However, the exact function(s) of NDRG1 remain to be established and are important to elucidate. RESULTS In the current study, using gene-array analysis along with NDRG1 overexpression and silencing, we identified the molecular targets of NDRG1 in three pancreatic cancer cell lines. We demonstrate that NDRG1 upregulates neural precursor cell expressed developmentally downregulated 4-like (NEDD4L) and GLI-similar-3 (GLIS3). Further studies examining the downstream effects of NEDD4L led to the discovery that NDRG1 affects the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) pathway, leading to the upregulation of two key tumor suppressor proteins, namely phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) and mothers against decapentaplegic homolog-4 (SMAD4). Moreover, NDRG1 inhibited the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and Ras oncogenic pathways. INNOVATION This study provides significant insights into the mechanisms underlying the antitumor activity of NDRG1. For the first time, a role for NDRG1 is established in regulating the key signaling pathways involved in oncogenesis (TGF-β, PI3K, and Ras pathways). CONCLUSION The identified target genes of NDRG1 and their effect on the TGF-β signaling pathway reveal its molecular function in pancreatic cancer and a novel therapeutic avenue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaklina Kovacevic
- Department of Pathology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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20
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Gysin S, Paquette J, McMahon M. Analysis of mRNA profiles after MEK1/2 inhibition in human pancreatic cancer cell lines reveals pathways involved in drug sensitivity. Mol Cancer Res 2012; 10:1607-19. [PMID: 22833572 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-12-0188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Mutationally activated KRAS, detected in approximately 90% of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDA), has proven an intractable pharmacologic target to date. Consequently, efforts to treat KRAS-mutated cancers are focused on targeting RAS-regulated signaling pathways. In mouse models, expression of BRAF(V600E) combined with dominant-negative TP53 elicits PDA, and pharmacologic blockade of mitogen-activated protein/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MEK) inhibits proliferation of human PDA-derived cell lines. To better understand the role of RAF→MEK→ERK signaling on PDA cell proliferation, we assessed the consequences of MEK inhibition on global patterns of mRNA expression and tumor cell proliferation in a panel of human PDA-derived cell lines. This analysis revealed that RAF→MEK→ERK signaling regulates mRNAs involved in cell-cycle control as well as regulators of the immune system. Linear regression analysis of relative drug sensitivity and mRNA expression revealed mRNAs and pathways correlating with relative drug sensitivity of the cell lines. Mice carrying orthotopically implanted pancreas tumors that were treated with MEK inhibitor displayed reduced tumor growth, concomitant with a reduction of cells in S phase. Furthermore, analysis of tumor mRNA expression revealed PDA cell lines to display similar baseline and MEK inhibitor mRNA expression profiles in vitro and in vivo. Among the proteins subject to downregulation following MEK inhibition, we identified c-MYC as a key driver of cell proliferation downstream of RAF→MEK→ERK signaling. Indeed, in some PDA cell lines, RNA interference-mediated silencing of c-MYC expression had antiproliferative effects similar to that of MEK inhibition, thereby highlighting the importance of c-MYC in key aspects of pancreatic cancer cell maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Gysin
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center & Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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21
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pancreatic cancer is the fourth leading cause of adult cancer mortality in the USA. It represents one of the greatest challenges in cancer treatment. The NF-κB transcriptional factors are constitutively activated in the majority of pancreatic cancers and are involved in the regulation of numerous aspects of tumor development and progression. NF-κB and the signaling cascades that regulate its activity have thus become attractive targets for novel therapeutic approaches for pancreatic cancer. AREAS COVERED This review describes and discusses the most important advances in the comprehension of the complex molecular biology of NF-κB, as well as the development of novel NF-κB-targeting strategies for the treatment of pancreatic cancer. EXPERT OPINION Although the inhibition of NF-κB, especially when combined with more classic chemotherapeutic drugs, could be a promising therapeutic strategy, direct targeting NF-κB still faces important challenges. In the future, targeting nonredundant cytosolic mediators of the activation of NF-κB - such as TNF receptor associated factor family member-associated NF-κB activator -binding kinase 1 (TBK1) and TGF-beta activated kinase 1 (TAK1) - could represent a better approach to inhibit key processes in pancreatic tumor cells and make a difference for this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmine Carbone
- Digestive Molecular Clinical Oncology Research Unit , Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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22
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Abstract
Current standard therapies for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma have failed to attenuate the aggressiveness of this disease or confer notable improvements in survival. Previous molecular research into pancreatic cancers, along with advances in sequencing technologies, have identified many altered genes in patients with pancreatic cancer and revealed the marked genetic heterogeneity of individual tumors. Thus, the lack of success of conventional empiric therapy can be partly attributed to the underlying heterogeneity of pancreatic tumors. The genetic alterations that have been detected in pancreatic cancer range from simple mutations at the level of base pairs to complex chromosomal structural changes and rearrangements. The identification of molecular changes that are unique to an individual patient's tumors, and the subsequent development of strategies to target the tumors in a personalized approach to therapeutics, is a necessary advance to improve therapy for patients with this disease.
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23
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Lee JH, Giovannetti E, Hwang JH, Petrini I, Wang Q, Voortman J, Wang Y, Steinberg SM, Funel N, Meltzer PS, Wang Y, Giaccone G. Loss of 18q22.3 involving the carboxypeptidase of glutamate-like gene is associated with poor prognosis in resected pancreatic cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 18:524-33. [PMID: 22128300 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-1903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSES Pancreatic cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death, and studies on the clinical relevance of its genomic imbalances are warranted. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Recurrent copy number alterations of cytobands and genes were analyzed by array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) in 44 resected pancreatic cancer specimens. Prognostic markers identified by aCGH were validated by PCR gene copy number assay in an independent validation cohort of 61 resected pancreatic cancers. The functions of gene identified were evaluated by proliferation, cell cycle, and migration assays in pancreatic cancer cells. RESULTS We showed recurrent copy number gains and losses in the first cohort. Loss of 18q22.3 was significantly associated with short-term overall survival in the first cohort (P = 0.019). This cytoband includes the carboxypeptidase of glutamate-like (CPGL) gene. CPGL gene deletion was associated with shorter overall survival in the validation cohort (P = 0.003). CPGL deletion and mutations of TP53 or Kras seem to be independent events. A Cox model analysis of the two cohorts combined showed that loss of 18q22.3/deletion of the CPGL gene was an independent poor prognostic factor for overall survival (HR = 2.72, P = 0.0007). Reconstitution of CPGL or its splicing variant CPGL-B into CPGL-negative pancreatic cancer cells attenuated cell growth, migration, and induced G(1) accumulation. CONCLUSION Loss of 18q22.3/deletion of the CPGL gene is a poor prognostic marker in resected pancreatic cancer, and functional studies suggest the CPGL gene as growth suppressor gene in pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jih-Hsiang Lee
- Medical Oncology Branch, Genetic Branch, and Biostatistics and Data Management Section, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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24
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Faudale M, Cogoi S, Xodo LE. Photoactivated cationic alkyl-substituted porphyrin binding to g4-RNA in the 5'-UTR of KRAS oncogene represses translation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 48:874-6. [PMID: 22127206 DOI: 10.1039/c1cc15850c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The KRAS transcript is characterized by a 192-nt 5'-UTR containing repetitive runs of two-guanines which can fold in several G-quadruplexes. These folded structures have a high affinity for the cationic porphyrin tri-meso(N-methyl-4-pyridyl), meso(N-tetradecyl-4-pyridyl) porphine (TMPyP4-C14), which efficiently penetrates cell membranes. Upon photoactivation TMPyP4-C14 induces a dramatic down-regulation of oncogenic KRAS and cell growth arrest in pancreatic cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariangela Faudale
- Department of Medical and Biological Science, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
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25
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Nuclear receptor liver receptor homologue 1 (LRH-1) regulates pancreatic cancer cell growth and proliferation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:16927-31. [PMID: 21949357 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1112047108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
An essential regulator of gene transcription, nuclear receptor liver receptor homologue 1 (LRH-1) controls cell differentiation in the developing pancreas and maintains cholesterol homeostasis in adults. Recent genome-wide association studies linked mutations in the LRH-1 gene and its up-stream regulatory regions to development of pancreatic cancer. In this work, we show that LRH-1 transcription is activated up to 30-fold in human pancreatic cancer cells compared to normal pancreatic ductal epithelium. This activation correlates with markedly increased LRH-1 protein expression in human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas in vivo. Selective blocking of LRH-1 by receptor specific siRNA significantly inhibits pancreatic cancer cell proliferation in vitro. The inhibition is tracked in part to the attenuation of the receptor's transcriptional targets controlling cell growth, proliferation, and differentiation. Previously, LRH-1 was shown to contribute to formation of intestinal tumors. This study demonstrates the critical involvement of LRH-1 in development and progression of pancreatic cancer, suggesting the LRH-1 receptor as a plausible therapeutic target for treatment of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas.
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26
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Autophagy suppression promotes apoptotic cell death in response to inhibition of the PI3K-mTOR pathway in pancreatic adenocarcinoma. J Mol Med (Berl) 2011; 89:877-89. [PMID: 21678117 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-011-0774-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Revised: 04/16/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Targeting of pathways downstream of RAS represents a promising therapeutic strategy for pancreatic cancer, the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death in the USA, since activation of the Raf-MEK-ERK and PI3K-AKT pathways is found frequently in this disease and is associated with poor prognosis. Taking advantage of a panel of human PDAC cell lines and specific inhibitors of PI3K and/or mTOR, we systematically address the question whether dual-targeted inhibition of the PI3K and mTOR pathways offers advantages over single-targeted inhibition of PI3K in PDAC. We observe greater overall susceptibility of cell lines to dual inhibition compared to targeting PI3K alone. However, we find that dual inhibition of PI3K and mTOR induces autophagy to a greater extent than inhibition of each target alone. In agreement with this, we show that combined administration of PI3K/mTOR and autophagy inhibitors results in increased anti-tumor activity in vitro and in vivo in models of pancreatic adenocarcinoma. XL765, a PI3K/mTOR inhibitor used in our in vivo studies, is currently undergoing clinical evaluation in a variety of cancer types, while the autophagy inhibitor chloroquine is a widely used anti-malaria compound. Thus, our studies provide rationale for clinical development of combinations of these compounds for the treatment of pancreatic adenocarcinoma.
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Wang X, Wang S, Tang X, Zhang A, Grabinski T, Guo Z, Hudson E, Berghuis B, Webb C, Zhao P, Cao B. Development and evaluation of monoclonal antibodies against phosphatidylethanolamine binding protein 1 in pancreatic cancer patients. J Immunol Methods 2010; 362:151-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2010.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2010] [Revised: 07/08/2010] [Accepted: 09/16/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Kuuselo R, Simon R, Karhu R, Tennstedt P, Marx AH, Izbicki JR, Yekebas E, Sauter G, Kallioniemi A. 19q13 amplification is associated with high grade and stage in pancreatic cancer. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2010; 49:569-75. [PMID: 20232484 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a devastating disease with an extremely poor prognosis, and thus, there is a great need for better diagnostic and therapeutic tools. The 19q13 chromosomal locus is amplified in several cancer types, including pancreatic cancer, but the possible clinical significance of this aberration remains unclear. We used fluorescence in situ hybridization on tissue microarrays containing 357 primary pancreatic tumors, 151 metastases, and 24 local recurrences as well as 120 cancer cell lines from various tissues to establish the frequency of the 19q13 amplification and to find potential correlations to clinical parameters including patient survival. Copy number increases were found in 12.2% of the primary pancreatic tumors and 9.3% of the cell lines, including those derived from bladder, colorectal, ovarian, and thyroid carcinomas. Copy number changes were linked to high grade (P = 0.044) and stage (P = 0.025) tumors, and the average survival time of patients with 19q13 amplification was shorter than that of those without this aberration. Our findings revealed recurrent 19q13 amplification in pancreatic cancer and involvement of the same locus as in bladder, colorectal, ovarian, and thyroid carcinomas. More importantly, the 19q13 amplifications were associated with poor tumor phenotype and showed a trend toward shorter survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riina Kuuselo
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Medical Technology, University of Tampere, Finland
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Tsuji K, Kawauchi S, Saito S, Furuya T, Ikemoto K, Nakao M, Yamamoto S, Oka M, Hirano T, Sasaki K. Breast cancer cell lines carry cell line-specific genomic alterations that are distinct from aberrations in breast cancer tissues: comparison of the CGH profiles between cancer cell lines and primary cancer tissues. BMC Cancer 2010; 10:15. [PMID: 20070913 PMCID: PMC2836299 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-10-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2009] [Accepted: 01/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cell lines are commonly used in various kinds of biomedical research in the world. However, it remains uncertain whether genomic alterations existing in primary tumor tissues are represented in cell lines and whether cell lines carry cell line-specific genomic alterations. This study was performed to answer these questions. Methods Array-based comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) was employed with 4030 bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) that cover the genome at 1.0 megabase resolution to analyze DNA copy number aberrations (DCNAs) in 35 primary breast tumors and 24 breast cancer cell lines. DCNAs were compared between these two groups. A tissue microdissection technique was applied to primary tumor tissues to reduce the contamination of samples by normal tissue components. Results The average number of BAC clones with DCNAs was 1832 (45.3% of spotted clones) and 971 (24.9%) for cell lines and primary tumor tissues, respectively. Gains of 1q and 8q and losses of 8p, 11q, 16q and 17p were detected in >50% of primary cancer tissues. These aberrations were also frequently detected in cell lines. In addition to these alterations, the cell lines showed recurrent genomic alterations including gains of 5p14-15, 20q11 and 20q13 and losses of 4p13-p16, 18q12, 18q21, Xq21.1 and Xq26-q28 that were barely detected in tumor tissue specimens. These are considered to be cell line-specific DCNAs. The frequency of the HER2 amplification was high in both cell lines and tumor tissues, but it was statistically different between cell lines and primary tumors (P = 0.012); 41.3 ± 29.9% for the cell lines and 15.9 ± 18.6% for the tissue specimens. Conclusions Established cell lines carry cell lines-specific DCNAs together with recurrent aberrations detected in primary tumor tissues. It must therefore be emphasized that cell lines do not always represent the genotypes of parental tumor tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katumi Tsuji
- Department of Pathology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube 755-8505, Japan
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Kent OA, Mullendore M, Wentzel EA, López-Romero P, Tan AC, Alvarez H, West K, Ochs MF, Hidalgo M, Arking DE, Maitra A, Mendell JT. A resource for analysis of microRNA expression and function in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells. Cancer Biol Ther 2009; 8:2013-24. [PMID: 20037478 PMCID: PMC2824894 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.8.21.9685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are 21-24 nucleotide RNA molecules that regulate the translation and stability of target messenger RNAs. Abnormal miRNA expression is a common feature of diverse cancers. Several previous studies have classified miRNA expression in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), although no uniform pattern of miRNA dysregulation has emerged. To clarify these previous findings as well as to set the stage for detailed functional analyses, we performed global miRNA expression profiling of 21 human PDAC cell lines, the most extensive panel studied to date. Overall, 39 miRNAs were found to be dysregulated and have at least two-fold or greater differential expression in PDAC cell lines compared to control nontransformed pancreatic ductal cell lines. Several of these miRNAs show comparable dysregulation in first-passage patient derived xenografts. Initial functional analyses demonstrate that enforced expression of miRNAs derived from the miR-200 family and the miR-17-92 cluster, both of which are overexpressed in PDAC cell lines, enhances proliferation. In contrast, inhibition of the miR-200 family, the miR-17-92 cluster, or miR-191 diminishes anchorage independent growth. Consistent with a known role for the miR-200 family in negatively regulating an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), the abundance of these miRNAs correlated positively with E-cadherin expression and negatively with the EMT-associated transcription factor and established miR-200 target ZEB1. Finally, restituted expression of miR-34a, a miRNA whose expression is frequently lost in PDAC cell lines, abrogates growth, demonstrating that the anti-proliferative activity of this miRNA is operative in PDAC. These results, and the widespread availability of PDAC cell lines wherein the aforementioned data were generated, provide a valuable resource for the pancreatic cancer research community and will greatly facilitate functional studies essential for elucidating the consequences of miRNA dysregulation in pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver A. Kent
- The McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Michael Mullendore
- The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Eric A. Wentzel
- The McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Pedro López-Romero
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Aik Choon Tan
- The McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Hector Alvarez
- The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Kristen West
- The McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Michael F. Ochs
- Oncology Biostatistics and Bionformatics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Manuel Hidalgo
- The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Dan E. Arking
- The McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Anirban Maitra
- The McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
- The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Joshua T. Mendell
- The McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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Mori A, Moser C, Lang SA, Hackl C, Gottfried E, Kreutz M, Schlitt HJ, Geissler EK, Stoeltzing O. Up-regulation of Krüppel-like factor 5 in pancreatic cancer is promoted by interleukin-1beta signaling and hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha. Mol Cancer Res 2009; 7:1390-8. [PMID: 19671674 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-08-0525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Krüppel-like factor 5 (KLF5) is a transcription factor involved in cell transformation, proliferation, and carcinogenesis that can be up-regulated by RAS mutations. However, controversy persists as to whether it functions as a tumor suppressor or as an oncogene. Because KRAS is frequently mutated in pancreatic cancer, we investigated the regulation of KLF5 in this cancer entity. Our results show that KLF5 is overexpressed in pancreatic cancer cells and exceeds KLF5 expression of KRAS-mutated colon cancer cells. Surprisingly, inhibition of B-Raf/C-Raf or MAPK/Erk did not reduce KLF5 levels, suggesting that KLF5 expression is not promoted by KRAS-Raf-MEK-Erk signaling in pancreatic cancer. This finding is in striking contrast to reports on MEK-Erk-mediated KLF5 induction in colon cancer cells. Moreover, KLF5 expression levels neither correlated with the mutational status of KRAS nor with MEK phosphorylation in pancreatic cancer cells. Importantly, KLF5 was significantly up-regulated by interleukin (IL)-1beta or hypoxia. The IL-1 beta-mediated induction of KLF5 was diminished by blocking the p38 pathway. In addition, blocking IL-1R reduced the constitutive KLF5 expression, suggesting an autocrine activation loop. Moreover, KLF5 coimmunoprecipitated with hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha) and HIF-1alpha(siRNA) reduced constitutive KLF5. Similarly, KLF5(siRNA) reduced the expression of the HIF-1alpha target gene GLUT-1. Furthermore, KLF5 expression was significantly elevated by high cell density, by anchorage-independent cell growth, and in tumor spheroids. Down-regulation of KLF5 by RNAi reduced the expression of the target genes, survivin, and platelet-derived growth factor-A. In conclusion, overexpression of KLF5 in human pancreatic cancer cells is not mediated by KRAS/Raf/MAPK/Erk signaling, but involves the IL-1beta/IL-1R system, p38, and the transcription factor HIF-1alpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Mori
- Department of Surgery and Surgical Oncology, University of Regensburg Medical Center, Regensburg, Germany
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Hu N, Wang C, Ng D, Clifford R, Yang HH, Tang ZZ, Wang QH, Han XY, Giffen C, Goldstein AM, Taylor PR, Lee MP. Genomic characterization of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma from a high-risk population in China. Cancer Res 2009; 69:5908-17. [PMID: 19584285 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-4622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Genomic instability plays an important role in most human cancers. To characterize genomic instability in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), we examined loss of heterozygosity (LOH), copy number (CN) loss, CN gain, and gene expression using the Affymetrix GeneChip Human Mapping 500K (n = 30 cases) and Human U133A (n = 17 cases) arrays in ESCC cases from a high-risk region of China. We found that genomic instability measures varied widely among cases and separated them into two groups: a high-frequency instability group (two-thirds of all cases with one or more instability category of > or =10%) and a low-frequency instability group (one-third of cases with instability of <10%). Genomic instability also varied widely across chromosomal arms, with the highest frequency of LOH on 9p (33% of informative single nucleotide polymorphisms), CN loss on 3p (33%), and CN gain on 3q (48%). Twenty-two LOH regions were identified: four on 9p, seven on 9q, four on 13q, two on 17p, and five on 17q. Three CN loss regions-3p12.3, 4p15.1, and 9p21.3-were detected. Twelve CN gain regions were found, including six on 3q, one on 7q, four on 8q, and one on 11q. One of the most gene-rich of these CN gain regions was 11q13.1-13.4, where 26 genes also had RNA expression data available. CN gain was significantly correlated with increased RNA expression in over 80% of these genes. Our findings show the potential utility of combining CN analysis and gene expression data to identify genes involved in esophageal carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Hu
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-7236, USA
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Zhu Z, Gao W, Qian Z, Miao Y. Genetic variation of miRNA sequence in pancreatic cancer. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2009; 41:407-13. [PMID: 19430705 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmp023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs of 20-22 nucleotides (nts) and constitute a novel class of gene regulators that negatively regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. The expression of miRNA is deregulated in many types of cancers. Alterations in miRNA expression may be an important contributor to the development of pancreatic carcinoma. We hypothesized that genetic variations in miRNA genes were associated with pancreatic carcinoma and analyzed genomic sequences coding for the precursors of eight miRNA genes in both pancreatic carcinoma tissues and cancer cell lines. Four novel mutations in primary miRNA transcripts were identified. TaqMan miRNA assays showed that miR-21 was significantly overexpressed in 20 pancreatic carcinomas and 6 cancer cell lines compared with paired benign tissues and normal pancreas. Two mutations of miR-21 did not notably alter the activity of the promoter of the miRNA gene. Although most of these mutations seem to have no effect on miRNA processing, an A-G mutation at 29-nt downstream of pre-miR-21 led to a conformational change of the secondary structure close to the stem reaching into the pre-miR-21 and a relative reduction of the mature miR-21 expression in vivo. These results suggested that miRNA might play an important role in pancreatic tumorigenesis, but the molecular mechanism underlying the particular sequence variations in miRNA that can cause aberrant expression remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Clinic Medical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Legoffic A, Calvo EL, Barthet M, Delpero JR, Dagorn JC, Iovanna JL. Identification of genomic alterations associated with the aggressiveness of pancreatic cancer using an ultra-high-resolution CGH array. Pancreatology 2009; 9:267-72. [PMID: 19407481 DOI: 10.1159/000212092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2008] [Accepted: 07/03/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genomic alterations present in pancreatic adenocarcinoma have been described only partially. In addition, the relations between these alterations and the aggressiveness of the phenotype remain unknown. METHODS Genomic DNA and total RNA from 5 pancreatic cell lines, of which 2 have an aggressive phenotype and are gemcitabine-resistant (Mia-Paca2 and Panc-1), and 3 less aggressive and gemcitabine-sensitive (Capan-1, Capan-2 and BxPC3), have been purified. DNA abnormalities have been analyzed using an ultra-high-resolution CGH array and mRNA expression was studied with an Affymetrix GeneChip expression array. RESULTS We identified 573 amplified and 30 deleted genes common to all 5 cell lines. Some of them have already been described, whereas other genes, implicated in signal transduction, apoptosis, cell cycle or cell migration, are described for the first time as being related to this cancer. Comparison of genomic abnormalities between the 2 most aggressive and the 3 less aggressive cell lines led to the identification of 368 genes specifically amplified in the aggressive cell lines. However, no specific gene deletion seems to be associated with the aggressive phenotype. CONCLUSION Using a high-resolution approach, we could precisely describe the genomic alterations associated with pancreatic adenocarcinoma and determine those associated with an aggressive phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude Legoffic
- INSERM U.624, Stress Cellulaire, Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, Marseille, France
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Laurila E, Savinainen K, Kuuselo R, Karhu R, Kallioniemi A. Characterization of the 7q21-q22 amplicon identifies ARPC1A, a subunit of the Arp2/3 complex, as a regulator of cell migration and invasion in pancreatic cancer. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2009; 48:330-9. [PMID: 19145645 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a highly aggressive malignancy and one of the leading causes of cancer deaths, mainly due to the lack of methods for early diagnosis and the lack of effective therapies. Recent CGH microarray studies have revealed several regions that are recurrently amplified in pancreatic cancer; these are thus likely to contain genes that contribute to cancer pathogenesis and thereby could serve as novel diagnostic and therapeutic targets. Here, we performed a detailed characterization of the 7q21-q22 amplicon in pancreatic cancer to identify putative amplification target genes. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analyses in 16 pancreatic cancer cell lines and 29 primary pancreatic tumors revealed an increased copy number in approximately 25% of cases in both sample groups, and the cell line data also allowed us to identify a 0.77 Mb amplicon core region containing ten transcripts. Gene expression analyses by qRT-PCR highlighted the ARPC1A gene as having the statistically most significant correlation between amplification and elevated expression (P = 0.004). Silencing of ARPC1A by RNA interference in AsPC-1 cells having high level amplification and expression resulted in a slight decrease in cell proliferation, but a massive reduction in cell migration and invasion. ARPC1A codes for the p41 subunit of the Arp2/3 protein complex, which is a key player in actin polymerization and thus regulates cell mobility. Taken together, our data implicate ARPC1A as a novel target for the 7q21-q22 amplification and a regulator of cell migration and invasion in pancreatic cancer, thus making it an interesting target for antimetastasis therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eeva Laurila
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Medical Technology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Finland
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Harada T, Chelala C, Crnogorac-Jurcevic T, Lemoine NR. Genome-wide analysis of pancreatic cancer using microarray-based techniques. Pancreatology 2008; 9:13-24. [PMID: 19077451 DOI: 10.1159/000178871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Microarray-based comparative genomic hybridisation (CGH) has allowed high-resolution analysis of DNA copy number alterations across the entire cancer genome. Recent advances in bioinformatics tools enable us to perform a robust and highly sensitive analysis of array CGH data and facilitate the discovery of novel cancer-related genes. METHODS We analysed a total of 29 pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) samples (6 cell lines and 23 microdissected tissue specimens) using 1-Mb-spaced CGH arrays. The transcript levels of all genes within the identified regions of genetic alterations were then screened using our Pancreatic Expression Database. RESULTS In addition to 238 high-level amplifications and 35 homozygous deletions, we identified 315 minimal common regions of 'non-random' genetic alterations (115 gains and 200 losses) which were consistently observed across our tumour samples. The small size of these aberrations (median size of 880 kb) contributed to the reduced number of candidate genes included (on average 12 Ensembl-annotated genes). The database has further specified the genes whose expression levels are consistent with their copy number status. Such genes were UQCRB, SQLE, DDEF1, SLA, ERICH1 and DLC1, indicating that these may be potential target candidates within regions of aberrations. CONCLUSION This study has revealed multiple novel regions that may indicate the locations of oncogenes or tumour suppressor genes in PDAC. Using the database, we provide a list of novel target genes whose altered DNA copy numbers could lead to significant changes in transcript levels in PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiko Harada
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Cancer Research UK, Institute of Cancer, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary, University of London, London, UK
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Kimmelman AC, Hezel AF, Aguirre AJ, Zheng H, Paik JH, Ying H, Chu GC, Zhang JX, Sahin E, Yeo G, Ponugoti A, Nabioullin R, Deroo S, Yang S, Wang X, McGrath JP, Protopopova M, Ivanova E, Zhang J, Feng B, Tsao MS, Redston M, Protopopov A, Xiao Y, Futreal PA, Hahn WC, Klimstra DS, Chin L, DePinho RA. Genomic alterations link Rho family of GTPases to the highly invasive phenotype of pancreas cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:19372-7. [PMID: 19050074 PMCID: PMC2614768 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0809966105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreas ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly lethal cancer that typically presents as advanced, unresectable disease. This invasive tendency, coupled with intrinsic resistance to standard therapies and genome instability, are major contributors to poor long-term survival. The genetic elements governing the invasive propensity of PDAC have not been well elucidated. Here, in the course of validating resident genes in highly recurrent and focal amplifications in PDAC, we have identified Rio Kinase 3 (RIOK3) as an amplified gene that alters cytoskeletal architecture as well as promotes pancreatic ductal cell migration and invasion. We determined that RIOK3 promotes its invasive activities through activation of the small G protein, Rac. This genomic and functional link to Rac signaling prompted a genome wide survey of other components of the Rho family network, revealing p21 Activated Kinase 4 (PAK4) as another amplified gene in PDAC tumors and cell lines. Like RIOK3, PAK4 promotes pancreas ductal cell motility and invasion. Together, the genomic and functional profiles establish the Rho family GTP-binding proteins as integral to the hallmark invasive nature of this lethal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alec C Kimmelman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Manegold PC, Paringer C, Kulka U, Krimmel K, Eichhorn ME, Wilkowski R, Jauch KW, Guba M, Bruns CJ. Antiangiogenic therapy with mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor RAD001 (Everolimus) increases radiosensitivity in solid cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14:892-900. [PMID: 18245553 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-0955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Radiotherapy exerts direct antivascular effects in tumors and also induces a proangiogenic stress response in tumor cells via the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. Therefore, the combination of radiotherapy and antiangiogenic therapy with mTOR inhibitor RAD001 (Everolimus) might exert additive/synergistic effects on tumor growth. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Effects of radiation combined with mTOR inhibitor RAD001 were studied on proliferation of murine colon cancer CT-26, human pancreatic cancer L3.6pl, and human umbilical vascular endothelial cells in vitro. In vivo tumor growth of subcutaneous colon cancer CT 26 and orthotopic pancreatic cancer L3.6pl was assessed after fractionated radiotherapy (5 x 2 or 5 x 4 Gy) with or without the addition of the mTOR inhibitor RAD001. RAD001 (1.5 mg/kg/d) was administered until the end of experiments beginning before or after radiotherapy. RESULTS A single dose of 2 Gy reduced in vitro proliferation of L3.6pl (-16%), CT-26 (-70%), and human umbilical vascular endothelial cells (HUVEC; -72%). The mTOR inhibitor RAD001 (10 ng/mL) suppressed proliferation of HUVEC (-83%), L3.6pl (-8%), and CT-26 (-82%). Combination of even low concentrations of 0.01 ng/mL RAD001 and 0.25 Gy radiation significantly reduced proliferation of HUVECs (-57%), whereas additive effects of RAD001 and radiation on tumor cells were seen only at the highest concentrations tested. In vivo, RAD001 introduced before radiotherapy (5 x 2 Gy) improved tumor growth control in mice (L3.6pl: 326 mm(3) versus 1144 mm(3); CT-26: 210 mm(3) versus 636 mm(3); P < 0.05 versus control). RAD001 turned out to possess a dose-modifying effect on radiotherapy. CONCLUSION Endothelial cells seem to be most sensitive to combination of mTOR inhibition and radiotherapy. Additive tumor growth delay using the mTOR inhibitor RAD001 and radiotherapy in vivo therefore might rely on combined antiangiogenic and antivascular effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp C Manegold
- Department of Surgery and Radiation Oncology, Klinikum Grosshadern, University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
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Lin LJ, Wang YF, Zheng CQ, Jin Y, Hu GZ, Liu X, Lin Y. Genome-wide gene loss in human pancreatic cancer cells. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2008; 16:1849-1854. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v16.i17.1849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate genome-wide loss of heterozygosity (LOH) and homozygous deletion in human pancreatic cancer cell lines.
METHODS: Genome-wide LOH and homozygous deletion in 17 pancreatic cancer cell lines were studied using high-density single nucleotide polymorphism array and the data were analyzed using a special analytical software. PCR was performed to verify homozygous deletion following screening for potential genetic domains associated with development of pancreatic cancer.
RESULTS: A total of 26 homozygous deletions were verified by PCR and the accuracy of the chip was 83.9% (26/31). On average, 1.29 genes were involved in each region. Each pancreatic cancer cell line had different LOH. Different chromosome arms presented with various LOH frequency with the most common abnormalities in 9p and 18q, occurring in 16 cell lines (94.1%).
CONCLUSION: Genome-wide LOH and homozygous deletions are common in pancreatic cancer cell lines, indicating existence of novel tumor suppressor genes.
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Suzuki A, Shibata T, Shimada Y, Murakami Y, Horii A, Shiratori K, Hirohashi S, Inazawa J, Imoto I. Identification of SMURF1 as a possible target for 7q21.3-22.1 amplification detected in a pancreatic cancer cell line by in-house array-based comparative genomic hybridization. Cancer Sci 2008; 99:986-94. [PMID: 18380791 PMCID: PMC11158928 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2008.00779.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) cell lines provide a useful starting point for the discovery and functional analysis of genes driving the genesis and progression of this lethal cancer. To increase our understanding of the gene copy number changes in pancreatic carcinomas and to identify key amplification and deletion targets, we applied genome-wide array-based comparative genomic hybridization using in-house array (MCG Cancer Array-800) to 24 PC cell lines. Overall, the analyses revealed high genomic complexity, with several copy number changes detected in each line. Homozygous deletions (log(2)ratio < -2) of eight genes (clones) were seen in 14 of the 24 cell lines, whereas high-level amplifications (log(2)ratio > 2) of 10 genes (clones) were detected in seven lines. Among them, we focused on high-level amplification at 7q22.1, because target genes for this alteration remain unknown. Through precise mapping of the altered region by fluorescence in situ hybridization, determination of the expression status of genes located within those regions, and functional analysis using knockdown of the gene expression or the ectopic overexpression approach in PC cell lines, as well as immunohistochemical analyses of candidates in primary tumors of PC, we successfully identified SMURF1 as having the greatest potential as a 7q21.3-22.1 amplification target. SMURF1 may work as a growth-promoting gene in PC through overexpression and might be a good candidate as a therapeutic target. Our results suggest that array-based comparative genomic hybridization analysis combined with further genetic and functional examinations is a useful approach for identifying novel tumor-associated genes involved in the pathogenesis of this lethal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Suzuki
- Department of Molecular Cytogenetics, Medical Research Institute and School of Biomedical Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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41
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Griffin CA, Morsberger L, Hawkins AL, Haddadin M, Patel A, Ried T, Schrock E, Perlman EJ, Jaffee E. Molecular cytogenetic characterization of pancreas cancer cell lines reveals high complexity chromosomal alterations. Cytogenet Genome Res 2007; 118:148-56. [PMID: 18000365 DOI: 10.1159/000108295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2006] [Accepted: 10/19/2006] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Karyotype analysis can provide clues to significant genes involved in the genesis and growth of pancreas cancer. The genome of pancreas cancer is complex, and G-band analysis cannot resolve many of the karyotypic abnormalities seen. We studied the karyotypes of 15 recently established cell lines using molecular cytogenetic tools. Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) analysis of all 15 lines identified genomic gains of 3q, 8q, 11q, 17q, and chromosome 20 in nine or more cell lines. CGH confirmed frequent loss of chromosome 18, 17p, 6q, and 8p. 14/15 cell lines demonstrated loss of chromosome 18q, either by loss of a copy of chromosome 18 (n = 5), all of 18q (n = 7) or portions of 18q (n = 2). Multicolor FISH (Spectral Karyotyping, or SKY) of 11 lines identified many complex structural chromosomal aberrations. 93 structurally abnormal chromosomes were evaluated, for which SKY added new information to 67. Several potentially site-specific recurrent rearrangements were observed. Chromosome region 18q11.2 was recurrently involved in nine cell lines, including formation of derivative chromosomes 18 from a t(18;22) (three cell lines), t(17;18) (two cell lines), and t(12;18), t(15;18), t(18;20), and ins(6;18) (one cell line each). To further define the breakpoints involved on chromosome 18, YACs from the 18q11.2 region, spanning approximately 8 Mb, were used to perform targeted FISH analyses of these lines. We found significant heterogeneity in the breakpoints despite their G-band similarity, including multiple independent regions of loss proximal to the already identified loss of DPC4 at 18q21.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Griffin
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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42
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FU ZY, HAN JX, HUANG HY. Effects of emodin on gene expression profile in small cell lung cancer NCI-H446 cells. Chin Med J (Engl) 2007. [DOI: 10.1097/00029330-200710010-00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
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43
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Lee KM, Cao D, Itami A, Pour PM, Hruban RH, Maitra A, Ouellette MM. Class III beta-tubulin, a marker of resistance to paclitaxel, is overexpressed in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and intraepithelial neoplasia. Histopathology 2007; 51:539-46. [PMID: 17714470 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2007.02792.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Class III beta-tubulin (TUBB3) reduces microtubule stability and confers resistance to microtubule-stabilizing taxanes, including paclitaxel and docetaxel. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas show limited responsiveness to taxanes, but little is known of the underlying mechanisms. The aim of this study was to examine TUBB3 expression in pancreatic cancer cell lines, invasive pancreatic adenocarcinoma and pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN). METHODS AND RESULTS Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and Western blot were used to study TUBB3 expression in pancreatic cancer cell lines. Immunohistochemistry was employed to assess TUBB3 in pancreatic cancer specimens, including 75 invasive adenocarcinomas and 41 PanIN precursor lesions. TUBB3 was undetectable in non-neoplastic ducts of the pancreas. In contrast, the vast majority (78-93%) of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas demonstrated either diffuse or focal TUBB3 expression. TUBB3 was found to increase progressively in PanIN lesions from 3/16 of PanIN-1 (19%), 5/17 of PanIN-2 (29%) to 5/8 of PanIN-3 lesions (63%). CONCLUSIONS TUBB3 is expressed in most pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas, possibly accounting for the suboptimal response of these tumours to microtubule-stabilizing agents. Up-regulation of TUBB3 in PanIN lesions suggests that microtubule dysfunction is an early feature of this disease. TUBB3 immunohistochemistry could potentially help identify pancreatic cancer patients lacking TUBB3 expression who might benefit from taxane therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Lee
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6805, USA
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44
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Hupé P, La Rosa P, Liva S, Lair S, Servant N, Barillot E. ACTuDB, a new database for the integrated analysis of array-CGH and clinical data for tumors. Oncogene 2007; 26:6641-52. [PMID: 17496932 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, an increasing number of projects have investigated tumor genome structure, using microarray-based techniques like array comparative genomic hybridization (array-CGH) or single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) arrays. The forthcoming studies have to integrate these former results and compare their findings to the existing sets of copy number data for validation. These sets also form the basis from which many comparative retrospective analyses can be carried out. Nevertheless, exploitation of this mass of data relies on a homogeneous preparation of copy number data, which will make it possible to compare them together, and their integration into a unified bioinformatics environment with ad hoc analysis tools and interfaces. To our knowledge, no such data integration has been proposed yet. Therefore the biologists and clinicians involved in cancer research urgently need such an integrative tool, which motivated us to undertake the construction of a database for array-CGH and other DNA copy number data for tumors (ACTuDB). When available, the associated clinical, transcriptome and loss of heterozygosity data were also integrated into ACTuDB. ACTuDB contains currently about 1500 genomic profiles for tumors and cell lines for the bladder, brain, breast, colon, liver, lymphoma, neuroblastoma, mouth and pancreas, together with data for replication timing experiments. The CGH array data were processed, using ad hoc algorithms (probe mapping, breakpoint detection, gain or loss status assignment and visualization) developed at Institut Curie. The database is available from http://bioinfo.curie.fr/actudb/ and can be browsed with a user-friendly interface. This database will be a useful resource for the genomic profiling of tumors, a field of highly active research. We invite research groups involved in tumor genome profiling to submit their data to ACTuDB.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Hupé
- Institut Curie, Service Bioinformatique, Paris, France.
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45
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Harada T, Baril P, Gangeswaran R, Kelly G, Chelala C, Bhakta V, Caulee K, Mahon PC, Lemoine NR. Identification of genetic alterations in pancreatic cancer by the combined use of tissue microdissection and array-based comparative genomic hybridisation. Br J Cancer 2007; 96:373-82. [PMID: 17242705 PMCID: PMC2359995 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is characterised pathologically by a marked desmoplastic stromal reaction that significantly reduces the sensitivity and specificity of cytogenetic analysis. To identify genetic alterations that reflect the characteristics of the tumour in vivo, we screened a total of 23 microdissected PDAC tissue samples using array-based comparative genomic hybridisation (array CGH) with 1 Mb resolution. Highly stringent statistical analysis enabled us to define the regions of nonrandom genomic changes. We detected a total of 41 contiguous regions (>3.0 Mb) of copy number changes, such as a genetic gain at 7p22.2–p15.1 (26.0 Mb) and losses at 17p13.3–p11.2 (13.6 Mb), 18q21.2–q22.1 (12.0 Mb), 18q22.3–q23 (7.1 Mb) and 18q12.3–q21.2 (6.9 Mb). To validate our array CGH results, fluorescence in situ hybridisation was performed using four probes from those regions, showing that these genetic alterations were observed in 37–68% of a separate sample set of 19 PDAC cases. In particular, deletion of the SEC11L3 gene (18q21.32) was detected at a very high frequency (13 out of 19 cases; 68%) and in situ RNA hybridisation for this gene demonstrated a significant correlation between deletion and expression levels. It was further confirmed by reverse transcription–PCR that SEC11L3 mRNA was downregulated in 16 out of 16 PDAC tissues (100%). In conclusion, the combination of tissue microdissection and array CGH provided a valid data set that represents in vivo genetic changes in PDAC. Our results raise the possibility that the SEC11L3 gene may play a role as a tumour suppressor in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Harada
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Institute of Cancer, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Centre, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - P Baril
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Institute of Cancer, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Centre, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - R Gangeswaran
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Institute of Cancer, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Centre, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - G Kelly
- Cancer Research UK, Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Service, Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3PX, UK
| | - C Chelala
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Institute of Cancer, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Centre, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - V Bhakta
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Institute of Cancer, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Centre, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - K Caulee
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Institute of Cancer, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Centre, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - P C Mahon
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Institute of Cancer, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Centre, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - N R Lemoine
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Institute of Cancer, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Centre, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
- E-mail:
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46
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Kuuselo R, Savinainen K, Azorsa DO, Basu GD, Karhu R, Tuzmen S, Mousses S, Kallioniemi A. Intersex-like (IXL) is a cell survival regulator in pancreatic cancer with 19q13 amplification. Cancer Res 2007; 67:1943-9. [PMID: 17332321 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-3387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a highly aggressive disease characterized by poor prognosis and vast genetic instability. Recent microarray-based, genome-wide surveys have identified multiple recurrent copy number aberrations in pancreatic cancer; however, the target genes are, for the most part, unknown. Here, we characterized the 19q13 amplicon in pancreatic cancer to identify putative new drug targets. Copy number increases at 19q13 were quantitated in 16 pancreatic cancer cell lines and 31 primary tumors by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Cell line copy number data delineated a 1.1 Mb amplicon, the presence of which was also validated in 10% of primary pancreatic tumors. Comprehensive expression analysis by quantitative real-time reverse transcription-PCR indicated that seven transcripts within this region had consistently elevated expression levels in the amplified versus nonamplified cell lines. High-throughput loss-of-function screen by RNA interference was applied across the amplicon to identify genes whose down-regulation affected cell viability. This screen revealed five genes whose down-regulation led to significantly decreased cell viability in the amplified PANC-1 cells but not in the nonamplified MiaPaca-2 cells, suggesting the presence of multiple biologically interesting genes in this region. Of these, the transcriptional regulator intersex-like (IXL) was consistently overexpressed in amplified cells and had the most dramatic effect on cell viability. IXL silencing also resulted in G(0)-G(1) cell cycle arrest and increased apoptosis in PANC-1 cells. These findings implicate IXL as a novel amplification target gene in pancreatic cancer and suggest that IXL is required for cancer cell survival in 19q13-amplified tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riina Kuuselo
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Medical Technology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
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47
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Loukopoulos P, Shibata T, Katoh H, Kokubu A, Sakamoto M, Yamazaki K, Kosuge T, Kanai Y, Hosoda F, Imoto I, Ohki M, Inazawa J, Hirohashi S. Genome-wide array-based comparative genomic hybridization analysis of pancreatic adenocarcinoma: identification of genetic indicators that predict patient outcome. Cancer Sci 2007; 98:392-400. [PMID: 17233815 PMCID: PMC11158398 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2007.00395.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We analyzed the subchromosomal numerical aberrations of 44 surgically resected pancreatic adenocarcinomas by array-based comparative genomic hybridization. The aberration profile ranged widely between cases, suggesting the presence of multiple or complementary mechanisms of evolution in pancreatic cancer, and was associated with lymph node metastasis and venous or serosal invasion. A large number of small loci, previously uncharacterized in pancreatic cancer, showed non-random loss or gain. Frequent losses at 1p36, 4p16, 7q36, 9q34, 11p15, 11q13, 14q32-33, 16p13, 17p11-13, 17q11-25, 18q21-tel, 19p13, 21q22 and 22q11-12, and gains at 1q25, 2p16, 2q21-37, 3q25, 5p14, 5q11-13, 7q21, 7p22, 8p22, 8q21-23, 10q21, 12p13, 13q22, 15q13-22 and 18q11 were identified. Sixteen loci were amplified recurrently. We identified novel chromosomal alterations that were significantly associated with a range of malignant phenotypes. Gain of LUNX, HCK, E2F1 and DNMT3b at 20q11, loss of p73 at 1p36 and gain of PPM1D at 17q23 independently predicted patient outcome. Expression profiling of amplified genes identified Smurf1 and TRRAP at 7q22.1, BCAS1 at 20q13.2-3, and VCL at 10q22.1 as potential novel oncogenes. Our results contribute to a complete description of genomic structural aberrations and the identification of potential therapeutic targets and genetic indicators that predict patient outcome in pancreatic adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panayiotis Loukopoulos
- Pathology Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 51-1, Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, USA
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48
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Ng G, Huang J, Roberts I, Coleman N. Defining ploidy-specific thresholds in array comparative genomic hybridization to improve the sensitivity of detection of single copy alterations in cell lines. J Mol Diagn 2006; 8:449-58. [PMID: 16931585 PMCID: PMC1867620 DOI: 10.2353/jmoldx.2006.060033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Array comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) is being widely used to screen for recurrent genomic copy number alterations in neoplasms, with imbalances typically detected through the application of gain and loss thresholds. Review of array CGH publications for the year 2005 showed that a wide range of thresholds are used. However, the effect of sample ploidy on the sensitivity of these thresholds for single copy alterations (SCAs) has not been evaluated. Here, we describe a method to evaluate the detection accuracy of thresholds for detecting SCAs in cell line array CGH data. By applying a hidden Markov model-based method, we segmented array CGH data from well-karyotyped cell lines and generated ploidy-specific sensitivity-specificity plots, from which we identified optimum thresholds relevant to sample ploidy. We demonstrate that commonly used nonploidy-specific thresholds are suboptimal in their ability to call SCAs, particularly when applied to hypertriploid or tetraploid cell lines. We conclude that the use of ploidy-specific thresholds improves the sensitivity of thres-hold-based array CGH for detecting SCAs in cell lines. Because polyploidy is a common feature of cancer cells, the application of ploidy-specific thresholds to cell lines (and potentially to clinical samples) may improve the detection sensitivity of SCAs of biological significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Ng
- Medical Research Council Cancer Cell Unit, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Box 197, Hills Rd., Cambridge CB2 2XZ, UK
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49
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Karhu R, Mahlamäki E, Kallioniemi A. Pancreatic adenocarcinoma -- genetic portrait from chromosomes to microarrays. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2006; 45:721-30. [PMID: 16688744 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is the fifth leading cause of cancer death with a 5-year survival rate of less than 5%. Although the role of a few known oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes in the development of pancreatic cancer is fairly well established, it is obvious that the majority of genetic changes responsible for the initiation and progression of this disease are still unknown. In this review, the authors will discuss the results from various genome-wide screening efforts, from traditional chromosome analyses to modern DNA microarray studies, which have provided an enormous amount of information on genetic alterations in pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Exciting findings have emerged from these studies, highlighting multiple potential chromosomal regions that may harbor novel cancer genes involved in the molecular pathogenesis of this lethal disorder. These findings complete the picture of pancreatic adenocarcinoma as a genetically highly complex and heterogeneous tumor type with an ongoing instability process. In addition, the precisely localized copy number changes offer a valuable starting point for further studies required to identify the genes involved and to characterize their potential functional role in the development and progression of pancreatic adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritva Karhu
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Medical Technology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
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50
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La Rosa P, Viara E, Hupé P, Pierron G, Liva S, Neuvial P, Brito I, Lair S, Servant N, Robine N, Manié E, Brennetot C, Janoueix-Lerosey I, Raynal V, Gruel N, Rouveirol C, Stransky N, Stern MH, Delattre O, Aurias A, Radvanyi F, Barillot E. VAMP: visualization and analysis of array-CGH, transcriptome and other molecular profiles. Bioinformatics 2006; 22:2066-73. [PMID: 16820431 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btl359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
MOTIVATION Microarray-based CGH (Comparative Genomic Hybridization), transcriptome arrays and other large-scale genomic technologies are now routinely used to generate a vast amount of genomic profiles. Exploratory analysis of this data is crucial in helping to understand the data and to help form biological hypotheses. This step requires visualization of the data in a meaningful way to visualize the results and to perform first level analyses. RESULTS We have developed a graphical user interface for visualization and first level analysis of molecular profiles. It is currently in use at the Institut Curie for cancer research projects involving CGH arrays, transcriptome arrays, SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) arrays, loss of heterozygosity results (LOH), and Chromatin ImmunoPrecipitation arrays (ChIP chips). The interface offers the possibility of studying these different types of information in a consistent way. Several views are proposed, such as the classical CGH karyotype view or genome-wide multi-tumor comparison. Many functionalities for analyzing CGH data are provided by the interface, including looking for recurrent regions of alterations, confrontation to transcriptome data or clinical information, and clustering. Our tool consists of PHP scripts and of an applet written in Java. It can be run on public datasets at http://bioinfo.curie.fr/vamp AVAILABILITY The VAMP software (Visualization and Analysis of array-CGH,transcriptome and other Molecular Profiles) is available upon request. It can be tested on public datasets at http://bioinfo.curie.fr/vamp. The documentation is available at http://bioinfo.curie.fr/vamp/doc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe La Rosa
- Institut Curie, Service Bioinformatique, 26 rue d'Ulm, Paris 75248 cedex 05, France
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