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Rajković M, Glavinić U, Bogunović D, Vejnović B, Davitkov D, Đelić N, Stanimirović Z. "Slow kill" treatment reduces DNA damage in leukocytes of dogs naturally infected with Dirofilaria immitis. Vet Parasitol 2023; 322:110008. [PMID: 37643566 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2023.110008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Parasitic diseases are considered to be a cause of oxidative stress which leads to oxidative damage of various molecules including DNA. This can result in mutations, replication errors, and genome instability. Therefore, aim of this study was to measure DNA damage induced by Dirofilaria immitis in the single cells such as dogs' leukocytes using the comet assay. Also, we monitored the effects of antiparasitic treatment on mitigation of sensitivity to DNA damage in leukocytes treated with H2O2 using the in vivo and ex vivo comet assay. The whole blood samples from 34 dogs from Serbia were used, both males and females, from one to 13 years old, both pure and mixed-breeds. A rapid immunochromatographic test (Antigen Rapid Heartworm Ag 2.0 Test Kit, Bionote, Minnesota, USA) was used for the detection of D. immitis antigens. The modified Knott's test and PCR were used in the aim of detecting D. immitis microfilariae in dogs' blood, and evaluating the number of circulating microfilariae during the treatment. The genotoxicity evaluation showed that D. immitis infection resulted in DNA damage in naturally infected dogs, with the highest DNA damage occurring in the group of dogs with severe clinical signs. Treatment with ivermectin and doxycycline decreased DNA damage in leukocytes of dogs in all groups, as the intensity of infection decreased due to applied therapy. Ex vivo comet assay results showed that leukocytes exhibited decreased sensitivity to H2O2-induced DNA damage during treatment. The results of the modified Knott's test and PCR in our study showed that treatment with ivermectin and doxycycline was successful in decreasing the average number of microfilariae during the time and at the end eliminating them from the dogs' blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Rajković
- Department of Parasitology, University of Belgrade - Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
| | - Uroš Glavinić
- Department of Biology, University of Belgrade - Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
| | - Danica Bogunović
- Department of Parasitology, University of Belgrade - Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
| | - Branislav Vejnović
- Department of Economics and Statistics, University of Belgrade - Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Belgrade 11000, Serbia.
| | - Darko Davitkov
- Department of Equine, Small Animal, Poultry and Wild Animal Diseases, University of Belgrade - Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
| | - Ninoslav Đelić
- Department of Biology, University of Belgrade - Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
| | - Zoran Stanimirović
- Department of Biology, University of Belgrade - Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
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Caspa Gokulan R, Paulrasu K, Azfar J, El-Rifai W, Que J, Boutaud OG, Ban Y, Gao Z, Buitrago MG, Dikalov SI, Zaika AI. Protein adduction causes non-mutational inhibition of p53 tumor suppressor. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112024. [PMID: 36848235 PMCID: PMC9989503 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
p53 is a key tumor suppressor that is frequently mutated in human tumors. In this study, we investigated how p53 is regulated in precancerous lesions prior to mutations in the p53 gene. Analyzing esophageal cells in conditions of genotoxic stress that promotes development of esophageal adenocarcinoma, we find that p53 protein is adducted with reactive isolevuglandins (isoLGs), products of lipid peroxidation. Modification of p53 protein with isoLGs diminishes its acetylation and binding to the promoters of p53 target genes causing modulation of p53-dependent transcription. It also leads to accumulation of adducted p53 protein in intracellular amyloid-like aggregates that can be inhibited by isoLG scavenger 2-HOBA in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, our studies reveal a posttranslational modification of p53 protein that causes molecular aggregation of p53 protein and its non-mutational inactivation in conditions of DNA damage that may play an important role in human tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jamal Azfar
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Wael El-Rifai
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Jianwen Que
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Olivier G Boutaud
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Yuguang Ban
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Zhen Gao
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | | | - Sergey I Dikalov
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Alexander I Zaika
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs, Miami VA Healthcare System, Miami, FL, USA.
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Wu HC, Kehm R, Santella RM, Brenner DJ, Terry MB. DNA repair phenotype and cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 55 case-control studies. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3405. [PMID: 35233009 PMCID: PMC8888613 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07256-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA repair phenotype can be measured in blood and may be a potential biomarker of cancer risk. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological studies of DNA repair phenotype and cancer through March 2021. We used random-effects models to calculate pooled odds ratios (ORs) of cancer risk for those with the lowest DNA repair capacity compared with those with the highest capacity. We included 55 case–control studies that evaluated 12 different cancers using 10 different DNA repair assays. The pooled OR of cancer risk (all cancer types combined) was 2.92 (95% Confidence Interval (CI) 2.49, 3.43) for the lowest DNA repair. Lower DNA repair was associated with all studied cancer types, and pooled ORs (95% CI) ranged from 2.02 (1.43, 2.85) for skin cancer to 7.60 (3.26, 17.72) for liver cancer. All assays, except the homologous recombination repair assay, showed statistically significant associations with cancer. The effect size ranged from 1.90 (1.00, 3.60) for the etoposide-induced double-strand break assay to 5.06 (3.67, 6.99) for the γ-H2AX assay. The consistency and strength of the associations support the use of these phenotypic biomarkers; however large-scale prospective studies will be important for understanding their use related to age and screening initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Chen Wu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health of Columbia University, 630 West 168th St., Room P&S 16-421E, New York, NY, 10032, USA. .,Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Rebecca Kehm
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health of Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Regina M Santella
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health of Columbia University, 630 West 168th St., Room P&S 16-421E, New York, NY, 10032, USA.,Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - David J Brenner
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 630W 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Mary Beth Terry
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health of Columbia University, 630 West 168th St., Room P&S 16-421E, New York, NY, 10032, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health of Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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Pelland-St-Pierre L, Sernoskie SC, Verner MA, Ho V. Genotoxic effect of meat consumption: A mini review. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2021; 863-864:503311. [PMID: 33678247 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2021.503311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In 2015, the International Agency for Research on Cancer classified the consumption of processed meat as carcinogenic to humans (Group 1) and red meat as probably carcinogenic to humans (Group 2A) based on sufficient data from animal models and epidemiological studies. However, research characterising the mechanisms underlying this carcinogenic process in humans are limited, particularly with respect to measures of direct DNA damage. The current review sought to evaluate and summarize the recent literature, published since 2000, regarding the associations of meat consumption and three biomarkers of genotoxicity in humans: DNA strand breaks (measured using the comet assay), DNA adducts, and micronucleus formation. After screening 230 potential articles, 35 were included, and then were classified as experimental or observational in design, the latter of which were further categorized according to their dietary assessment approach. Among the 30 observational studies, 4 of which used two different assays, 3 of 5 comet assay studies, 13 of 20 DNA adduct studies, and 7 of 9 micronucleus studies reported a positive association between meat consumption and DNA damage. Among the 5 experimental studies, 1 of 1 using the comet assay, 3 of 3 measuring DNA adducts and 0 of 1 measuring micronuclei reported significant positive associations with meat consumption. Nevertheless, common limitations among the selected publications included small sample size, and poor methodological reporting of both exposure and outcome measures. Moreover, the vast majority of studies only measured DNA damage in one biological sample using a single assay and we cannot exclude the possibility of publication bias. Ultimately, our review of the literature, published since 2000, revealed a preponderance of studies that support mechanisms of genotoxicity in playing an important role in the meat-cancer association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pelland-St-Pierre
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, École de Santé Publique de l'Université de Montréal (ESPUM), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Health Innovation and Evaluation Hub, Université de Montréal Hospital Research Centre (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Samantha Christine Sernoskie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marc-André Verner
- Centre de recherche en santé publique (CReSP), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, École de Santé Publique de l'Université de Montréal (ESPUM), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Vikki Ho
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, École de Santé Publique de l'Université de Montréal (ESPUM), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Health Innovation and Evaluation Hub, Université de Montréal Hospital Research Centre (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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Fernández MI, Gong Y, Ye Y, Lin J, Chang DW, Kamat AM, Wu X. γ-H2AX level in peripheral blood lymphocytes as a risk predictor for bladder cancer. Carcinogenesis 2013; 34:2543-7. [PMID: 23946494 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgt270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of susceptibility to double-strand breaks (DSBs) may provide valuable information about individual bladder cancer (BC) risk. The formation of γ-H2AX foci is a highly sensitive marker for DNA DSBs induction. We assessed whether levels of γ-H2AX in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) obtained after stimulation by ionizing radiation (IR) are able to predict BC risk. Patients were enrolled from an ongoing BC case-control study. Baseline- and IR-induced H2AX phosphorylation was assessed in PBL from 174 newly diagnosed and untreated BC patients and from 174 matched control subjects by a novel, image-based, high-throughput phenotypic assay. The ratio of γ-H2AX level of IR-treated cells to that of non-treated cells (baseline) was used as the parameter to assess the sensitivity to the mutagen. The mean γ-H2AX ratios were significantly higher for cases than for controls (1.43±0.14 versus 1.35±0.12; P = 8.45×10(-8)). This trend was irrespective of age, sex and smoking status. The risk estimates of BC for induced DSBs by tertile distributions in controls showed also a significant trend for increased risk at the highest tertile for the whole cohort (odds ratio = 5.16; 95% confidence interval = 2.69, 9.89; P = 7.78 × 10(-7)) as well as for each category. Our findings suggest that a higher susceptibility to induction of DSBs as measured by the γ-H2AX assay is significantly associated with an increased risk for BC. This might help to identify individuals at high risk for this cancer, adding new perspectives to established epidemiological and genetic risk factors. Further research of the role of γ-H2AX in biological processes of BC is warranted.
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Xu E, Gong Y, Gu J, Jie L, Ajani JA, Wu X. Risk assessment of esophageal adenocarcinoma using γ-H2AX assay. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2013; 22:1797-804. [PMID: 23904462 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-13-0485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutagen-induced DNA damage as measured in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) has been associated with increased risks of cancers. The formation of γ-H2AX is an early cellular response to DNA double-strand breaks (DSB). We hypothesize that higher level of radiation-induced γ-H2AX in PBLs may be associated with an increased risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma. METHODS Laser scanning cytometer-based immunocytochemical method was used to measure baseline and irradiation-induced γ-H2AX levels in PBLs from 211 patients with esophageal adenocarcinoma and 211 healthy controls. The ratio of induced γ-H2AX level to baseline level was used to evaluate individual susceptibility to DSBs. Relative risks for esophageal adenocarcinoma associated with γ-H2AX were assessed by multivariable logistic regression analysis. RESULTS Radiation-induced γ-H2AX level and the γ-H2AX ratio were significantly higher in cases than in controls. Dichotomized at the median in controls, a significantly increased risk for esophageal adenocarcinoma was observed in association with high γ-H2AX ratio [OR = 2.94; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.83-4.72]. Quartile analyses showed significant dose-response associations between higher γ-H2AX ratio and increased risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma (Ptrend, 1.64E-06). In addition, joint effect between γ-H2AX ratio and smoking was observed: smokers who had high γ-H2AX ratio exhibited the highest risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma (OR = 5.53; 95% CI, 2.71-11.25) compared with never smokers with low γ-H2AX ratio. CONCLUSION Radiation-induced DNA damage assessed by γ-H2AX ratio is associated with an increased risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma. IMPACT γ-H2AX assay is a new and robust method to measure DSB damage in PBLs, which can be used to assess mutagen sensitivity and esophageal adenocarcinoma risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enping Xu
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Epidemiology and Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas; and Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Dong H, Jin X, Hu J, Li H, He X, Liu X, Bao G. High γ-radiation sensitivity is associated with increased gastric cancer risk in a Chinese Han population: a case-control analysis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43625. [PMID: 22928006 PMCID: PMC3425539 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypersensitivity to radiation exposure has been suggested to be a risk factor for the development of several malignancies, but not including gastric cancer. In this case-control study, radiation sensitivity as measured by chromatid breaks per cell (b/c) was examined in cultured peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) from 517 patients with gastric cancer and 525 healthy controls. Our results showed that b/c values were significantly higher in cases than in controls (Mean [SD], 0.47 [0.20] vs. 0.34 [0.17]; P<0.001). Using the 50th percentile value for controls (0.34 b/c) as the cutoff point, unconditional logistic regression analysis revealed that γ–radiation-sensitive individuals were at significantly higher risk for gastric cancer (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 2.01, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.49–3.13). Quartile stratification analysis indicated a dose-response relationship between γ-radiation sensitivity and gastric cancer risk (P for trend <0.001). When using the subjects in first quartile of b/c values as reference, the adjusted ORs and corresponding CIs for the subjects in second, third, and fourth quartiles were 1.48 (0.91–2.17), 2.42 (1.76–3.64), and 3.40 (2.11–5.29), respectively. The γ-radiation sensitivity was related to age and smoking status. In addition, a clear joint effect on cancer risk was found between γ-Radiation sensitivity and smoking status. The risk for ever smokers with high sensitivity was higher than those for never smokers with high sensitivity and ever smokers with low sensitivity (OR [CI], 4.67 [2.31–6.07] vs. 2.14 [1.40–3.06] vs. 2.42 [1.57–3.95], respectively). No significant interaction was found between both factors (P for interaction = 0.42). We conclude that chromatid radiosensitivity is associated with gastric cancer susceptibility in a Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honglin Dong
- Department of General Surgery, Second Hospital, Shanxi Medical University. Taiyuan, China
| | - Xiaowei Jin
- Department of Digestive Diseases, General Hospital of Air Forces of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Hu
- Department of General Surgery, Second Hospital, Shanxi Medical University. Taiyuan, China
| | - Haifeng Li
- Department of General Surgery, Second Hospital, Shanxi Medical University. Taiyuan, China
| | - Xianli He
- Department of General Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xiaonan Liu
- Xijing Hospital of Digestive Disease, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
- * E-mail: (XL); (GB)
| | - Guoqiang Bao
- Department of General Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
- * E-mail: (XL); (GB)
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Wilson DM, Kim D, Berquist BR, Sigurdson AJ. Variation in base excision repair capacity. Mutat Res 2010; 711:100-12. [PMID: 21167187 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2010.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Revised: 11/29/2010] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The major DNA repair pathway for coping with spontaneous forms of DNA damage, such as natural hydrolytic products or oxidative lesions, is base excision repair (BER). In particular, BER processes mutagenic and cytotoxic DNA lesions such as non-bulky base modifications, abasic sites, and a range of chemically distinct single-strand breaks. Defects in BER have been linked to cancer predisposition, neurodegenerative disorders, and immunodeficiency. Recent data indicate a large degree of sequence variability in DNA repair genes and several studies have associated BER gene polymorphisms with disease risk, including cancer of several sites. The intent of this review is to describe the range of BER capacity among individuals and the functional consequences of BER genetic variants. We also discuss studies that associate BER deficiency with disease risk and the current state of BER capacity measurement assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Wilson
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States.
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Vasavi M, Vedicherala B, Vattam KK, Ahuja YR, Hasan Q. Assessment of Genetic Damage in Inflammatory, Precancerous, and Cancerous Pathologies of the Esophagus Using the Comet Assay. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2010; 14:477-82. [DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2010.0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mohan Vasavi
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Kamineni Hospital, Hyderabad, India
| | - Bhavani Vedicherala
- Department of Genetics, Bhagwan Mahavir Medical Research Centre, Hyderabad, India
| | - Kiran K. Vattam
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Kamineni Hospital, Hyderabad, India
| | - Yog R. Ahuja
- Department of Genetics, Vasavi Medical and Research Centre, Hyderabad, India
| | - Qurratulain Hasan
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Kamineni Hospital, Hyderabad, India
- Department of Genetics, Bhagwan Mahavir Medical Research Centre, Hyderabad, India
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Fenech MF. Dietary reference values of individual micronutrients and nutriomes for genome damage prevention: current status and a road map to the future. Am J Clin Nutr 2010; 91:1438S-1454S. [PMID: 20219957 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.2010.28674d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Damage to the genome is recognized as a fundamental cause of developmental and degenerative diseases. Several micronutrients play an important role in protecting against DNA damage events generated through endogenous and exogenous factors by acting as cofactors or substrates for enzymes that detoxify genotoxins as well as enzymes involved in DNA repair, methylation, and synthesis. In addition, it is evident that either micronutrient deficiency or micronutrient excess can modify genome stability and that these effects may also depend on nutrient-nutrient and nutrient-gene interaction, which is affected by genotype. These observations have led to the emerging science of genome health nutrigenomics, which is based on the principle that DNA damage is a fundamental cause of disease that can be diagnosed and nutritionally prevented on an individual, genetic subgroup, or population basis. In this article, the following topics are discussed: 1) biomarkers used to study genome damage in humans and their validation, 2) evidence for the association of genome damage with developmental and degenerative disease, 3) current knowledge of micronutrients required for the maintenance of genome stability in humans, 4) the effect of nutrient-nutrient and nutrient-genotype interaction on DNA damage, and 5) strategies to determine dietary reference values of single micronutrients and micronutrient combinations (nutriomes) on the basis of DNA damage prevention. This article also identifies important knowledge gaps and future research directions required to shed light on these issues. The ultimate goal is to match the nutriome to the genome to optimize genome maintenance and to prevent pathologic amounts of DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Fenech
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Food and Nutritional Sciences, Adelaide BC SA 5000, Australia.
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Ribeiro ADSBB, da Silva CC, Pereira FDC, Lima APD, Vilanova-Costa CAST, Aguiar SS, Pavanin LA, da Cruz AD, Silveira-Lacerda EDP. Mutagenic and genotoxic effects of cis-(dichloro)tetraammineruthenium(III) chloride on human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Biol Trace Elem Res 2009; 130:249-61. [PMID: 19214395 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-009-8334-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2008] [Accepted: 01/28/2009] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Chemotherapeutic agents play an important role in cancer treatment mostly due their systemic action on human organism allowing access to liquid tumors and even metastases. Among these drugs, ruthenium compounds have been showing promising results to treat tumors and represent an important development of new antitumor therapy. This study presents the evaluation of cis-(dichloro)tetraammineruthenium(III) chloride, cis-[RuCl(2)(NH(3))(4)]Cl, genotoxic effects using human peripheral blood lymphocytes cultured in vitro. Mitotic index (MI), chromosome aberrations (CA), and DNA damage using the comet assay were analyzed. MI in human peripheral blood lymphocyte cultures treated with 1, 10, 100, and 1,000 microg mL(-1) cis-[RuCl(2)(NH(3))(4)]Cl were 5.9%, 4.6%, 3.9%, and 0%, respectively. Doxorubicin chloridate was used as the positive control. CA derived from 1, 10, and 100 microg mL(-1) concentrations were defined as spontaneous when compared with the negative control, and at the concentration of 1,000 microg mL(-1), the cell cycle was inhibited (IM = 0%). Results obtained for the comet assay using cis-[RuCl(2)(NH(3))(4)]Cl suggest that this compound has no genotoxic activity against cultured human peripheral blood lymphocytes.
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Dhawan A, Bajpayee M, Parmar D. The Comet Assay: A Versatile Tool for Assessing DNA Damage. THE COMET ASSAY IN TOXICOLOGY 2009. [DOI: 10.1039/9781847559746-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alok Dhawan
- Developmental Toxicology Division Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (Formerly Industrial Toxicology Research Centre) P.O. Box 80 M.G. Marg Lucknow 226 001 India
| | - Mahima Bajpayee
- Developmental Toxicology Division Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (Formerly Industrial Toxicology Research Centre) P.O. Box 80 M.G. Marg Lucknow 226 001 India
| | - Devendra Parmar
- Developmental Toxicology Division Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (Formerly Industrial Toxicology Research Centre) P.O. Box 80 M.G. Marg Lucknow 226 001 India
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Cook MB, Sigurdson AJ, Jones IM, Thomas CB, Graubard BI, Korde L, Greene MH, McGlynn KA. Endogenous DNA damage and testicular germ cell tumors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 32:599-606. [PMID: 18657195 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2605.2008.00905.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Testicular germ cell tumors are comprised of two histologic groups, seminomas and non-seminomas. We postulated that the possible divergent pathogeneses of these histologies may be partially explained by variable levels of net endogenous DNA damage. To test our hypothesis, we conducted a case-case analysis of 51 seminoma and 61 non-seminoma patients using data and specimens from the Familial Testicular Cancer study and the U.S. Radiologic Technologists cohort. A lymphoblastoid cell line was cultured for each patient and the alkaline comet assay was used to determine four parameters: tail DNA, tail length, comet distributed moment (CDM) and Olive tail moment (OTM). Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were estimated using logistic regression. Values for tail length, tail DNA, CDM and OTM were modelled as categorical variables using the 50th and 75th percentiles of the seminoma group. Tail DNA was significantly associated with non-seminoma compared with seminoma (OR(50th percentile) = 3.31, 95% CI: 1.00, 10.98; OR(75th percentile) = 3.71, 95% CI: 1.04, 13.20; p for trend = 0.039). OTM exhibited similar, albeit statistically non-significant, risk estimates (OR(50th percentile) = 2.27, 95% CI: 0.75, 6.87; OR(75th percentile) = 2.40, 95% CI: 0.75, 7.71; p for trend = 0.12) whereas tail length and CDM showed no association. In conclusion, the results for tail DNA and OTM indicate that net endogenous levels are higher in patients who develop non-seminoma compared with seminoma. This may partly explain the more aggressive biology and younger age-of-onset of this histologic subgroup compared with the relatively less aggressive, later-onset seminoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Cook
- Hormonal and Reproductive Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892-7234, USA.
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Dhawan A, Bajpayee M, Parmar D. Comet assay: a reliable tool for the assessment of DNA damage in different models. Cell Biol Toxicol 2008; 25:5-32. [PMID: 18427939 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-008-9072-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2007] [Accepted: 03/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
New chemicals are being added each year to the existing burden of toxic substances in the environment. This has led to increased pollution of ecosystems as well as deterioration of the air, water, and soil quality. Excessive agricultural and industrial activities adversely affect biodiversity, threatening the survival of species in a particular habitat as well as posing disease risks to humans. Some of the chemicals, e.g., pesticides and heavy metals, may be genotoxic to the sentinel species and/or to non-target species, causing deleterious effects in somatic or germ cells. Test systems which help in hazard prediction and risk assessment are important to assess the genotoxic potential of chemicals before their release into the environment or commercial use as well as DNA damage in flora and fauna affected by contaminated/polluted habitats. The Comet assay has been widely accepted as a simple, sensitive, and rapid tool for assessing DNA damage and repair in individual eukaryotic as well as some prokaryotic cells, and has increasingly found application in diverse fields ranging from genetic toxicology to human epidemiology. This review is an attempt to comprehensively encase the use of Comet assay in different models from bacteria to man, employing diverse cell types to assess the DNA-damaging potential of chemicals and/or environmental conditions. Sentinel species are the first to be affected by adverse changes in their environment. Determination of DNA damage using the Comet assay in these indicator organisms would thus provide information about the genotoxic potential of their habitat at an early stage. This would allow for intervention strategies to be implemented for prevention or reduction of deleterious health effects in the sentinel species as well as in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok Dhawan
- Developmental Toxicology Division, Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (formerly Industrial Toxicology Research Centre), PO Box 80, M.G. Marg, Lucknow, 226 001, India.
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Xiong P, Hu Z, Li C, Wang LE, El-Naggar AK, Sturgis EM, Wei Q. In vitro benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide-induced DNA damage and chromosomal aberrations in primary lymphocytes, smoking, and risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Int J Cancer 2007; 121:2735-40. [PMID: 17724733 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is a major risk factor for squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN), but only a fraction of those exposed to cigarette smoke develops SCCHN, suggesting variation in individual susceptibility. Tobacco smoke contains a number of carcinogens that cause various kinds of damage to DNA. In this study, we simultaneously measured benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide-induced DNA damage and chromosomal aberrations by the comet assay and the mutagen sensitivity assay, respectively, in cultured primary lymphocytes from newly recruited 123 patients with SCCHN and 136 age- and sex-matched controls. Using the control median as the cut-off, the elevated risk of SCCHN was 2.35 (95% CI, 1.37-4.03), 2.28 (95% CI, 1.34-3.98) and 3.25 (95% CI, 1.85-5.07) for high levels of tail extension, tail length and oliver tail moment of the comet assay, respectively, and 1.75 (95% CI, 1.04-2.94) for high levels of chromosomal aberrations of the mutagen sensitivity assay. The effects of these 2 types of measurements were additive; subjects with high levels of both DNA damage and chromosomal aberrations had a 4.77-fold increased risk (95% CI, 2.73-8.36) of SCCHN. Cigarette smoking further elevated this risk to more than 20-fold (OR 23.6; 95% CI, 8.92-62.3). These data support our previous finding that suboptimal repair contributed to susceptibility to SCCHN and the new data further suggests a possible gene-environment interaction that may play an important role in the etiology of SCCHN. Further validation studies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Xiong
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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Waters DJ, Shen S, Xu H, Kengeri SS, Cooley DM, Chiang EC, Chen Y, Schlittler D, Oteham C, Combs GF, Glickman LT, Morris JS, Bostwick DG. Noninvasive Prediction of Prostatic DNA Damage by Oxidative Stress Challenge of Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007; 16:1906-10. [PMID: 17855713 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-07-0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To move closer to the goal of individualized risk prediction for prostate cancer, we used an in vivo canine model to evaluate whether the susceptibility of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) to oxidative stress-induced DNA damage could identify those individuals with the highest prostatic DNA damage. This hypothesis was tested in a population of 69 elderly male beagle dogs after they had completed a 7-month randomized feeding trial to achieve the broad range of dietary selenium status observed in U.S. men. The alkaline Comet assay was used to directly compare the extent of DNA damage in PBLs with prostatic DNA damage in each dog. Using stepwise logistic regression, the sensitivity of PBLs to oxidative stress challenge with hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) predicted dogs in the highest tertile of prostatic DNA damage. Dogs with PBLs highly sensitive to H(2)O(2) were 7.6 times [95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.5-38.3] more likely to have high prostatic DNA damage than those in the H(2)O(2)-resistant group. This risk stratification was observed in multivariate analysis that considered other factors that might influence DNA damage, such as age, toenail selenium concentration, and serum testosterone concentration. Our data show that the sensitivity of PBLs to oxidative stress challenge, but not endogenous DNA damage in PBLs, provides a noninvasive surrogate marker for prostatic DNA damage. These findings lend support to the concept that oxidative stress contributes to genotoxic damage, and that oxidative stress challenge may stratify men for prostate cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Waters
- Gerald P. Murphy Cancer Foundation, 3000 Kent Avenue, Suite E2-100, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA.
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Lin X, Wood CG, Shao L, Huang M, Yang H, Dinney CP, Wu X. Risk assessment of renal cell carcinoma using alkaline comet assay. Cancer 2007; 110:282-8. [PMID: 17549681 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.22792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND DNA damage induced by mutagens has been associated with an individual's susceptibility to cancer. METHODS In the current study, which involved 193 renal cell carcinoma (RCC) patients and 193 controls, DNA damage before mutagen induction (baseline), after benzo(alpha)pyrene dio epoxide (BPDE) treatment, and after gamma-radiation induction were assayed by comet assay in peripheral blood lymphocytes. Olive tail moments were used as DNA damage parameters. The 5 variables that were analyzed for their associations with RCC risk were baseline, BPDE-induced, gamma-radiation-induced, net BPDE-induced (BPDE-induced subtract baseline), and net gamma-radiation-induced (gamma-radiation-induced subtract baseline) Olive tail moments. RESULTS Significantly higher Olive tail moments were observed in cases compared with controls at baseline (1.95 vs 1.65; P = .008), after BPDE induction (3.10 vs 2.38; P < .001), and after gamma-radiation induction (4.25 vs 3.47; P < .001). The net BPDE-induced and gamma-radiation-induced DNA damage was also found to be significantly higher in cases compared with controls (P < .001 for both mutagens). Using the 75th percentile Olive tail moments in the controls as the cutoff point, the authors found that high levels of baseline DNA damage, BPDE-induced DNA damage, and gamma-radiation-induced DNA damage were associated with significantly increased risks of RCC, with odds ratios of 1.96 (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.26-3.06), 2.70 (95% CI, 1.72-4.23), and 3.13 (95% CI, 1.99-4.92), respectively. Similarly, net BPDE-induced and net gamma-radiation-induced DNA damages were also found to be significantly associated with elevated risks of RCC. CONCLUSIONS The results of the current study suggest that both baseline and mutagen-induced DNA damages assessed by comet assay are associated with an increased risk of RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Lin
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Chen M, Gu J, Xing J, Spitz MR, Wu X. Irradiation-induced telomerase activity and the risk of lung cancer: a pilot case-control study. Cancer 2007; 109:1157-63. [PMID: 17265522 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.22493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Telomerase activity is undetectable in most normal somatic cells, but is up-regulated by various mechanisms during tumorigenesis. Telomerase activation enables cells to overcome replicative senescence and maintain telomere stability during cell proliferation. The aim of the study was to evaluate the association between irradiation-induced telomerase activity and the risk of lung cancer. METHODS A case-control design was used that measured the baseline and gamma-radiation-induced telomerase activity in cultured peripheral blood lymphocytes from 44 lung cancer patients and 44 healthy controls. The associations between gamma-radiation-inducible telomerase activity and the risk of lung cancer were then analyzed. RESULTS The baseline telomerase activity was lower in cases than in controls (0.956 vs 1.222, P = .126). After gamma-radiation the telomerase activity in cases experienced a significant increase over baseline (1.480 vs 0.956, P < .001); the telomerase activity in controls also increased, but on a smaller scale (1.485 vs 1.222, P = .0025). The relative gamma-radiation-induced telomerase activity, defined as the ratio of the net increase of telomerase activity (gamma-radiation induced minus baseline) to the baseline telomerase activity, was significantly higher in cases than in controls (0.730 vs 0.224, P = .0003). When dichotomized, the subjects at the 75th percentile of the relative gamma-radiation-induced telomerase activity in controls, a higher ratio was associated with a significantly increased lung cancer risk (odds ratio [OR], 4.71, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.37, 16.21). Moreover, a dose response was observed between the relative gamma-radiation-induced telomerase activity and lung cancer risk. Compared with individuals with the lowest tertile of the relative gamma-radiation-induced telomerase activity, individuals with the second and the highest tertiles of the relative telomerase activity exhibited significantly elevated risks of lung cancer, with adjusted ORs of 12.58 (95% CI: 1.08, 146.86) and 31.08 (95% CI: 2.71, 356.81), respectively (P for trend <.001). CONCLUSIONS The pilot-case control study suggested that the gamma-radiation-induced telomerase activation is associated with a significantly increased risk of developing lung cancer. Larger case-control studies and prospective studies are needed to confirm the findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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Shao L, Hittelman WN, Lin J, Yang H, Ajani JA, Wu X. Deficiency of cell cycle checkpoints and DNA repair system predispose individuals to esophageal cancer. Mutat Res 2006; 602:143-50. [PMID: 17011594 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2006.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2006] [Revised: 08/13/2006] [Accepted: 08/24/2006] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Cell cycle checkpoints and DNA repair capacity are critical for the maintenance of genome integrity. We hypothesized that, in comparison to healthy controls, esophageal cancer patients might have a higher frequency of deficiencies in cell cycle checkpoints and/or DNA repair system. Using flow cytometry and comet assay, we assessed the gamma-radiation-induced S phase and G2-M phase accumulation, and benzo(a)pyrene-diol-epoxide (BPDE)- and gamma-radiation-induced DNA damage, in peripheral blood lymphocytes of 99 newly diagnosed esophageal cancer patients and 112 age-, gender-, and ethnicity-matched healthy controls. The mean gamma-radiation-induced cell accumulation at G2-M phase was significantly lower in esophageal cancer patients than the control subjects (case versus control: 5.27%+/-5.11% versus. 7.06%+/-5.04%, P = 0.013). The less G2-M phase cell accumulation resulted in a significant increased risk for esophageal cancer with an odds ratio of 2.08 (95% confidence interval 1.15-3.77). After normalization to baseline S fraction, the radiation-induced increment in the 4N/2N ratio was also significantly lower in esophageal cancer patients than in controls (case versus control: 0.76% versus 1.04%, P = 0.0039). The less increment in the radiation-induced 4N/2N ratio was associated with 2.24(95% confidence interval 1.22-4.11)-fold increase of esophageal cancer risk. We also compared the mutagen-induced DNA damage level among individuals with different S or G2-M phase cell accumulation. We found that the less G2-M phase accumulation was associated with both high BPDE induced and gamma-radiation-induced DNA damage in the healthy controls (P for trend = 0.023 and 0.015, respectively). Similar pattern was observed for S phase accumulation (P for trend = 0.033 and 0.022, respectively). However, such association was not seen in esophageal cancer patients. This study provides the first molecular epidemiologic evidence linking increased esophageal cancer risk with defects in cell-cycle checkpoints and DNA repair capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Shao
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Vogt S, Fuchs K, Richter E. Genotoxic effects of myosmine in a human esophageal adenocarcinoma cell line. Toxicology 2006; 222:71-9. [PMID: 16504364 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2006.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2006] [Revised: 01/23/2006] [Accepted: 01/24/2006] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma is rapidly rising in Western populations. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is thought to be one of the most important risk factors. However, the mechanisms by which GERD enhances tumor formation at the gastroesophageal junction are not well understood. Myosmine is a tobacco alkaloid which has also a wide spread occurrence in human diet. It is readily activated by nitrosation and peroxidation giving rise to the same hydroxypyridylbutanone-releasing DNA adducts as the esophageal carcinogen N'-nitrosonornicotine. Therefore, the genotoxicity of myosmine was tested in a human esophageal adenocarcinoma cell line (OE33). DNA damage was assessed by single-cell gel electrophoresis (Comet assay). DNA strand breaks, alkali labile sites and incomplete excision repair were expressed using the Olive tail moment (OTM). The Fapy glycosylase (Fpg) enzyme was incorporated into the assay to reveal additional oxidative DNA damage. DNA migration was determined after incubation of the cells for 1-24h. Under neutral conditions high myosmine concentrations of 25-50mM were necessary to elicit a weak genotoxic effect. At pH 6 genotoxicity was clearly enhanced giving a significant increase of OTM values at 5mM myosmine. Lower pH values could not be tested because of massive cytotoxicity even in the absence of myosmine. Co-incubation of 25 mM myosmine with 1mM H(2)O(2) for 1h significantly enhanced the genotoxicity of H(2)O(2) but not the oxidative lesions additionally detected with the Fpg enzyme. In the presence of the peroxynitrite donor 3-morpholinosydnonimine (SIN-1) a dose-dependent significant genotoxic effect was obtained with 1-10mM myosmine after 4h incubation. NS-398, a selective inhibitor of cyclooxygenase 2, did not affect the SIN-1 stimulated genotoxicity of myosmine. Finally, the 23 h repair of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine-induced DNA lesions was significantly inhibited in the presence of 10mM myosmine. In conclusion, myosmine exerts significant genotoxic effects in esophageal cells under conditions which may prevail in GERD such as increased oxidative and nitrosative stress resulting from chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Vogt
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Goethestrasse 33, D-80336 Munich, Germany
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