1
|
Park JE, Lee H, Oliva P, Kirsch K, Kim B, Ahn JI, Alverez CN, Gaikwad S, Krausz KW, O’Connor R, Rai G, Simeonov A, Mock BA, Gonzalez FJ, Lee KS, Jacobson KA. Structural Optimization and Anticancer Activity of Polo-like Kinase 1 (Plk1) Polo-Box Domain (PBD) Inhibitors and Their Prodrugs. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2023; 6:422-446. [PMID: 36926457 PMCID: PMC10012257 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.2c00250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1), a mitotic kinase whose activity is widely upregulated in various human cancers, is considered an attractive target for anticancer drug discovery. Aside from the kinase domain, the C-terminal noncatalytic polo-box domain (PBD), which mediates the interaction with the enzyme's binding targets or substrates, has emerged as an alternative target for developing a new class of inhibitors. Various reported small molecule PBD inhibitors exhibit poor cellular efficacy and/or selectivity. Here, we report structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies on triazoloquinazolinone-derived inhibitors, such as 43 (a 1-thioxo-2,4-dihydrothieno[2,3-e][1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyrimidin-5(1H)-one) that effectively block Plk1, but not Plk2 and Plk3 PBDs, with improved affinity and drug-like properties. The range of prodrug moieties needed for thiol group masking of the active drugs has been expanded to increase cell permeability and mechanism-based cancer cell (L363 and HeLa) death. For example, a 5-thio-1-methyl-4-nitroimidazolyl prodrug 80, derived from 43, showed an improved cellular potency (GI50 4.1 μM). As expected, 80 effectively blocked Plk1 from localizing to centrosomes and kinetochores and consequently induced potent mitotic block and apoptotic cell death. Another prodrug 78 containing 9-fluorophenyl in place of the thiophene-containing heterocycle in 80 also induced a comparable degree of anti-Plk1 PBD effect. However, orally administered 78 was rapidly converted in the bloodstream to parent drug 15, which was shown be relatively stable toward in vivo oxidation due to its 9-fluorophenyl group in comparison to unsubstituted phenyl. Further derivatization of these inhibitors, particularly to improve the systemic prodrug stability, could lead to a new class of therapeutics against Plk1-addicted cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Eun Park
- Cancer
Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Hobin Lee
- Cancer
Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
- Laboratory
of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute
of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes
of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Paola Oliva
- Laboratory
of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute
of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes
of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Klara Kirsch
- Cancer
Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Bora Kim
- Cancer
Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Jong Il Ahn
- Cancer
Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Celeste N. Alverez
- Cancer
Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
- Division
of Preclinical Innovation, National Center
for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Snehal Gaikwad
- Laboratory
of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of
Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Kristopher W. Krausz
- Cancer
Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Robert O’Connor
- Laboratory
of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute
of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes
of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Ganesha Rai
- Division
of Preclinical Innovation, National Center
for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Anton Simeonov
- Division
of Preclinical Innovation, National Center
for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Beverly A. Mock
- Laboratory
of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of
Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Frank J. Gonzalez
- Cancer
Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Kyung S. Lee
- Cancer
Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Kenneth A. Jacobson
- Laboratory
of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute
of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes
of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Meléndez-Flórez MP, Valbuena DS, Cepeda S, Rangel N, Forero-Castro M, Martínez-Agüero M, Rondón-Lagos M. Profile of Chromosomal Alterations, Chromosomal Instability and Clonal Heterogeneity in Colombian Farmers Exposed to Pesticides. Front Genet 2022; 13:820209. [PMID: 35281828 PMCID: PMC8908452 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.820209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Pesticides are a group of environmental pollutants widely used in agriculture to protect crops, and their indiscriminate use has led to a growing public awareness about the health hazards associated with exposure to these substances. In fact, exposure to pesticides has been associated with an increased risk of developing diseases, including cancer. In a study previously published by us, we observed the induction of specific chromosomal alterations and, in general, the deleterious effect of pesticides on the chromosomes of five individuals exposed to pesticides. Considering the importance of our previous findings and their implications in the identification of cytogenetic biomarkers for the monitoring of exposed populations, we decided to conduct a new study with a greater number of individuals exposed to pesticides. Considering the above, the aim of this study was to evaluate the type and frequency of chromosomal alterations, chromosomal variants, the level of chromosomal instability and the clonal heterogeneity in a group of thirty-four farmers occupationally exposed to pesticides in the town of Simijacá, Colombia, and in a control group of thirty-four unexposed individuals, by using Banding Cytogenetics and Molecular Cytogenetics (Fluorescence in situ hybridization). Our results showed that farmers exposed to pesticides had significantly increased frequencies of chromosomal alterations, chromosomal variants, chromosomal instability and clonal heterogeneity when compared with controls. Our results confirm the results previously reported by us, and indicate that occupational exposure to pesticides induces not only chromosomal instability but also clonal heterogeneity in the somatic cells of people exposed to pesticides. This study constitutes, to our knowledge, the first study that reports clonal heterogeneity associated with occupational exposure to pesticides. Chromosomal instability and clonal heterogeneity, in addition to reflecting the instability of the system, could predispose cells to acquire additional instability and, therefore, to an increased risk of developing diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Duvan Sebastián Valbuena
- School of Biological Sciences, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Tunja, Colombia
| | - Sebastián Cepeda
- School of Biological Sciences, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Tunja, Colombia
| | - Nelson Rangel
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Maribel Forero-Castro
- School of Biological Sciences, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Tunja, Colombia
| | - María Martínez-Agüero
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología-UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Milena Rondón-Lagos
- School of Biological Sciences, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Tunja, Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
A Comprehensive Review of the Genomics of Multiple Myeloma: Evolutionary Trajectories, Gene Expression Profiling, and Emerging Therapeutics. Cells 2021; 10:cells10081961. [PMID: 34440730 PMCID: PMC8391934 DOI: 10.3390/cells10081961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a blood cancer characterized by the accumulation of malignant monoclonal plasma cells in the bone marrow. It develops through a series of premalignant plasma cell dyscrasia stages, most notable of which is the Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance (MGUS). Significant advances have been achieved in uncovering the genomic aberrancies underlying the pathogenesis of MGUS-MM. In this review, we discuss in-depth the genomic evolution of MM and focus on the prognostic implications of the accompanied molecular and cytogenetic aberrations. We also dive into the latest investigatory techniques used for the diagnoses and risk stratification of MM patients.
Collapse
|
4
|
Zanwar S, Kumar S. Disease heterogeneity, prognostication and the role of targeted therapy in multiple myeloma. Leuk Lymphoma 2021; 62:3087-3097. [PMID: 34304677 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2021.1957875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a clonal plasma cell malignancy with a heterogeneous disease course. Insights into the genetics of the disease have identified certain high-risk cytogenetic features that are associated with adverse outcomes. While the advances in therapy have translated into dramatic improvements in the outcome of patients with MM, those with high-risk genetic features continue to perform poorly. This has resulted in a need for clinical trials focusing on the high-risk subgroup of MM as they search for additional biomarkers and therapeutic targets continue. In this review, we discuss the currently existing data on prognostic and predictive biomarkers in MM and speculate the role of treatment stratification based on the genetic features of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Zanwar
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Shaji Kumar
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abdallah N, Baughn LB, Rajkumar SV, Kapoor P, Gertz MA, Dispenzieri A, Lacy MQ, Hayman SR, Buadi FK, Dingli D, Go RS, Hwa YL, Fonder A, Hobbs M, Lin Y, Leung N, Kourelis T, Warsame R, Siddiqui M, Lust J, Kyle RA, Ketterling R, Bergsagel L, Greipp P, Kumar SK. Implications of MYC Rearrangements in Newly Diagnosed Multiple Myeloma. Clin Cancer Res 2020; 26:6581-6588. [PMID: 33008815 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-20-2283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Rearrangements involving the MYC protooncogene are common in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma, but their prognostic significance is still unclear. The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of MYC rearrangement on clinical characteristics, treatment response, and survival in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN This is a retrospective study including 1,342 patients seen in Mayo Clinic in Rochester, MN, from January 2006 to January 2018, who had cytogenetic testing by FISH at diagnosis, including MYC testing using the break apart FISH probe (8q24.1). RESULTS A rearrangement involving MYC was found in 8% of patients and was associated with elevated β2-microglobulin, ≥50% bone marrow plasma cells, IgA multiple myeloma, and the cooccurrence of trisomies. There were no differences in overall response rates between patients with and without MYC rearrangement when induction chemotherapy was proteasome inhibitor (PI)-based, immunomodulatory drug (IMiD)-based or PI + IMiD-based. Overall survival was shorter in patients with MYC rearrangement compared with patients without MYC rearrangement (5.3 vs. 8.0 years, P < 0.001). MYC rearrangement was associated with increased risk of death on multivariate analysis when high-risk cytogenetic abnormalities, ISS stage III, and ≥70 years of age were included (risk ratio: 1.5; P = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS MYC rearrangement is associated with high disease burden and is an independent adverse prognostic factor in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Linda B Baughn
- Division of Laboratory Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | | | - Morie A Gertz
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Martha Q Lacy
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | | | - David Dingli
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Ronald S Go
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Yi L Hwa
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Amie Fonder
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Miriam Hobbs
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Yi Lin
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Nelson Leung
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Rahma Warsame
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - John Lust
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Robert A Kyle
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Rhett Ketterling
- Division of Laboratory Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Leif Bergsagel
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Patricia Greipp
- Division of Laboratory Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Shaji K Kumar
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mikulasova A, Ashby C, Tytarenko RG, Qu P, Rosenthal A, Dent JA, Ryan KR, Bauer MA, Wardell CP, Hoering A, Mavrommatis K, Trotter M, Deshpande S, Yaccoby S, Tian E, Keats J, Auclair D, Jackson GH, Davies FE, Thakurta A, Morgan GJ, Walker BA. Microhomology-mediated end joining drives complex rearrangements and overexpression of MYC and PVT1 in multiple myeloma. Haematologica 2020; 105:1055-1066. [PMID: 31221783 PMCID: PMC7109748 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2019.217927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
MYC is a widely acting transcription factor and its deregulation is a crucial event in many human cancers. MYC is important biologically and clinically in multiple myeloma, but the mechanisms underlying its dysregulation are poorly understood. We show that MYC rearrangements are present in 36.0% of newly diagnosed myeloma patients, as detected in the largest set of next generation sequencing data to date (n=1,267). Rearrangements were complex and associated with increased expression of MYC and PVT1, but not other genes at 8q24. The highest effect on gene expression was detected in cases where the MYC locus is juxtaposed next to super-enhancers associated with genes such as IGH, IGK, IGL, TXNDC5/BMP6, FAM46C and FOXO3 We identified three hotspots of recombination at 8q24, one of which is enriched for IGH-MYC translocations. Breakpoint analysis indicates primary myeloma rearrangements involving the IGH locus occur through non-homologous end joining, whereas secondary MYC rearrangements occur through microhomology-mediated end joining. This mechanism is different to lymphomas, where non-homologous end joining generates MYC rearrangements. Rearrangements resulted in overexpression of key genes and chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing identified that HK2, a member of the glucose metabolism pathway, is directly over-expressed through binding of MYC at its promoter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Mikulasova
- Myeloma Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Cody Ashby
- Myeloma Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Ruslana G Tytarenko
- Myeloma Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Pingping Qu
- Cancer Research and Biostatistics, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Judith A Dent
- Myeloma Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Katie R Ryan
- Myeloma Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Michael A Bauer
- Myeloma Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | | | | | | | - Matthew Trotter
- Celgene Institute for Translational Research Europe, Seville, Spain
| | - Shayu Deshpande
- Myeloma Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Shmuel Yaccoby
- Myeloma Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Erming Tian
- Myeloma Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Jonathan Keats
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | | | - Graham H Jackson
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Faith E Davies
- Myeloma Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | | | - Gareth J Morgan
- Myeloma Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Brian A Walker
- Myeloma Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Navigating the cutaneous B-cell lymphomas: avoiding the rocky shoals. Mod Pathol 2020; 33:96-106. [PMID: 31653979 DOI: 10.1038/s41379-019-0385-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In recent years great progress has been made in understanding the classification of lymphomas. The integration of morphologic, clinical, immunophenotypic, and molecular features provides a rational basis for defining disease entities and has led to worldwide consensus. Hematopathologists and dermatopathologists have worked together to define those lymphomas that are present most commonly in the skin. Some cutaneous lymphomas have distinctive features and differ from their nodal counterparts. This is most evident in the delineation of primary cutaneous follicle center lymphoma and primary cutaneous marginal zone lymphoma. Both are very indolent, with low risk to spread beyond the skin. Primary cutaneous marginal zone lymphoma shows evidence of immunoglobulin class switching, as distinct from involvement by other extranodal marginal zone lymphomas of MALT type, which may involve the skin secondarily. Some have suggested that primary cutaneous marginal zone lymphoma may be considered a benign clonal expansion, probably driven by antigen. Many cutaneous lymphomas share biological and clinical features with their systemic counterparts. For example, primary cutaneous large B-cell lymphoma, leg type, exhibits a similar gene expression and molecular profile as diffuse large B-cell lymphoma of the activated B-cell type, especially for those cases arising in other extranodal sites. In addition, Epstein-Barr virus plays a role in many cutaneous lesions including mucocutaneous ulcer, plasmablastic lymphoma, and even some cases of marginal zone lymphoma. These EBV-driven conditions may present primarily in the skin, but also involve other mainly extranodal sites. Thus, it is evident that some cutaneous and systemic lymphomas are driven by common pathogenetic mechanisms, necessitating an integrated approach for the classification of lymphoma in all sites.
Collapse
|
8
|
Jones JR, Weinhold N, Ashby C, Walker BA, Wardell C, Pawlyn C, Rasche L, Melchor L, Cairns DA, Gregory WM, Johnson D, Begum DB, Ellis S, Sherborne AL, Cook G, Kaiser MF, Drayson MT, Owen RG, Jackson GH, Davies FE, Greaves M, Morgan GJ. Clonal evolution in myeloma: the impact of maintenance lenalidomide and depth of response on the genetics and sub-clonal structure of relapsed disease in uniformly treated newly diagnosed patients. Haematologica 2019; 104:1440-1450. [PMID: 30733268 PMCID: PMC6601103 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2018.202200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of treatment resistant sub-clones is a key feature of relapse in multiple myeloma. Therapeutic attempts to extend remission and prevent relapse include maximizing response and the use of maintenance therapy. We used whole exome sequencing to study the genetics of paired samples taken at presentation and at relapse from 56 newly diagnosed patients, following induction therapy, randomized to receive either lenalidomide maintenance or observation as part of the Myeloma XI trial. Patients included were considered high risk, relapsing within 30 months of maintenance randomization. Patients achieving a complete response had predominantly branching evolutionary patterns leading to relapse, characterized by a greater mutational burden, an altered mutational profile, bi-allelic inactivation of tumor suppressor genes, and acquired structural aberrations. Conversely, in patients achieving a partial response, the evolutionary features were predominantly stable with a similar mutational and structural profile seen at both time points. There were no significant differences between patients relapsing after lenalidomide maintenance versus observation. This study shows that the depth of response is a key determinant of the evolutionary patterns seen at relapse. This trial is registered at clinicaltrials.gov identifier: 01554852.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John R Jones
- Department of Haematology, The Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Niels Weinhold
- Myeloma Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Cody Ashby
- Myeloma Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Brian A Walker
- Myeloma Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Chris Wardell
- Myeloma Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Charlotte Pawlyn
- Department of Haematology, The Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Leo Rasche
- Myeloma Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | | | - David A Cairns
- Clinical Trials Research Unit, Leeds Institute of Clinical Trials Research, University of Leeds, UK
| | - Walter M Gregory
- Clinical Trials Research Unit, Leeds Institute of Clinical Trials Research, University of Leeds, UK
| | | | - Dil B Begum
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Sidra Ellis
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Amy L Sherborne
- Myeloma Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Gordon Cook
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, UK
| | - Martin F Kaiser
- Department of Haematology, The Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Mark T Drayson
- Clinical Immunology, School of Immunity and Infection, University of Birmingham, UK
| | - Roger G Owen
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, UK
| | - Graham H Jackson
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Faith E Davies
- Myeloma Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Mel Greaves
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Gareth J Morgan
- Myeloma Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Plasmablastic Lymphoma in an Immunocompetent Patient with MDS/MPN with Ring Sideroblasts and Thrombocytosis-A Case Report. Case Rep Hematol 2018; 2018:2525070. [PMID: 30524760 PMCID: PMC6247723 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2525070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmablastic lymphoma (PBL) is a rare, aggressive type of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma with the vast majority of patients responding poorly to treatment or progressing shortly thereafter. Cyclophosphamide-doxorubicin-vincristine-prednisolone (CHOP) or CHOP-like regimens have disappointing results in this setting. We report a case of PBL arising in a previously diagnosed myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative (MDS/MPN) with ring sideroblasts and thrombocytopenia (RS-T), HIV-negative patient treated with the combination of CHOP and bortezomib. The patient achieved complete metabolic response, which has lasted one year, longer by far than would have been expected with the sole use of CHOP.
Collapse
|
10
|
Møller HEH, Preiss BS, Pedersen P, Østergaard B, Frederiksen M, Abildgaard N, Møller MB. Myc protein overexpression is a feature of progression and adverse prognosis in multiple myeloma. Eur J Haematol 2018; 101:585-590. [PMID: 29999206 DOI: 10.1111/ejh.13141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Prognostic and predictive markers in multiple myeloma are continuously explored because of the heterogeneity of the tumor biology. Myc protein is the final product from activating MYC oncogene, but the prognostic impact in multiple myeloma is not well described. METHODS In a population-based cohort of 194 untreated, newly diagnosed patients with multiple myeloma, we assessed myc protein expression using CD138/myc immunohistochemical double stain and collected clinicopathological data. RESULTS Cases with myc protein expression ≥40% (mycHIGH ) had a median overall survival of 11 months compared to 48 months in cases of myc protein expression <40% (mycLOW ) (P < 0.01). MycHIGH was significantly correlated to R-ISS, high proliferation index, high percentage of plasma cell in bone marrow, plasmablastic morphology, high calcium level, and abnormal karyotype. In multivariate survival analyses, mycHIGH was independently associated with inferior overall survival with a hazard ratio of 2.5. CONCLUSION Our results indicate myc protein overexpression to be associated with advanced multiple myeloma and poor prognosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanne E H Møller
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Birgitte S Preiss
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Per Pedersen
- Department of Haematology, SVS Esbjerg, Esbjerg, Denmark
| | - Brian Østergaard
- Department of Haematology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Niels Abildgaard
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Haematology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Michael B Møller
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Qiang YW, Ye S, Huang Y, Chen Y, Van Rhee F, Epstein J, Walker BA, Morgan GJ, Davies FE. MAFb protein confers intrinsic resistance to proteasome inhibitors in multiple myeloma. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:724. [PMID: 29980194 PMCID: PMC6035431 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4602-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Multiple myeloma (MM) patients with t(14;20) have a poor prognosis and their outcome has not improved following the introduction of bortezomib (Bzb). The mechanism underlying the resistance to proteasome inhibitors (PIs) for this subset of patients is unknown. Methods IC50 of Bzb and carfilzomib (CFZ) in human myeloma cell lines (HMCLs) were established by MTT assay. Gene Expression profile (GEP) analysis was used to determine gene expression in primary myeloma cells. Immunoblotting analysis was performed for MAFb and caspase family proteins. Immunofluorescence staining was used to detect the location of MAFb protein in MM cells. Lentiviral infections were used to knock-down MAFb expression in two lines. Apoptosis detection by flow cytometry and western blot analysis was performed to determine the molecular mechanism MAFb confers resistance to proteasome inhibitors. Results We found high levels of MAFb protein in cell lines with t(14;20), in one line with t(6;20), in one with Igλ insertion into MAFb locus, and in primary plasma cells from MM patients with t(14;20). High MAFb protein levels correlated with higher IC50s of PIs in MM cells. Inhibition of GSK3β activity or treatment with Bzb or CFZ prevented MAFb protein degradation without affecting the corresponding mRNA level indicating a role for GSK3 and proteasome inhibitors in regulation of MAFb stability. Silencing MAFb restored sensitivity to Bzb and CFZ, and enhanced PIs-induced apoptosis and activation of caspase-3, − 8, − 9, PARP and lamin A/C suggesting that high expression of MAFb protein leads to insensitivity to proteasome inhibitors. Conclusion These results highlight the role of post-translational modification of MAFb in maintaining its protein level, and identify a mechanism by which proteasome inhibitors induced stabilization of MAFb confers resistance to proteasome inhibitors, and provide a rationale for the development of targeted therapeutic strategies for this subset of patients. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-018-4602-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Wei Qiang
- Myeloma Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, 4301 West Markham St., Slot 776, Rm 914, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA.
| | - Shiqiao Ye
- Myeloma Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, 4301 West Markham St., Slot 776, Rm 914, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Yuhua Huang
- Myeloma Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, 4301 West Markham St., Slot 776, Rm 914, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Yu Chen
- Myeloma Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, 4301 West Markham St., Slot 776, Rm 914, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Frits Van Rhee
- Myeloma Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, 4301 West Markham St., Slot 776, Rm 914, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Joshua Epstein
- Myeloma Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, 4301 West Markham St., Slot 776, Rm 914, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Brian A Walker
- Myeloma Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, 4301 West Markham St., Slot 776, Rm 914, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Gareth J Morgan
- Myeloma Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, 4301 West Markham St., Slot 776, Rm 914, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Faith E Davies
- Myeloma Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, 4301 West Markham St., Slot 776, Rm 914, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
An unusual case of myeloma. Pathology 2018; 50:581-584. [PMID: 29921449 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2018.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
13
|
8q24/MYC rearrangement is a recurrent cytogenetic abnormality in blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasms. Leuk Res 2018; 66:73-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2018.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
14
|
Plasmablastic Lymphoma with Coexistence of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia in an Immunocompetent Patient: A Case Report and Mini-Review. Case Rep Hematol 2018; 2017:2861596. [PMID: 29387498 PMCID: PMC5735622 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2861596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Plasmablastic lymphoma (PBL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell lymphoma with poor prognosis usually found in the oral cavity of HIV-positive patients. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is an indolent B-cell lymphoma with a variable clinical course. Transformation of CLL to PBL as Richter's syndrome is rare while coexistence of CLL and PBL at diagnosis is even rarer. Case Report We describe a case of a male immunocompetent patient with an ileum-cecum valve mass and a soft tissue mass at the left humerus with histologic evidence of PBL with coexistence of CLL in the bone marrow and peripheral blood. Amputation of the patient's left arm was inevitable, and the patient was started on bortezomib and dexamethasone. However, prolonged hospitalization was complicated by aspiration pneumonia, and the patient passed away. Conclusions No standard of care exists for patients with PBL, and prognosis remains dismal. Concomitant presentation of hematological malignancies becomes increasingly recognized, and further insight is needed in order to delineate whether they originate from the same clone or from different ones.
Collapse
|
15
|
Antimyeloma activity of bromodomain inhibitors on the human myeloma cell line U266 by downregulation of MYCL. Anticancer Drugs 2017; 27:756-65. [PMID: 27276402 PMCID: PMC4969056 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000000389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Bromodomain and extraterminal protein (BET) inhibitors suppress the expression of c-MYC. U266, a human myeloma cell line, expresses the MYCL gene, but not the c-MYC gene. Our aim was to analyse the antimyeloma activity of BET inhibitors on U266 cells. Two BET inhibitors, I-BET151 and JQ1, were tested. U266 cell proliferation decreased to 61.5 and 54.0% of the control after incubation with 500 nmol/l I-BET151 for 72 and 96 h and to 53.5 and 56.4% of control after incubation with 500 nmol/l JQ1 for 72 and 96 h by MTS tetrazolium, respectively. BET inhibitors induced cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase in U266 cells, but did not induce apoptosis by flow cytometry. According to Gene Set Enrichment Analysis, MYC-related genes were significantly downregulated in U266 cells treated with I-BET151 similar to KMS11 cells that expressed c-MYC. The MYCL1 was expressed in U266 cells, whereas c-MYC and MYCN were not by quantitative real-time reverse-transcription-PCR. Incubation with I-BET151 induced downregulation of MYCL1 in U266 cells. BET inhibitors decreased the cell proliferation in U266 cells with overexpression of MYCL less than those without overexpression of MYCL. BET inhibitors induce G1 arrest without apoptosis and interfere with the proliferation of U266 myeloma cells, which express MYCL, but not c-MYC. BET inhibitors might be active in cancers that express MYCL, but not c-MYC.
Collapse
|
16
|
Expressed fusion gene landscape and its impact in multiple myeloma. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1893. [PMID: 29196615 PMCID: PMC5711960 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00638-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma is a plasma cell malignancy characterized by recurrent IgH translocations and well described genomic heterogeneity. Although transcriptome profiles in multiple myeloma has been described, landscape of expressed fusion genes and their clinical impact remains unknown. To provide a comprehensive and detailed fusion gene cartography and suggest new mechanisms of tumorigenesis in multiple myeloma, we performed RNA sequencing in a cohort of 255 newly diagnosed and homogeneously treated multiple myeloma patients with long follow-up. Here, we report that patients have on average 5.5 expressed fusion genes. Kappa and lambda light chains and IgH genes are main partners in a third of all fusion genes. We also identify recurrent fusion genes that significantly impact both progression-free and overall survival and may act as drivers of the disease. Lastly, we find a correlation between the number of fusions, the age of patients and the clinical outcome, strongly suggesting that genomic instability drives prognosis of the disease. Multiple myeloma is a malignancy of plasma cells in the blood. Here, the authors establish the landscape of fusion genes within this disease, identifying novel recurrent fusion genes that impact survival and may drive disease progression.
Collapse
|
17
|
Simmons JK, Michalowski AM, Gamache BJ, DuBois W, Patel J, Zhang K, Gary J, Zhang S, Gaikwad S, Connors D, Watson N, Leon E, Chen JQ, Kuehl WM, Lee MP, Zingone A, Landgren O, Ordentlich P, Huang J, Mock BA. Cooperative Targets of Combined mTOR/HDAC Inhibition Promote MYC Degradation. Mol Cancer Ther 2017; 16:2008-2021. [PMID: 28522584 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-17-0171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cancer treatments often require combinations of molecularly targeted agents to be effective. mTORi (rapamycin) and HDACi (MS-275/entinostat) inhibitors have been shown to be effective in limiting tumor growth, and here we define part of the cooperative action of this drug combination. More than 60 human cancer cell lines responded synergistically (CI<1) when treated with this drug combination compared with single agents. In addition, a breast cancer patient-derived xenograft, and a BCL-XL plasmacytoma mouse model both showed enhanced responses to the combination compared with single agents. Mice bearing plasma cell tumors lived an average of 70 days longer on combination treatment compared with single agents. A set of 37 genes cooperatively affected (34 downregulated; 3 upregulated) by the combination responded pharmacodynamically in human myeloma cell lines, xenografts, and a P493 model, and were both enriched in tumors, and correlated with prognostic markers in myeloma patient datasets. Genes downregulated by the combination were overexpressed in several untreated cancers (breast, lung, colon, sarcoma, head and neck, myeloma) compared with normal tissues. The MYC/E2F axis, identified by upstream regulator analyses and validated by immunoblots, was significantly inhibited by the drug combination in several myeloma cell lines. Furthermore, 88% of the 34 genes downregulated have MYC-binding sites in their promoters, and the drug combination cooperatively reduced MYC half-life by 55% and increased degradation. Cells with MYC mutations were refractory to the combination. Thus, integrative approaches to understand drug synergy identified a clinically actionable strategy to inhibit MYC/E2F activity and tumor cell growth in vivoMol Cancer Ther; 16(9); 2008-21. ©2017 AACR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John K Simmons
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | | | - Wendy DuBois
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jyoti Patel
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ke Zhang
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Joy Gary
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Shuling Zhang
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Snehal Gaikwad
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Daniel Connors
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Nicholas Watson
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Elena Leon
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jin-Qiu Chen
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Maxwell P Lee
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Adriana Zingone
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ola Landgren
- Syndax Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Waltham, Massachusetts
| | | | - Jing Huang
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Beverly A Mock
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Angi M, Kamath V, Yuvarani S, Meena J, Sitaram U, Manipadam MT, Nair S, Ganapule A, Fouzia NA, Abraham A, Viswabandya A, Poonkuzhali B, George B, Mathews V, Srivastava A, Srivastava VM. The t(8;14)(q24.1;q32) and its variant translocations: A study of 34 cases. Hematol Oncol Stem Cell Ther 2017; 10:126-134. [PMID: 28390216 DOI: 10.1016/j.hemonc.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The t(8;14)(q24.1;q32) and its variants - the t(2;8)(p12;q24.1) and t(8;22)(q24.1;q11.2) are associated with B-cell neoplasia and result in MYC/immunoglobulin (IG) gene rearrangement. PATIENTS AND METHODS We correlated the cytogenetic, molecular and clinico-pathological findings of patients with 8q24 translocations seen in the Department of Haematology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, from January 2003 to December 2015. RESULTS There were 34 patients with 8q24 translocations (31, ALL and three myeloma). The t(8;14) was seen in 25 patients, t(8;22) in seven and t(2;8) in two. The salient findings were as follows: 85% males; 79% adults, median age 37 years; L3 morphology in 61%; mature B immunophenotype in 77%; extra-medullary disease in 41%; additional abnormalities in 28 (85%), notably, structural abnormalities of chromosome 1q (41%) and 13q (9%) and monosomy 13 (15%); complex karyotypes in 68%. There were two double-hit lymphoma/leukemia, one with a t(14;18)(q32;q21) and the other with a t(3;14)(q27;q11.2), associated with nodal high grade B cell lymphoma and dermal leukemic infiltrates respectively. Only 13 samples were processed for DNA PCR and all these samples were positive for MYC-IgH (c-gamma type) rearrangement. Only in one patient, in addition to c-gamma, c-alpha rearrangement was also detected. CONCLUSION The frequency (1.7%) and distribution of these translocations in our series and the association with 1q and 13q abnormalities is similar to the literature. Trisomies 7 and 12 were seen in less than 10% of our patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meenu Angi
- Cytogenetics Unit, Christian Medical College & Hospital, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632004, India
| | - Vandana Kamath
- Cytogenetics Unit, Christian Medical College & Hospital, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632004, India
| | - S Yuvarani
- Cytogenetics Unit, Christian Medical College & Hospital, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632004, India
| | - J Meena
- Department of Hematology, Christian Medical College & Hospital, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Usha Sitaram
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Immunohematology, Christian Medical College & Hospital, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Sukesh Nair
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Immunohematology, Christian Medical College & Hospital, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Abhijeet Ganapule
- Department of Hematology, Christian Medical College & Hospital, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - N A Fouzia
- Department of Hematology, Christian Medical College & Hospital, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Aby Abraham
- Department of Hematology, Christian Medical College & Hospital, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Auro Viswabandya
- Department of Hematology, Christian Medical College & Hospital, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - B Poonkuzhali
- Department of Hematology, Christian Medical College & Hospital, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Biju George
- Department of Hematology, Christian Medical College & Hospital, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vikram Mathews
- Department of Hematology, Christian Medical College & Hospital, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Alok Srivastava
- Department of Hematology, Christian Medical College & Hospital, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vivi M Srivastava
- Cytogenetics Unit, Christian Medical College & Hospital, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632004, India.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Hyperhaploidy is a novel high-risk cytogenetic subgroup in multiple myeloma. Leukemia 2016; 31:637-644. [PMID: 27694925 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2016.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hyperhaploid clones (24-34 chromosomes) were identified in 33 patients with multiple myeloma (MM), demonstrating a novel numerical cytogenetic subgroup. Strikingly, all hyperhaploid karyotypes were found to harbor monosomy 17p, the single most important risk stratification lesion in MM. A catastrophic loss of nearly a haploid set of chromosomes results in disomies of chromosomes 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 15, 18, 19 and 21, the same basic set of odd-numbered chromosomes found in trisomy in hyperdiploid myeloma. All other autosomes are found in monosomy, resulting in additional clinically relevant monosomies of 1p, 6q, 13q and 16q. Hypotriploid subclones (58-68 chromosomes) were also identified in 11 of the 33 patients and represent a duplication of the hyperhaploid clone. Analysis of clones utilizing interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (iFISH), metaphase FISH and spectral karyotyping identified either monosomy 17 or del17p in all patients. Amplification of 1q21 was identified in eight patients, demonstrating an additional high-risk marker. Importantly, our findings indicate that current iFISH strategies may be uninformative or ambiguous in the detection of these clones, suggesting this patient subgroup maybe underreported. Overall survival for patients with hyperhaploid clones was poor, with a 5-year survival rate of 23.1%. These findings identify a distinct numerical subgroup with cytogenetically defined high-risk disease.
Collapse
|
20
|
Otto C, Scholtysik R, Schmitz R, Kreuz M, Becher C, Hummel M, Rosenwald A, Trümper L, Klapper W, Siebert R, Küppers R. NovelIGHandMYCTranslocation Partners in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphomas. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2016; 55:932-943. [DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Otto
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research); University of Duisburg-Essen, Medical School; Essen Germany
| | - René Scholtysik
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research); University of Duisburg-Essen, Medical School; Essen Germany
| | - Roland Schmitz
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research); University of Duisburg-Essen, Medical School; Essen Germany
| | - Markus Kreuz
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology (IMISE); University of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| | - Claudia Becher
- Institute of Human Genetics; Christian-Albrechts University Kiel & University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein; Kiel Germany
| | | | | | - Lorenz Trümper
- Department of Hematology/Oncology; University Hospital Göttingen; Göttingen Germany
| | - Wolfram Klapper
- Department of Pathology, Hematopathology Section and Lymph Node Registry; University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel/Christian-Albrechts-University; Kiel Germany
| | - Reiner Siebert
- Institute of Human Genetics; Christian-Albrechts University Kiel & University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein; Kiel Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics; University of Ulm; Ulm Germany
| | - Ralf Küppers
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research); University of Duisburg-Essen, Medical School; Essen Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Våtsveen TK, Børset M, Dikic A, Tian E, Micci F, Lid AHB, Meza-Zepeda LA, Coward E, Waage A, Sundan A, Kuehl WM, Holien T. VOLIN and KJON-Two novel hyperdiploid myeloma cell lines. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2016; 55:890-901. [PMID: 27311012 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma can be divided into two distinct genetic subgroups: hyperdiploid (HRD) or nonhyperdiploid (NHRD) myeloma. Myeloma cell lines are important tools to study myeloma cell biology and are commonly used for preclinical screening and testing of new drugs. With few exceptions human myeloma cell lines are derived from NHRD patients, even though about half of the patients have HRD myeloma. Thus, there is a need for cell lines of HRD origin to enable more representative preclinical studies. Here, we present two novel myeloma cell lines, VOLIN and KJON. Both of them were derived from patients with HRD disease and shared the same genotype as their corresponding primary tumors. The cell lines' chromosomal content, genetic aberrations, gene expression, immunophenotype as well as some of their growth characteristics are described. Neither of the cell lines was found to harbor immunoglobulin heavy chain translocations. The VOLIN cell line was established from a bone marrow aspirate and KJON from peripheral blood. We propose that these unique cell lines may be used as tools to increase our understanding of myeloma cell biology. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thea Kristin Våtsveen
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Myeloma Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Pathology and Medical Genetics, St. Olav's University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Magne Børset
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Myeloma Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, St. Olav's University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Aida Dikic
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Myeloma Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Erming Tian
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Myeloma Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Francesca Micci
- Section for Cancer Cytogenetics, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ana H B Lid
- Department of Core Facilities, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Leonardo A Meza-Zepeda
- Department of Core Facilities, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Tumor Biology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eivind Coward
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Anders Waage
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Myeloma Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Hematology, St. Olav's University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Anders Sundan
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Myeloma Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Toril Holien
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Myeloma Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Demchenko Y, Roschke A, Chen WD, Asmann Y, Bergsagel PL, Kuehl WM. Frequent occurrence of large duplications at reciprocal genomic rearrangement breakpoints in multiple myeloma and other tumors. Nucleic Acids Res 2016; 44:8189-98. [PMID: 27353332 PMCID: PMC5041460 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Using a combination of array comparative genomic hybridization, mate pair and cloned sequences, and FISH analyses, we have identified in multiple myeloma cell lines and tumors a novel and recurrent type of genomic rearrangement, i.e. interchromosomal rearrangements (translocations or insertions) and intrachromosomal inversions that contain long (1-4000 kb; median ∼100 kb) identical sequences adjacent to both reciprocal breakpoint junctions. These duplicated sequences were generated from sequences immediately adjacent to the breakpoint from at least one-but sometimes both-chromosomal donor site(s). Tandem duplications had a similar size distribution suggesting the possibility of a shared mechanism for generating duplicated sequences at breakpoints. Although about 25% of apparent secondary rearrangements contained these duplications, primary IGH translocations rarely, if ever, had large duplications at breakpoint junctions. Significantly, these duplications often contain super-enhancers and/or oncogenes (e.g. MYC) that are dysregulated by rearrangements during tumor progression. We also found that long identical sequences often were identified at both reciprocal breakpoint junctions in six of eight other tumor types. Finally, we have been unable to find reports of similar kinds of rearrangements in wild-type or mutant prokaryotes or lower eukaryotes such as yeast.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yulia Demchenko
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-4265, USA
| | - Anna Roschke
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-4265, USA
| | - Wei-Dong Chen
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-4265, USA
| | - Yan Asmann
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road South, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Peter Leif Bergsagel
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic Arizona, 13400 E. Shea Boulevard, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA
| | - Walter Michael Kuehl
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-4265, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Mlynarcikova M, Balcarkova J, Mickova P, Scudla V, Pika T, Bacovsky J, Minarik J, Janousova E, Jarosova M. Molecular Cytogenetic Analysis of Chromosome 8 Aberrations in Patients With Multiple Myeloma Examined in 2 Different Stages, at Diagnosis and at Progression/Relapse. CLINICAL LYMPHOMA MYELOMA & LEUKEMIA 2016; 16:358-65. [PMID: 27052024 DOI: 10.1016/j.clml.2016.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The genome of multiple myeloma (MM) clonal plasma cells is characterized by genetic changes of prognostic importance. Disease progression is accompanied by a number of secondary chromosomal aberrations including chromosome 8. We focused on the detection of chromosome 8 aberrations in patients with MM who were examined at 2 different phases: diagnosis and progression/relapse. PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 62 patients with MM were examined at the time of diagnosis and at relapse/progression. The median age was 64 years (range, 39-78 years); the study included 29 males and 33 females. We analyzed bone marrow samples for detecting aberrations on chromosome 8 by the fluorescence immunophenotyping and interphase cytogenetics as a tool for the investigation of neoplasms (FICTION) and fluorescence in situ hybridization methods with specific probes. RESULTS Chromosome 8 aberrations were detected in 24 (38.7%) patients at diagnosis and in 29 (46.8%) patients at progression/relapse. Only 5 (8%) patients developed additional chromosome 8 changes at progression/relapse. The aberrations were heterogeneous, involving numerical and structural changes of the MYC gene. Aberrations of the short arm of chromosome 8, involving the genes TRAIL-R1/-R2, were less frequent (4 of 62 patients, 6.4%). All aberrations of chromosome 8 were accompanied with additional changes and with an advanced clinical phase of the disease. This finding significantly influenced the overall survival of patients. CONCLUSION In the current study, chromosome 8 aberrations were highly heterogeneous, were presented at diagnosis in patients with advanced clinical stage, and were associated with worse overall survival. We have not confirmed the increase of frequency aberration of chromosome 8 in disease progression. The findings demonstrate the importance of fluorescence in situ hybridization examination of chromosome 8 in newly diagnosed patients with MM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jana Balcarkova
- Department of Hemato-oncology, Palacky University Hospital, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Mickova
- Department of Hemato-oncology, Palacky University Hospital, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Vlastimil Scudla
- Department of Hemato-oncology, Palacky University Hospital, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Pika
- Department of Hemato-oncology, Palacky University Hospital, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Bacovsky
- Department of Hemato-oncology, Palacky University Hospital, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Minarik
- Department of Hemato-oncology, Palacky University Hospital, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Janousova
- Institute of Biostatistics and Analysis, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Jarosova
- Department of Hemato-oncology, Palacky University Hospital, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
An update on molecular biology and drug resistance mechanisms of multiple myeloma. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2015; 96:413-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
|
25
|
Cai Q, Medeiros LJ, Xu X, Young KH. MYC-driven aggressive B-cell lymphomas: biology, entity, differential diagnosis and clinical management. Oncotarget 2015; 6:38591-616. [PMID: 26416427 PMCID: PMC4770723 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
MYC, a potent oncogene located at chromosome locus 8q24.21, was identified initially by its involvement in Burkitt lymphoma with t(8;14)(q24;q32). MYC encodes a helix-loop-helix transcription factor that accentuates many cellular functions including proliferation, growth and apoptosis. MYC alterations also have been identified in other mature B-cell neoplasms and are associated with aggressive clinical behavior. There are several regulatory factors and dysregulated signaling that lead to MYC up-regulation in B-cell lymphomas. One typical example is the failure of physiological repressors such as Bcl6 or BLIMP1 to suppress MYC over-expression. In addition, MYC alterations are often developed concurrently with other genetic alterations that counteract the proapoptotic function of MYC. In this review, we discuss the physiologic function of MYC and the role that MYC likely plays in the pathogenesis of B-cell lymphomas. We also summarize the role MYC plays in the diagnosis, prognostication and various strategies to detect MYC rearrangement and expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Cai
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - L. Jeffrey Medeiros
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Xiaolu Xu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ken H. Young
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- The University of Texas School of Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Stella F, Pedrazzini E, Agazzoni M, Ballester O, Slavutsky I. Cytogenetic Alterations in Multiple Myeloma: Prognostic Significance and the Choice of Frontline Therapy. Cancer Invest 2015; 33:496-504. [DOI: 10.3109/07357907.2015.1080833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
27
|
Brioli A, Melchor L, Walker BA, Davies FE, Morgan GJ. Biology and treatment of myeloma. CLINICAL LYMPHOMA MYELOMA & LEUKEMIA 2015; 14 Suppl:S65-70. [PMID: 25486959 DOI: 10.1016/j.clml.2014.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 04/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In recent years significant progress has been made in the understanding of multiple myeloma (MM) biology and its treatment. Current strategies for the treatment of MM involve the concept of sequential blocks of therapy given as an induction followed by consolidation and maintenance. In an age characterized by emerging and more powerful laboratory techniques, it is of primary importance to understand the biology of MM and how this biology can guide the development of new treatment strategies. This review focuses on the genetic basis of myeloma, including the most common genetic abnormalities and pathways affected and the effects that these have on MM treatment strategies. MM biology is discussed also in the light of more recent theory of intraclonal heterogeneity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria Brioli
- Centre for Myeloma Research, Division of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom; Istituto di Ematologia Seràgnoli, Università degli Studi di Bologna, Policlinico S. Orsola-Malpighi, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Melchor
- Centre for Myeloma Research, Division of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Brian A Walker
- Centre for Myeloma Research, Division of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Faith E Davies
- Centre for Myeloma Research, Division of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth J Morgan
- Centre for Myeloma Research, Division of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Szalat R, Munshi NC. Genomic heterogeneity in multiple myeloma. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2015; 30:56-65. [PMID: 25982873 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2015.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is an incurable malignancy in majority of patients characterized by clonal proliferation of plasma cells. To date, treatment is established based on general conditions and age of patients. However, MM is a heterogeneous disease, featured by various subtypes and different outcomes. Thus, the understanding of MM biology is currently a major challenge to eventually cure the disease. During the last decade, karyotype studies and gene expression profiling have identified robust prognostic markers as well as a widespread genomic landscape. More recently, studies of epigenetic, transcriptional modifications and next generation sequencing have allowed characterization of critical genes and pathways, clonal heterogeneity and mutational profiles involved in myelomagenesis. Altogether, these findings constitute important tools to develop new targeted and personalized therapies in MM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raphaël Szalat
- Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Nikhil C Munshi
- Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Aggressive B-cell lymphomas: a review and practical approach for the practicing pathologist. Adv Anat Pathol 2015; 22:168-80. [PMID: 25844675 DOI: 10.1097/pap.0000000000000065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma are changing the way pathologists approach, diagnose, and report on this heterogeneous group of lymphomas. The purpose of this review is to provide a practical yet comprehensive approach to diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and aggressive B-cell lymphomas that can be used and easily interpreted by pathologists at all levels of training. It will address important concepts and current testing modalities which provide important prognostic information for the clinician when considering appropriate chemotherapeutic regimens for each patient's lymphoma diagnosis. It will also provide some insights into recently reported signaling pathways and molecular alterations and their contribution to lymphomagenesis and how identifying these abnormalities may provide future potential therapeutic targets for these aggressive lymphomas.
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a heterogeneous disease that, over the past 15 years, has seen an increased understanding of its biology and of novel therapeutic options. Distinctive subtypes of the disease have been described, each with different outcomes and clinic-pathological features. Even though a detailed classification of MM into at least seven or eight major subtypes is possible, a more practical clinical approach can classify the disease into high-risk and non-high-risk MM. Such classification has permitted a more personalized approach to the management of the disease. Additionally, risk stratification should be included in outcome discussions with patients, as survival differs significantly by high-risk status. Nowadays, test for risk stratification are widely available and can be routinely used in the clinic. A greater understanding of the genetic abnormalities underlying the biology of MM will allow for the development of novel targeted therapies and better prognostic markers of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Fonseca
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic in Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ 85259-5494, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
The RAG Model: A New Paradigm for Genetic Risk Stratification in Multiple Myeloma. BONE MARROW RESEARCH 2014; 2014:526568. [PMID: 25295194 PMCID: PMC4177729 DOI: 10.1155/2014/526568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Molecular studies have shown that multiple myeloma is a highly genetically heterogonous disease which may manifest itself as any number of diverse subtypes each with variable clinicopathological features and outcomes. Given this genetic heterogeneity, a universal approach to treatment of myeloma is unlikely to be successful for all patients and instead we should strive for the goal of personalised therapy using rationally informed targeted strategies. Current DNA sequencing technologies allow for whole genome and exome analysis of patient myeloma samples that yield vast amounts of genetic data and provide a mutational overview of the disease. However, the clinical utility of this information currently lags far behind the sequencing technology which is increasingly being incorporated into clinical practice. This paper attempts to address this shortcoming by proposing a novel genetically based “traffic-light” risk stratification system for myeloma, termed the RAG (Red, Amber, Green) model, which represents a simplified concept of how complex genetic data may be compressed into an aggregate risk score. The model aims to incorporate all known clinically important trisomies, translocations, and mutations in myeloma and utilise these to produce a score between 1.0 and 3.0 that can be incorporated into diagnostic, prognostic, and treatment algorithms for the patient.
Collapse
|
32
|
MicroRNA: important player in the pathobiology of multiple myeloma. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:521586. [PMID: 24991558 PMCID: PMC4065722 DOI: 10.1155/2014/521586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed a pivotal role played by a class of small, noncoding RNAs, microRNA (miRNA), in multiple myeloma (MM), a plasma cell (PC) malignancy causing significant morbidity and mortality. Deregulated miRNA expression in patient's PCs and plasma has been associated with tumor progression, molecular subtypes, clinical staging, prognosis, and drug response in MM. A number of important oncogenic and tumor suppressor miRNAs have been discovered to regulate important genes and pathways such as p53 and IL6-JAK-STAT signaling. miRNAs may also form complex regulatory circuitry with genetic and epigenetic machineries, the deregulation of which could lead to malignant transformation and progression. The translational potential of miRNAs in the clinic is being increasingly recognized that they could represent novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets. This review comprehensively summarizes current progress in delineating the roles of miRNAs in MM pathobiology and management.
Collapse
|
33
|
The genetic architecture of multiple myeloma. Adv Hematol 2014; 2014:864058. [PMID: 24803933 PMCID: PMC3996928 DOI: 10.1155/2014/864058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma is a malignant proliferation of monoclonal plasma cells leading to clinical features that include hypercalcaemia, renal dysfunction, anaemia, and bone disease (frequently referred to by the acronym CRAB) which represent evidence of end organ failure. Recent evidence has revealed myeloma to be a highly heterogeneous disease composed of multiple molecularly-defined subtypes each with varying clinicopathological features and disease outcomes. The major division within myeloma is between hyperdiploid and nonhyperdiploid subtypes. In this division, hyperdiploid myeloma is characterised by trisomies of certain odd numbered chromosomes, namely, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 15, 19, and 21 whereas nonhyperdiploid myeloma is characterised by translocations of the immunoglobulin heavy chain alleles at chromosome 14q32 with various partner chromosomes, the most important of which being 4, 6, 11, 16, and 20. Hyperdiploid and nonhyperdiploid changes appear to represent early or even initiating mutagenic events that are subsequently followed by secondary aberrations including copy number abnormalities, additional translocations, mutations, and epigenetic modifications which lead to plasma cell immortalisation and disease progression. The following review provides a comprehensive coverage of the genetic and epigenetic events contributing to the initiation and progression of multiple myeloma and where possible these abnormalities have been linked to disease prognosis.
Collapse
|
34
|
Walker BA, Wardell CP, Brioli A, Boyle E, Kaiser MF, Begum DB, Dahir NB, Johnson DC, Ross FM, Davies FE, Morgan GJ. Translocations at 8q24 juxtapose MYC with genes that harbor superenhancers resulting in overexpression and poor prognosis in myeloma patients. Blood Cancer J 2014; 4:e191. [PMID: 24632883 PMCID: PMC3972699 DOI: 10.1038/bcj.2014.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Secondary MYC translocations in myeloma have been shown to be important in the pathogenesis and progression of disease. Here, we have used a DNA capture and massively parallel sequencing approach to identify the partner chromosomes in 104 presentation myeloma samples. 8q24 breakpoints were identified in 21 (20%) samples with partner loci including IGH, IGK and IGL, which juxtapose the immunoglobulin (Ig) enhancers next to MYC in 8/23 samples. The remaining samples had partner loci including XBP1, FAM46C, CCND1 and KRAS, which are important in B-cell maturation or myeloma pathogenesis. Analysis of the region surrounding the breakpoints indicated the presence of superenhancers on the partner chromosomes and gene expression analysis showed increased expression of MYC in these samples. Patients with MYC translocations had a decreased progression-free and overall survival. We postulate that translocation breakpoints near MYC result in colocalization of the gene with superenhancers from loci, which are important in the development of the cell type in which they occur. In the case of myeloma these are the Ig loci and those important for plasma cell development and myeloma pathogenesis, resulting in increased expression of MYC and an aggressive disease phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B A Walker
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - C P Wardell
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - A Brioli
- 1] Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK [2] Istituto di Ematologia Seràgnoli, Università degli Studi di Bologna, Policlinico S. Orsola-Malpighi, Bologna, Italy
| | - E Boyle
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - M F Kaiser
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - D B Begum
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - N B Dahir
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - D C Johnson
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - F M Ross
- Wessex Regional Genetics Laboratory, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury, UK
| | - F E Davies
- Divisions of Molecular Pathology, Cancer Therapeutics and Clinical Sciences, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - G J Morgan
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Kim GY, Gabrea A, Demchenko YN, Bergsagel L, Roschke AV, Kuehl WM. Complex IGH rearrangements in multiple myeloma: Frequent detection discrepancies among three different probe sets. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2014; 53:467-74. [PMID: 24585545 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Revised: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary IGH translocations involving seven recurrent partner loci and oncogenes are present in about 40% of multiple myeloma tumors. Secondary IGH rearrangements, which occur in a smaller fraction of tumors, usually are complex structures, including insertions or translocations that can involve three chromosomes, and often with involvement of MYC. The main approach to detect IGH rearrangements is interphase-but sometimes metaphase-FISH strategies that use a telomeric variable region probe and a centromeric constant region/ Eα enhancer or 3' flanking probe to detect a separation of these two probes, or a fusion of these probes with probes located at nonrandom partner sites in the genome. We analyzed 18 myeloma cell lines for detection discrepancies among Vysis, Cytocell, and in-house IGH probe sets that hybridize with differing sequences in the IGH locus. There were no detection discrepancies for the three telomeric IGH probes, or for unrearranged IGH loci or primary IGH translocations using the centromeric IGH probes. However, the majority of complex IGH rearrangements had detection discrepancies among the three centromeric IGH probes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gina Y Kim
- Genetics Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Promiscuous MYC locus rearrangements hijack enhancers but mostly super-enhancers to dysregulate MYC expression in multiple myeloma. Leukemia 2014; 28:1725-1735. [PMID: 24518206 PMCID: PMC4126852 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2014.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Revised: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
MYC locus rearrangements – often complex combinations of translocations, insertions, deletions, and inversions - in multiple myeloma (MM) were thought to be a late progression event, which often did not involve immunoglobulin genes. Yet germinal center activation of MYC expression has been reported to cause progression to MM in an MGUS prone mouse strain. Although previously detected in 16% of MM, we find MYC rearrangements in nearly 50% of MM, including smoldering MM, and they are heterogeneous in some cases. Rearrangements reposition MYC near a limited number of genes associated with conventional enhancers, but mostly with super-enhancers (e.g., IGH, IGL, IGK, NSMCE2, TXNDC5, FAM46C, FOXO3, IGJ, PRDM1). MYC rearrangements are associated with a significant increase of MYC expression that is monoallelic, but MM tumors lacking a rearrangement have bi-allelic MYC expression at significantly higher levels than in MGUS. We also show that germinal center activation of MYC does not cause MM in a mouse strain that rarely develops spontaneous MGUS. It appears that increased MYC expression at the MGUS/MM transition usually is bi-allelic, but sometimes can be mono-allelic if there is a MYC rearrangement. Our data suggests that MYC rearrangements, regardless of when they occur during MM pathogenesis, provide one event that contributes to tumor autonomy.
Collapse
|
37
|
Multiple myeloma. Mol Oncol 2013. [DOI: 10.1017/cbo9781139046947.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
|
38
|
Simmons JK, Patel J, Michalowski A, Zhang S, Wei BR, Sullivan P, Gamache B, Felsenstein K, Kuehl WM, Simpson RM, Zingone A, Landgren O, Mock BA. TORC1 and class I HDAC inhibitors synergize to suppress mature B cell neoplasms. Mol Oncol 2013; 8:261-72. [PMID: 24429254 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2013.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhanced proliferative signaling and loss of cell cycle regulation are essential for cancer progression. Increased mitogenic signaling through activation of the mTOR pathway, coupled with deregulation of the Cyclin D/retinoblastoma (Rb) pathway is a common feature of lymphoid malignancies, including plasmacytoma (PCT), multiple myeloma (MM), Burkitt's lymphoma (BL), and mantle cell lymphoma (MCL). Here we evaluate the synergy of pharmacologically affecting both of these critical pathways using the mTOR inhibitor sirolimus and the histone deacetylase inhibitor entinostat. A dose-matrix screening approach found this combination to be highly active and synergistic in a panel of genetically diverse human MM cell lines. Synergy and activity was observed in mouse PCT and human BL and MCL cell lines tested in vitro, as well as in freshly isolated primary MM patient samples tested ex vivo. This combination had minimal effects on healthy donor cells and retained activity when tested in a co-culture system simulating the protective interaction of cancer cells with the tumor microenvironment. Combining sirolimus with entinostat enhanced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. At the molecular level, entinostat increased the expression of cell cycle negative regulators including CDKN1A (p21) and CDKN2A (p16), while the combination decreased critical growth and survival effectors including Cyclin D, BCL-XL, BIRC5, and activated MAPK.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John K Simmons
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, USA
| | - Jyoti Patel
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, USA
| | - Aleksandra Michalowski
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, USA
| | - Shuling Zhang
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, USA
| | - Bih-Rong Wei
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, USA
| | - Patrick Sullivan
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, USA
| | - Ben Gamache
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, USA
| | - Kenneth Felsenstein
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, USA
| | - W Michael Kuehl
- Genetics Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, USA
| | - R Mark Simpson
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, USA
| | - Adriana Zingone
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, USA
| | - Ola Landgren
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, USA
| | - Beverly A Mock
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
|
40
|
Understanding MYC-driven aggressive B-cell lymphomas: pathogenesis and classification. Blood 2013; 122:3884-91. [PMID: 24009228 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2013-05-498329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
MYC is a potent oncogene initially identified as the target of the t(8;14)(q24;q32) chromosome translocation in Burkitt lymphoma. MYC gene alterations have been identified in other mature B-cell neoplasms that are usually associated with an aggressive clinical behavior. Most of these tumors originate in cells that do not normally express MYC protein. The oncogenic events leading to MYC up-regulation seem to overcome the inhibitory effect of physiological repressors such as BCL6 or BLIMP1. Aggressive lymphomas frequently carry additional oncogenic alterations that cooperate with MYC dysregulation, likely counteracting its proapoptotic function. The development of FISH probes and new reliable antibodies have facilitated the study of MYC gene alterations and protein expression in large series of patients, providing new clinical and biological perspectives regarding MYC dysregulation in aggressive lymphomas. MYC gene alterations in large B-cell lymphomas are frequently associated with BCL2 or BCL6 translocations conferring a very aggressive behavior. Conversely, MYC protein up-regulation may occur in tumors without apparent gene alterations, and its association with BCL2 overexpression also confers a poor prognosis. In this review, we integrate all of this new information and discuss perspectives, challenges, and open questions for the diagnosis and management of patients with MYC-driven aggressive B-cell lymphomas.
Collapse
|
41
|
The histological and biological spectrum of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in the World Health Organization classification. Cancer J 2013; 18:411-20. [PMID: 23006945 DOI: 10.1097/ppo.0b013e31826aee97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCLs) are aggressive B-cell lymphomas that are clinically, pathologically, and genetically diverse, in part reflecting the functional diversity of the B-cell system. The focus in recent years has been toward incorporation of clinical features, morphology, immunohistochemistry, and ever evolving genetic data into the classification scheme. The 2008 World Health Organization classification reflects this complexity with the addition of several new entities and variants. The discovery of distinct subtypes by gene expression profiling heralded a new era with a focus on pathways of transformation as well as a promise of more targeted therapies, directed at specific pathways. Some DLBCLs exhibit unique clinical characteristics with a predilection for specific anatomic sites; the anatomic site often reflects underlying biological distinctions. Recently, the spectrum of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-driven B-cell proliferations in patients without iatrogenic or congenital immunosuppression has been better characterized; most of these occur in patients of advanced age and include Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-positive large B-cell lymphoma of the elderly. Human herpesvirus 8 is involved in the pathogenesis of primary effusion lymphoma, which can present as a "solid variant." Two borderline categories were created; one deals with tumors at the interface between classic Hodgkin lymphoma and DLBCL. The second confronts the interface between Burkitt lymphoma and DLBCL, so-called "B-cell lymphoma, unclassifiable, with features intermediate between DLBCL and Burkitt lymphoma" in the 2008 classification. Most cases harbor both MYC and BCL2 translocations and are highly aggressive. Another interesting entity is anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive DLBCL, which renders itself potentially targetable by anaplastic lymphoma kinase inhibitors. Ongoing investigations at the genomic level, with both exome and whole-genome sequencing, are sure to reveal new pathways of transformation in the future.
Collapse
|
42
|
Molecular pathogenesis of multiple myeloma: basic and clinical updates. Int J Hematol 2013; 97:313-23. [PMID: 23456262 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-013-1291-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma is divided into two distinct genetic subtypes based on chromosome content. Hyperdiploid myeloma is characterized by multiple trisomies of chromosomes 3, 5, 7, 9 11, 15, 19 and 21, and lacks recurrent immunoglobulin gene translocations. Non-hyperdiploid myeloma in contrast is characterized by chromosome translocations t(4;14), t(14;16), t(14;20), t(6;14) and t(11;14). A unifying event in the pathogenesis of multiple myeloma is the dysregulated expression of a cyclin D gene, either directly by juxtaposition to an immunoglobulin enhancer, as a result of ectopic expression of a MAF family transcription factor, or indirectly by as yet unidentified mechanisms. Secondary genetic events include rearrangements of MYC, activating mutations of NRAS, KRAS or BRAF, a promiscuous array of mutations that activate NFkB and deletions of 17p. Among the poor-risk genetic features are t(4;14), t(14;16), t(14;20), del 17p and gains of 1q. Available evidence supports the use of a risk-stratified approach to the treatment of patients with multiple myeloma, with the early and prolonged use of bortezomib particularly in patients with t(4;14) and del 17p.
Collapse
|
43
|
|
44
|
Ott G, Rosenwald A, Campo E. Understanding MYC-driven aggressive B-cell lymphomas: pathogenesis and classification. HEMATOLOGY. AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEMATOLOGY. EDUCATION PROGRAM 2013; 2013:575-583. [PMID: 24319234 DOI: 10.1182/asheducation-2013.1.575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
MYC is a potent oncogene initially identified as the target of the t(8;14)(q24;q32) chromosome translocation in Burkitt lymphoma. MYC gene alterations have been identified in other mature B-cell neoplasms that are usually associated with an aggressive clinical behavior. Most of these tumors originate in cells that do not normally express MYC protein. The oncogenic events leading to MYC up-regulation seem to overcome the inhibitory effect of physiological repressors such as BCL6 or BLIMP1. Aggressive lymphomas frequently carry additional oncogenic alterations that cooperate with MYC dysregulation, likely counteracting its proapoptotic function. The development of FISH probes and new reliable antibodies have facilitated the study of MYC gene alterations and protein expression in large series of patients, providing new clinical and biological perspectives regarding MYC dysregulation in aggressive lymphomas. MYC gene alterations in large B-cell lymphomas are frequently associated with BCL2 or BCL6 translocations conferring a very aggressive behavior. Conversely, MYC protein up-regulation may occur in tumors without apparent gene alterations, and its association with BCL2 overexpression also confers a poor prognosis. In this review, we integrate all of this new information and discuss perspectives, challenges, and open questions for the diagnosis and management of patients with MYC-driven aggressive B-cell lymphomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- German Ott
- 1Department of Clinical Pathology, Robert-Bosch-Krankenhaus, and Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Kuehl WM, Bergsagel PL. Molecular pathogenesis of multiple myeloma and its premalignant precursor. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:3456-63. [PMID: 23023717 DOI: 10.1172/jci61188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma is a monoclonal tumor of plasma cells, and its development is preceded by a premalignant tumor with which it shares genetic abnormalities, including universal dysregulation of the cyclin D/retinoblastoma (cyclin D/RB) pathway. A complex interaction with the BM microenvironment, characterized by activation of osteoclasts and suppression of osteoblasts, leads to lytic bone disease. Intratumor genetic heterogeneity, which occurs in addition to intertumor heterogeneity, contributes to the rapid emergence of drug resistance in high-risk disease. Despite recent therapeutic advances, which have doubled the median survival time, myeloma continues to be a mostly incurable disease. Here we review the current understanding of myeloma pathogenesis and insight into new therapeutic strategies provided by animal models and genetic screens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Michael Kuehl
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a malignancy of terminally differentiated plasma cells characterized by complex genetic aberrations and heterogeneous outcomes. Over the past 25 years, cytogenetic analysis has played a key role in the diagnosis and management of MM. This article reviews the conventional cytogenetics, molecular cytogenetics, and genomic diagnostics of MM and highlights a few recent clinical trials that demonstrate the impact of genetic risk stratification on the treatment of this plasma cell malignancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn L Slovak
- Quest Diagnostics Nichols Institute, 14225 Newbrook Drive, Chantilly, VA 20151, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Holien T, Våtsveen TK, Hella H, Rampa C, Brede G, Grøseth LAG, Rekvig M, Børset M, Standal T, Waage A, Sundan A. Bone morphogenetic proteins induce apoptosis in multiple myeloma cells by Smad-dependent repression of MYC. Leukemia 2011; 26:1073-80. [PMID: 21941367 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2011.263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) have been shown to induce apoptosis and growth arrest in myeloma cells. However, the molecular mechanisms behind these events are not known. The MYC oncogene is a master regulator of cell growth and protein synthesis and MYC overexpression has been proposed to be associated with the progression of multiple myeloma. Here, we show that BMP-induced apoptosis in myeloma cells is dependent on downregulation of MYC. Moreover, the results suggest that targeting the MYC addiction in multiple myeloma is an efficient way of killing a majority of primary myeloma clones. We also found that myeloma cells harboring immunoglobulin (IG)-MYC translocations evaded BMP-induced apoptosis, suggesting a novel way for myeloma cells to overcome potential tumor suppression by BMPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Holien
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Zingone A, Kuehl WM. Pathogenesis of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance and progression to multiple myeloma. Semin Hematol 2011; 48:4-12. [PMID: 21232653 DOI: 10.1053/j.seminhematol.2010.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS), including immunoglobulin light chain only MGUS, is an age-dependent premalignant tumor that is present in about 4% of Caucasian individuals over the age of 50 years. It is comprised of two different kinds of tumors: about 15% lymphoid or lymphoplasmacytoid MGUS and the remainder plasma cell MGUS. Plasma cell MGUS is stable but can sporadically progress to multiple myeloma (MM) at an average rate of about 1% per year. Most, if not all, MM tumors are preceded by plasma cell MGUS, which shares four partially overlapping oncogenic features with MM. It presently is not possible to unequivocally distinguish an MGUS tumor cell from an MM tumor cell. However, two models based on clinical laboratory tests indicate that it is possible to stratify MGUS tumors into groups that have average rates of progression as low as 0.26% per year and as high as 12% per year.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Zingone
- Medical Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20889-5105, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
miR-17-92 cluster microRNAs confers tumorigenicity in multiple myeloma. Cancer Lett 2011; 309:62-70. [PMID: 21664042 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2011.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Revised: 05/14/2011] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
miRNAs play important roles in the regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. The deregulation of miRNAs expression contributes to tumorigenesis by modulating oncogenic and tumor suppressor signaling pathways. Oncogenic transcription factor Myc can control expression of a large set of microRNAs (miRNAs). Previous studies have shown that the expression of miR-17-92 cluster, a polycistron encoding six microRNAs (miRNA), has close relationship with the expression of Myc. In current study, silencing Myc in multiple myeloma (MM)cells induced cell death and growth inhibition, and downregulated expression of miR-17-92 cluster. Overexpression of miR-17 or miR-18 could partly abrogated Myc-knockdown-induced MM cell apoptosis. One of the mechanism of Myc inhibiting MM cell apoptosis is through Myc activates miR-17-92 cluster and subsequently down-modulates proapoptotic protein Bim. Although miR-17-92 cluster are located at 13q31.3, the expression of miR-18, miR-19 and miR-20 (especially miR-19) in patients with del(13q14) was higher than those without del(13q14). Patients with miR-17, miR-20 and miR-92 high-expression had shorter PFS compared to those with miR-17, miR-20 and miR-92 low-expression. These results suggest the Myc-inducible miR-17-92 cluster miRNAs contribute to tumorigenesis and poor prognosis in multiple myeloma.
Collapse
|
50
|
Cytogenetic findings in 14 benign cartilaginous neoplasms. Cancer Genet 2011; 204:180-6. [PMID: 21536235 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2011.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2010] [Revised: 02/09/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Benign cartilaginous tumors represent a spectrum of neoplastic processes with variable clinical and pathologic presentations. These tumors are histologically characterized by the presence of chondrocytes surrounded by a cartilaginous matrix. Few studies describe karyotypic abnormalities in these benign lesions. We report a series of 14 chondromas from a single institution. Conventional cytogenetics was performed on short term cultures from all cases. Clonal chromosome aberrations were found in nine tumors. One soft tissue chondroma contained three clones with t(6;12)(q12;p11.2), t(3;7)(q13;p12), and der(2)t(2;18)(p11.2;q11.2). Three periosteal chondromas displayed random structural aberrations of chromosomes 2, 3, 6, 7, and 11 and loss of chromosome 13. Among the enchondromas, three tumors displayed chromosome losses, one contained a complex translocation involving chromosomes 12, 15, and 21 as well as an inv(2)(p21q31),t(12;15;21)(q13;q14;q22) and a separate enchondroma showed a translocation involving chromosomes 12 and 22. Our data suggest that considerable cytogenetic heterogeneity exists among benign chondromatous tumors.
Collapse
|