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Mansur MB, deSouza NM, Natrajan R, Abegglen LM, Schiffman JD, Greaves M. Evolutionary determinants of curability in cancer. Nat Ecol Evol 2023; 7:1761-1770. [PMID: 37620552 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-023-02159-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of drug-resistant cells, most of which have a mutated TP53 gene, prevents curative treatment in most advanced and common metastatic cancers of adults. Yet, a few, rarer malignancies, all of which are TP53 wild type, have high cure rates. In this Perspective, we discuss how common features of curable cancers offer insights into the evolutionary and developmental determinants of drug resistance. Acquired loss of TP53 protein function is the most common genetic change in cancer. This probably reflects positive selection in the context of strong ecosystem pressures including microenvironmental hypoxia. Loss of TP53's functions results in multiple fitness benefits and enhanced evolvability of cancer cells. TP53-null cells survive apoptosis, and tolerate potent oncogenic signalling, DNA damage and genetic instability. In addition, critically, they provide an expanded pool of self-renewing, or stem, cells, the primary units of evolutionary selection in cancer, making subsequent adaptation to therapeutic challenge by drug resistance highly probable. The exceptional malignancies that are curable, including the common genetic subtype of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and testicular seminoma, differ from the common adult cancers in originating prenatally from embryonic or fetal cells that are developmentally primed for TP53-dependent apoptosis. Plus, they have other genetic and phenotypic features that enable dissemination without exposure to selective pressures for TP53 loss, retaining their intrinsic drug hypersensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nandita M deSouza
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- Department of Imaging, The Royal Marsden National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Rachael Natrajan
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, Division of Breast Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Lisa M Abegglen
- Department of Pediatrics and Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Joshua D Schiffman
- Department of Pediatrics and Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Peel Therapeutics, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Mel Greaves
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.
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Mansur MB, Greaves M. Convergent TP53 loss and evolvability in cancer. BMC Ecol Evol 2023; 23:54. [PMID: 37743495 PMCID: PMC10518978 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-023-02146-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cell populations evolve by a stepwise process involving natural selection of the fittest variants within a tissue ecosystem context and as modified by therapy. Genomic scrutiny of patient samples reveals an extraordinary diversity of mutational profiles both between patients with similar cancers and within the cancer cell population of individual patients. Does this signify highly divergent evolutionary trajectories or are there repetitive and predictable patterns?Major evolutionary innovations or adaptations in different species are frequently repeated, or convergent, reflecting both common selective pressures and constraints on optimal solutions. We argue this is true of evolving cancer cells, especially with respect to the TP53 gene. Functional loss variants in TP53 are the most common genetic change in cancer. We discuss the likely microenvironmental selective pressures involved and the profound impact this has on cell fitness, evolvability and probability of subsequent drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Braga Mansur
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, ICR, London, UK
| | - Mel Greaves
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, ICR, London, UK.
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Pombo-de-Oliveira MS, Petridou ET, Karalexi MA, Junqueira MER, Braga FHP, Bouzas LF, Murra GRC, Lopes LF, Ntzani E, Greaves M. The Interplay of Cesarean-Section Delivery and First-Birth Order as Risk Factors in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2023; 32:371-379. [PMID: 36525650 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-22-0664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP-ALL) has been associated with early-life exposures, including birth by cesarean section (C-section), and a deficit of social exposure (first child). These exposures as proxies for microbiome acquisition in infancy are essential to prime the immune system and restrain later dysregulated immune responses that can trigger ALL in susceptible individuals. We tested risk factors pertaining to immune stimulation that may impact BCP-ALL development. METHODS Cases comprised 1,126 children (0-12 years) with ALL (BCP-ALL: 78.5%) from the EMiLI study group in Brazil (2002-2020). Age- and sex-matched controls (n = 2,252) were randomly selected from healthy children whose mothers participated in the National Placental and Umbilical Cord Blood Bank donation. Multiple logistic regression was run fitted and adjusted for selected covariates models. RESULTS C-section delivery was associated with increased risk for ALL [odds ratio (OR) ALL: 1.10; 95% confidence intervals (CI), 1.04-1.15; ORBCP-ALL: 1.09; 95% CI, 1.03-1.14], as well as being the firstborn child. Interaction analysis showed a significant effect of first birth on the observed C-section associations (P < 0.0001). Indeed, high-risk children, namely, firstborn children delivered via C-section were at increased risk for ALL (OR: 2.33; 95% CI, 2.40-4.84) compared with non-first, vaginally born children. An increased risk was found for firstborn children delivered by C-section and non-breastfed with ALL (ORALL: 2.32; 95% CI, 1.27-4.24; ORBCP-ALL: 2.37; 95% CI, 1.18-4.76). CONCLUSIONS Our observations are in accord with the prediction that exposures determining microbiome composition and adrenal pathway in infancy contribute to the risk of BCP-ALL. IMPACT These findings encourage the exploration of potential preventive interventions. See related commentary by Wiemels and Gallant, p. 292.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eleni Th Petridou
- Hellenic Society for Social Pediatrics and Health Promotion, Athens, Greece
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria A Karalexi
- Hellenic Society for Social Pediatrics and Health Promotion, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | - Luis Fernando Bouzas
- National Placental and Umbilical Cord Blood Bank, INCA, MS, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Luiz Fernando Lopes
- Children's Cancer Hospital, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Evangelia Ntzani
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
- Center for Evidence Synthesis in Health, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Mel Greaves
- Center for Evolution and Cancer, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, United Kingdom
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Ford AM, Colman S, Greaves M. Covert pre-leukaemic clones in healthy co-twins of patients with childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Leukemia 2023; 37:47-52. [PMID: 36536099 PMCID: PMC9883163 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-022-01756-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony M. Ford
- grid.18886.3fCentre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Susan Colman
- grid.18886.3fCentre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Mel Greaves
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.
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deSouza NM, Choudhury A, Greaves M, O’Connor JPB, Hoskin PJ. Imaging hypoxia in endometrial cancer: How and why should it be done? Front Oncol 2022; 12:1020907. [PMID: 36439503 PMCID: PMC9682004 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1020907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nandita M. deSouza
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Imaging, The Royal Marsden National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ananya Choudhury
- Radiation Oncology, The Christie National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- The Division of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Mel Greaves
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - James P. B. O’Connor
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Imaging, The Royal Marsden National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
- The Division of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J. Hoskin
- The Division of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Radiation Oncology, Mount Vernon Cancer Centre, Northwood, United Kingdom
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Ermini L, Francis JC, Rosa GS, Rose AJ, Ning J, Greaves M, Swain A. Evolutionary selection of alleles in the melanophilin gene that impacts on prostate organ function and cancer risk. Evol Med Public Health 2021; 9:311-321. [PMID: 34754452 PMCID: PMC8573191 DOI: 10.1093/emph/eoab026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Background and objectives Several hundred inherited genetic variants or SNPs that alter the risk of cancer have been identified through genome-wide association studies. In populations of European ancestry, these variants are mostly present at relatively high frequencies. To gain insight into evolutionary origins, we screened a series of genes and SNPs linked to breast or prostate cancer for signatures of historical positive selection. Methodology We took advantage of the availability of the 1000 genome data and we performed genomic scans for positive selection in five different Caucasian populations as well as one African reference population. We then used prostate organoid cultures to provide a possible functional explanation for the interplay between the action of evolutionary forces and the disease risk association. Results Variants in only one gene showed genomic signatures of positive, evolutionary selection within Caucasian populations melanophilin (MLPH). Functional depletion of MLPH in prostate organoids, by CRISPR/Cas9 mutation, impacted lineage commitment of progenitor cells promoting luminal versus basal cell differentiation and on resistance to androgen deprivation. Conclusions and implications The MLPH variants influencing prostate cancer risk may have been historically selected for their adaptive benefit on skin pigmentation but MLPH is highly expressed in the prostate and the derivative, positively selected, alleles decrease the risk of prostate cancer. Our study suggests a potential functional mechanism via which MLPH and its genetic variants could influence risk of prostate cancer, as a serendipitous consequence of prior evolutionary benefits to another tissue. Lay Summary We screened a limited series of genomic variants associated with breast and prostate cancer risk for signatures of historical positive selection. Variants within the melanophilin (MLPH) gene fell into this category. Depletion of MLPH in prostate organoid cultures, suggested a potential functional mechanism for impacting on cancer risk, as a serendipitous consequence of prior evolutionary benefits to another tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Ermini
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Jeffrey C Francis
- Division of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Gabriel S Rosa
- Division of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Alexandra J Rose
- Division of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Jian Ning
- Division of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.,Tumour Profiling Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Mel Greaves
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Amanda Swain
- Division of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.,Tumour Profiling Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
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Mangum DS, Meyer JA, Mason CC, Shams S, Maese LD, Gardiner JD, Downie JM, Pei D, Cheng C, Gleason A, Luo M, Pui CH, Aplenc R, Hunger SP, Loh M, Greaves M, Trede N, Raetz E, Frazer JK, Mullighan CG, Engel ME, Miles RR, Rabin KR, Schiffman JD. Association of Combined Focal 22q11.22 Deletion and IKZF1 Alterations With Outcomes in Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. JAMA Oncol 2021; 7:1521-1528. [PMID: 34410295 DOI: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2021.2723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Importance Alterations in the IKZF1 gene drive B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) but are not routinely used to stratify patients by risk because of inconsistent associations with outcomes. We describe a novel deletion in 22q11.22 that was consistently associated with very poor outcomes in patients with B-ALL with IKZF1 alterations. Objective To determine whether focal deletions within the λ variable chain region in chromosome 22q11.22 were associated with patients with B-ALL with IKZF1 alterations with the highest risk of relapse and/or death. Design, Setting, and Participants This cohort study included 1310 primarily high-risk pediatric patients with B-ALL who were taken from 6 independent clinical cohorts, consisting of 3 multicenter cohorts (AALL0232 [2004-2011], P9906 [2000-2003], and patients with Down syndrome who were pooled from national and international studies) and 3 single-institution cohorts (University of Utah [Salt Lake City], Children's Hospital of Philadelphia [Philadelphia, Pennsylvania], and St. Jude Children's Hospital [Memphis, Tennessee]). Data analysis began in 2011 using patients from the older studies first, and data analysis concluded in 2021. Exposures Focal 22q11.22 deletions. Main Outcomes and Measures Event-free and overall survival was investigated. The hypothesis that 22q11.22 deletions stratified the prognostic effect of IKZF1 alterations was formulated while investigating nearby deletions in VPREB1 in 2 initial cohorts (n = 270). Four additional cohorts were then obtained to further study this association (n = 1040). Results This study of 1310 patients with B-ALL (717 male [56.1%] and 562 female patients [43.9%]) found that focal 22q11.22 deletions are frequent (518 of 1310 [39.5%]) in B-ALL and inconsistent with physiologic V(D)J recombination. A total of 299 of 1310 patients with B-ALL had IKZF1 alterations. Among patients with IKZF1 alterations, more than half shared concomitant focal 22q11.22 deletions (159 of 299 [53.0%]). Patients with combined IKZF1 alterations and 22q11.22 deletions had worse outcomes compared with patients with IKZF1 alterations and wild-type 22q11.22 alleles in every cohort examined (combined cohorts: 5-year event-free survival rates, 43.3% vs 68.5%; hazard ratio [HR], 2.18; 95% CI, 1.54-3.07; P < .001; 5-year overall survival rates, 66.9% vs 83.9%; HR, 2.05; 95% CI, 1.32-3.21; P = .001). While 22q11.22 deletions were not prognostic in patients with wild-type IKZF1 , concomitant 22q11.22 deletions in patients with IKZF1 alterations stratified outcomes across additional risk groups, including patients who met the IKZF1plus criteria, and maintained independent significance in multivariate analysis for event-free survival (HR, 2.05; 95% CI, 1.27-3.29; P = .003) and overall survival (HR, 1.83; 95% CI, 1.01-3.34; P = .05). Conclusions and Relevance This cohort study suggests that 22q11.22 deletions identify patients with B-ALL and IKZF1 alterations who have very poor outcomes and may offer a new genetic biomarker to further refine B-ALL risk stratification and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Spencer Mangum
- Nemours/Alfred I. DuPont Hospital for Children, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Wilmington, Delaware
| | - Julia A Meyer
- Division of Pediatric Hematology & Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City.,Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Clinton C Mason
- Division of Pediatric Hematology & Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City
| | | | - Luke D Maese
- Division of Pediatric Hematology & Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City
| | - Jamie D Gardiner
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City
| | | | - Deqing Pei
- Department of Biostatistics, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Cheng Cheng
- Department of Biostatistics, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Adam Gleason
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Minjie Luo
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ching-Hon Pui
- Department of Oncology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Richard Aplenc
- Division of Oncology and the Center for Childhood Cancer Research, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and The Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Stephen P Hunger
- Division of Oncology and the Center for Childhood Cancer Research, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and The Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Mignon Loh
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Mel Greaves
- Institute of Cancer Research, London, England
| | | | - Elizabeth Raetz
- Department of Pediatrics, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - J Kimble Frazer
- Jimmy Everest Section of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City
| | - Charles G Mullighan
- Department of Pathology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Michael E Engel
- Division of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - Rodney R Miles
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City
| | - Karen R Rabin
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Joshua D Schiffman
- Division of Pediatric Hematology & Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City.,Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City.,PEEL Therapeutics, Inc, Salt Lake City, Utah
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Turati VA, Guerra-Assunção JA, Potter NE, Gupta R, Ecker S, Daneviciute A, Tarabichi M, Webster AP, Ding C, May G, James C, Brown J, Conde L, Russell LJ, Ancliff P, Inglott S, Cazzaniga G, Biondi A, Hall GW, Lynch M, Hubank M, Macaulay I, Beck S, Van Loo P, Jacobsen SE, Greaves M, Herrero J, Enver T. Chemotherapy induces canalization of cell state in childhood B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Nat Cancer 2021; 2:835-852. [PMID: 34734190 PMCID: PMC7611923 DOI: 10.1038/s43018-021-00219-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Comparison of intratumor genetic heterogeneity in cancer at diagnosis and relapse suggests that chemotherapy induces bottleneck selection of subclonal genotypes. However, evolutionary events subsequent to chemotherapy could also explain changes in clonal dominance seen at relapse. We, therefore, investigated the mechanisms of selection in childhood B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP-ALL) during induction chemotherapy where maximal cytoreduction occurs. To distinguish stochastic versus deterministic events, individual leukemias were transplanted into multiple xenografts and chemotherapy administered. Analyses of the immediate post-treatment leukemic residuum at single-cell resolution revealed that chemotherapy has little impact on genetic heterogeneity. Rather, it acts on extensive, previously unappreciated, transcriptional and epigenetic heterogeneity in BCP-ALL, dramatically reducing the spectrum of cell states represented, leaving a genetically polyclonal but phenotypically uniform population with hallmark signatures relating to developmental stage, cell cycle and metabolism. Hence, canalization of cell state accounts for a significant component of bottleneck selection during induction chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rajeev Gupta
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Simone Ecker
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Amy P. Webster
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Chuling Ding
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Gillian May
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Chela James
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - John Brown
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Lucia Conde
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa J. Russell
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University, UK
| | - Phil Ancliff
- Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Inglott
- Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Giovanni Cazzaniga
- Centro Ricerca M. Tettamanti, University of Milano Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Andrea Biondi
- University of Milano-Bicocca, Department of Pediatrics, Fondazione MBBM/Ospedale San Gerardo, Monza, Italy
| | | | - Mark Lynch
- Fluidigm Corporation, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mike Hubank
- Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, United Kingdom
- Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton, United Kingdom
| | | | - Stephan Beck
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Sten E. Jacobsen
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
- Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine and Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mel Greaves
- Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, United Kingdom
| | - Javier Herrero
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Tariq Enver
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, United Kingdom
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Affiliation(s)
- Mel Greaves
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.
| | - Valeria Cazzaniga
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Anthony Ford
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- Mel Greaves
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
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11
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Punjabi A, Hewitt K, Balata H, Sinnott N, Lyons J, Crosbie P, Gee C, Duerden R, Greaves M, Booton R, Sharman A, Evison M. Implementation and outcomes of the RAPID programme: addressing the front end of the lung cancer pathway in Manchester. Lung Cancer 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/s0169-5002(20)30080-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Jones JR, Weinhold N, Ashby C, Walker BA, Wardell C, Pawlyn C, Rasche L, Melchor L, Cairns DA, Gregory WM, Johnson D, Begum DB, Ellis S, Sherborne AL, Cook G, Kaiser MF, Drayson MT, Owen RG, Jackson GH, Davies FE, Greaves M, Morgan GJ. Clonal evolution in myeloma: the impact of maintenance lenalidomide and depth of response on the genetics and sub-clonal structure of relapsed disease in uniformly treated newly diagnosed patients. Haematologica 2019; 104:1440-1450. [PMID: 30733268 PMCID: PMC6601103 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2018.202200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of treatment resistant sub-clones is a key feature of relapse in multiple myeloma. Therapeutic attempts to extend remission and prevent relapse include maximizing response and the use of maintenance therapy. We used whole exome sequencing to study the genetics of paired samples taken at presentation and at relapse from 56 newly diagnosed patients, following induction therapy, randomized to receive either lenalidomide maintenance or observation as part of the Myeloma XI trial. Patients included were considered high risk, relapsing within 30 months of maintenance randomization. Patients achieving a complete response had predominantly branching evolutionary patterns leading to relapse, characterized by a greater mutational burden, an altered mutational profile, bi-allelic inactivation of tumor suppressor genes, and acquired structural aberrations. Conversely, in patients achieving a partial response, the evolutionary features were predominantly stable with a similar mutational and structural profile seen at both time points. There were no significant differences between patients relapsing after lenalidomide maintenance versus observation. This study shows that the depth of response is a key determinant of the evolutionary patterns seen at relapse. This trial is registered at clinicaltrials.gov identifier: 01554852.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Jones
- Department of Haematology, The Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Niels Weinhold
- Myeloma Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Cody Ashby
- Myeloma Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Brian A Walker
- Myeloma Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Chris Wardell
- Myeloma Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Charlotte Pawlyn
- Department of Haematology, The Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Leo Rasche
- Myeloma Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | | | - David A Cairns
- Clinical Trials Research Unit, Leeds Institute of Clinical Trials Research, University of Leeds, UK
| | - Walter M Gregory
- Clinical Trials Research Unit, Leeds Institute of Clinical Trials Research, University of Leeds, UK
| | | | - Dil B Begum
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Sidra Ellis
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Amy L Sherborne
- Myeloma Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Gordon Cook
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, UK
| | - Martin F Kaiser
- Department of Haematology, The Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Mark T Drayson
- Clinical Immunology, School of Immunity and Infection, University of Birmingham, UK
| | - Roger G Owen
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, UK
| | - Graham H Jackson
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Faith E Davies
- Myeloma Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Mel Greaves
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Gareth J Morgan
- Myeloma Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
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Vijayakrishnan J, Studd J, Broderick P, Kinnersley B, Holroyd A, Law PJ, Kumar R, Allan JM, Harrison CJ, Moorman AV, Vora A, Roman E, Rachakonda S, Kinsey SE, Sheridan E, Thompson PD, Irving JA, Koehler R, Hoffmann P, Nöthen MM, Heilmann-Heimbach S, Jöckel KH, Easton DF, Pharaoh PDP, Dunning AM, Peto J, Canzian F, Swerdlow A, Eeles RA, Kote-Jarai Z, Muir K, Pashayan N, Greaves M, Zimmerman M, Bartram CR, Schrappe M, Stanulla M, Hemminki K, Houlston RS. Author Correction: Genome-wide association study identifies susceptibility loci for B-cell childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Nat Commun 2019; 10:419. [PMID: 30664635 PMCID: PMC6341085 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-08106-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The original version of this Article contained an error in the spelling of a member of the PRACTICAL Consortium, Manuela Gago-Dominguez, which was incorrectly given as Manuela Gago Dominguez. This has now been corrected in both the PDF and HTML versions of the Article. Furthermore, in the original HTML version of this Article, the order of authors within the author list was incorrect. The PRACTICAL consortium was incorrectly listed after Richard S. Houlston and should have been listed after Nora Pashayan. This error has been corrected in the HTML version of the Article; the PDF version was correct at the time of publication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayaram Vijayakrishnan
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - James Studd
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Peter Broderick
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Ben Kinnersley
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Amy Holroyd
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Philip J Law
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Rajiv Kumar
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Centre, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - James M Allan
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Christine J Harrison
- Wolfson Childhood Cancer Research Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Anthony V Moorman
- Wolfson Childhood Cancer Research Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Ajay Vora
- Department of Haematology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Eve Roman
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | | | - Sally E Kinsey
- Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Haematology and Oncology, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, LS1 3EX, UK
| | - Eamonn Sheridan
- Medical Genetics Research Group, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Pamela D Thompson
- Paediatric and Familial Cancer Research Group, Institute of Cancer Sciences, St. Mary's Hospital, Manchester, M13 9WL, UK
| | - Julie A Irving
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Rolf Koehler
- Department of Human Genetics, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Per Hoffmann
- Department of Genomics, Institute of Human Genetics, Life & Brain Centre, University of Bonn, D-53012, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Biomedicine, Human Genomics Research Group, University Hospital and University of Basel, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Markus M Nöthen
- Department of Genomics, Institute of Human Genetics, Life & Brain Centre, University of Bonn, D-53012, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefanie Heilmann-Heimbach
- Department of Genomics, Institute of Human Genetics, Life & Brain Centre, University of Bonn, D-53012, Bonn, Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz Jöckel
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Douglas F Easton
- Department of Oncology, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Paul D P Pharaoh
- Department of Oncology, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Alison M Dunning
- Department of Oncology, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Laboratory, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Julian Peto
- Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Frederico Canzian
- Genomic Epidemiology Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anthony Swerdlow
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK
- Division of Breast Cancer Research, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW7 3RP, UK
| | - Rosalind A Eeles
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK
- Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, SW3 6JJ, UK
| | - Zsofia Kote-Jarai
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Kenneth Muir
- Institute of Population Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Nora Pashayan
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
- Department of Applied Health Research, University College London, London, WC1E 7HB, UK
| | - Mel Greaves
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Martin Zimmerman
- Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Claus R Bartram
- Department of Human Genetics, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Schrappe
- General Paediatrics, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Martin Stanulla
- Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kari Hemminki
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Centre, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University, 221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Richard S Houlston
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK.
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Balata H, Hayton C, Barber P, Duerden R, Evison M, Greaves M, Howells J, Irion K, Karunaratne D, Leonard C, Mellor S, Newton T, Sawyer R, Sharman A, Smith E, Taylor B, Walsham A, Whittaker J, Chaudhuri N, Booton R, Crosbie P. Prevalence of incidental interstitial lung disease in the Manchester lung cancer screening pilot. Lung Cancer 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/s0169-5002(19)30103-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Potter N, Miraki-Moud F, Ermini L, Titley I, Vijayaraghavan G, Papaemmanuil E, Campbell P, Gribben J, Taussig D, Greaves M. Single cell analysis of clonal architecture in acute myeloid leukaemia. Leukemia 2018; 33:1113-1123. [PMID: 30568172 PMCID: PMC6451634 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-018-0319-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We used single cell Q-PCR on a micro-fluidic platform (Fluidigm) to analyse clonal, genetic architecture and phylogeny in acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) using selected mutations. Ten cases of NPM1c mutant AML were screened for 111 mutations that are recurrent in AML and cancer. Clonal architectures were relatively simple with one to six sub-clones and were branching in some, but not all, patients. NPM1 mutations were secondary or sub-clonal to other driver mutations (DNM3TA, TET2, WT1 and IDH2) in all cases. In three of the ten cases, single cell analysis of enriched CD34+/CD33- cells revealed a putative pre-leukaemic sub-clone, undetectable in the bulk CD33+ population that had one or more driver mutations but lacked NPM1c. Cells from all cases were transplanted into NSG mice and in most (8/10), more than one sub-clone (#2-5 sub-clones) transplanted. However, the dominant regenerating sub-clone in 9/10 cases was NPM1+ and this sub-clone was either dominant or minor in the diagnostic sample from which it was derived. This study provides further evidence, at the single cell level, for genetic variegation in sub-clones and stem cells in acute leukaemia and demonstrates both a preferential order of mutation accrual and parallel evolution of sub-clones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Potter
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | | | - Luca Ermini
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Ian Titley
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | | | | | | | - John Gribben
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | | | - Mel Greaves
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.
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Furness CL, Mansur MB, Weston VJ, Ermini L, van Delft FW, Jenkinson S, Gale R, Harrison CJ, Pombo-de-Oliveira MS, Sanchez-Martin M, Ferrando AA, Kearns P, Titley I, Ford AM, Potter NE, Greaves M. The subclonal complexity of STIL-TAL1+ T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Leukemia 2018; 32:1984-1993. [PMID: 29556024 PMCID: PMC6127084 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-018-0046-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Single-cell genetics were used to interrogate clonal complexity and the sequence of mutational events in STIL-TAL1+ T-ALL. Single-cell multicolour FISH was used to demonstrate that the earliest detectable leukaemia subclone contained the STIL-TAL1 fusion and copy number loss of 9p21.3 (CDKN2A/CDKN2B locus), with other copy number alterations including loss of PTEN occurring as secondary subclonal events. In three cases, multiplex qPCR and phylogenetic analysis were used to produce branching evolutionary trees recapitulating the snapshot history of T-ALL evolution in this leukaemia subtype, which confirmed that mutations in key T-ALL drivers, including NOTCH1 and PTEN, were subclonal and reiterative in distinct subclones. Xenografting confirmed that self-renewing or propagating cells were genetically diverse. These data suggest that the STIL-TAL1 fusion is a likely founder or truncal event. Therapies targeting the TAL1 auto-regulatory complex are worthy of further investigation in T-ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline L Furness
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Marcela B Mansur
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- Paediatric Haematology-Oncology Program, Research Centre, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Victoria J Weston
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Luca Ermini
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Frederik W van Delft
- Wolfson Childhood Cancer Research Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Sarah Jenkinson
- Department of Haematology, University College London Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Rosemary Gale
- Department of Haematology, University College London Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Christine J Harrison
- Wolfson Childhood Cancer Research Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Maria S Pombo-de-Oliveira
- Paediatric Haematology-Oncology Program, Research Centre, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Adolfo A Ferrando
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Pamela Kearns
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Ian Titley
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Anthony M Ford
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Nicola E Potter
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Mel Greaves
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.
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Balata H, Blandin Knight S, Barber P, Colligan D, Crosbie EJ, Duerden R, Elton P, Evison M, Greaves M, Howells J, Irion K, Karunaratne D, Kirwan M, Macnab A, Mellor S, Miller C, Newton T, Novasio J, Sawyer R, Sharman A, Slevin K, Smith E, Taylor B, Taylor S, Tonge J, Walsham A, Waplington S, Whittaker J, Booton R, Crosbie PAJ. Targeted lung cancer screening selects individuals at high risk of cardiovascular disease. Lung Cancer 2018; 124:148-153. [PMID: 30268454 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in populations eligible for lung cancer screening. The aim of this study was to determine whether a brief CV risk assessment, delivered as part of a targeted community-based lung cancer screening programme, was effective in identifying individuals at high risk who might benefit from primary prevention. METHODS The Manchester Lung Screening Pilot consisted of annual low dose CT (LDCT) over 2 screening rounds, targeted at individuals in deprived areas at high risk of lung cancer (age 55-74 and 6-year risk ≥1.51%, using PLCOM2012 risk model). All participants of the second screening round were eligible to take part in the study. Ten-year CV risk was estimated using QRISK2 in participants without CVD and compared to age (±5 years) and sex matched Health Survey for England (HSE) controls; high risk was defined as QRISK2 score ≥10%. Coronary artery calcification (CAC) was assessed on LDCT scans and compared to QRISK2 score. RESULTS Seventy-seven percent (n=920/1,194) of screening attendees were included in the analysis; mean age 65.6 ± 5.4 and 50.4% female. QRISK2 and lung cancer risk (PLCOM2012) scores were correlated (r = 0.26, p < 0.001). Median QRISK2 score was 21.1% (IQR 14.9-29.6) in those without established CVD (77.6%, n = 714/920), double that of HSE controls (10.3%, IQR 6.6-16.2; n = 714) (p < 0.001). QRISK2 score was significantly higher in those with CAC (p < 0.001). Screening attendees were 10-fold more likely to be classified high risk (OR 10.2 [95% CI 7.3-14.0]). One third (33.7%, n = 310/920) of all study participants were high risk but not receiving statin therapy for primary CVD prevention. DISCUSSION Opportunistic CVD risk assessment within a targeted lung cancer screening programme is feasible and is likely to identify a very large number of individuals suitable for primary prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Balata
- Manchester Thoracic Oncology Centre, North West Lung Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Southmoor Road, Wythenshawe, UK
| | - S Blandin Knight
- Manchester Thoracic Oncology Centre, North West Lung Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Southmoor Road, Wythenshawe, UK
| | - P Barber
- Manchester Thoracic Oncology Centre, North West Lung Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Southmoor Road, Wythenshawe, UK
| | - D Colligan
- Manchester Health and Care Commissioning, Manchester, UK
| | - E J Crosbie
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - R Duerden
- Department of Radiology, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Southmoor Road, Wythenshawe, UK
| | - P Elton
- Greater Manchester Health & Social Care Partnership, Manchester, UK
| | - M Evison
- Manchester Thoracic Oncology Centre, North West Lung Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Southmoor Road, Wythenshawe, UK
| | - M Greaves
- Department of Radiology, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Southmoor Road, Wythenshawe, UK
| | - J Howells
- Department of Radiology, Royal Preston Hospital, Preston, UK
| | - K Irion
- Department of Radiology, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - D Karunaratne
- Department of Radiology, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - M Kirwan
- Thoracic Oncology Research Hub (TORCH), Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Southmoor Road, Wythenshawe, UK
| | - A Macnab
- Department of Cardiology, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Southmoor Road, Wythenshawe, UK
| | - S Mellor
- Department of Radiology, Royal Blackburn Hospital, Blackburn, UK
| | - C Miller
- Department of Cardiology, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Southmoor Road, Wythenshawe, UK
| | - T Newton
- Department of Radiology, Royal Blackburn Hospital, Blackburn, UK
| | - J Novasio
- Department of Radiology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - R Sawyer
- Department of Radiology, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Southmoor Road, Wythenshawe, UK
| | - A Sharman
- Department of Radiology, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Southmoor Road, Wythenshawe, UK
| | - K Slevin
- Thoracic Oncology Research Hub (TORCH), Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Southmoor Road, Wythenshawe, UK
| | - E Smith
- Department of Radiology, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Southmoor Road, Wythenshawe, UK
| | - B Taylor
- Department of Radiology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - S Taylor
- Manchester Health and Care Commissioning, Manchester, UK
| | - J Tonge
- Manchester Health and Care Commissioning, Manchester, UK
| | - A Walsham
- Department of Radiology, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK
| | - S Waplington
- Manchester Health and Care Commissioning, Manchester, UK
| | - J Whittaker
- Department of Radiology, Stockport NHS Foundation Trust, Stockport, UK
| | - R Booton
- Manchester Thoracic Oncology Centre, North West Lung Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Southmoor Road, Wythenshawe, UK
| | - P A J Crosbie
- Manchester Thoracic Oncology Centre, North West Lung Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Southmoor Road, Wythenshawe, UK; Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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Abstract
The article as originally published cited the incorrect paper as reference 123. The correct reference is Kroll, M. E., Draper, G. J., Stiller, C. A. & Murphy, M. F. G. Childhood leukemia incidence in Britain, 1974-2000: time trends and possible relation to influenza epidemics. J. Natl Cancer Inst. 98, 417-420 (2006). This has been corrected in the online and print versions of the article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mel Greaves
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.
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Abstract
In this Review, I present evidence supporting a multifactorial causation of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL), a major subtype of paediatric cancer. ALL evolves in two discrete steps. First, in utero initiation by fusion gene formation or hyperdiploidy generates a covert, pre-leukaemic clone. Second, in a small fraction of these cases, the postnatal acquisition of secondary genetic changes (primarily V(D)J recombination-activating protein (RAG) and activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID)-driven copy number alterations in the case of ETS translocation variant 6 (ETV6)-runt-related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1)+ ALL) drives conversion to overt leukaemia. Epidemiological and modelling studies endorse a dual role for common infections. Microbial exposures earlier in life are protective but, in their absence, later infections trigger the critical secondary mutations. Risk is further modified by inherited genetics, chance and, probably, diet. Childhood ALL can be viewed as a paradoxical consequence of progress in modern societies, where behavioural changes have restrained early microbial exposure. This engenders an evolutionary mismatch between historical adaptations of the immune system and contemporary lifestyles. Childhood ALL may be a preventable cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mel Greaves
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.
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Kluft C, Preston FE, Malia RG, Bertina RM, Wijngaards G, Greaves M, Verheijen JH, Dooijewaard G. Stanozolol-Induced Changes in Fibrinolysis and Coagulation in Healthy Adults. Thromb Haemost 2018. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1661049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
SummaryThe effects of orally-administered stanozolol, 5 mg b. d. on fibrinolysis, coagulation and on various haematological and biochemical parameters have been studied in 16 healthy adults, 8 males and 8 females. Statistically significant enhancement of extrinsic (tissue-type) plasminogen activator activity was detected in all subjects studied. This was associated with significant increases in plasma plasminogen and a concomitant reduction in histidine-rich glycoprotein. There were no changes in plasma urokinase activity. Changes in the coagulation system included significant reduction in plasma fibrinogen and elevation of protein C and anti thrombin III. Changes in plasma lipids included significant reduction of HDL cholesterol associated with an increase in LDL triglycerides. No change occurred in total cholesterol. There were no major differences between the sexes, nor were there serious side effects.The effects of stanozolol on extrinsic (tissue-type) plasminogen activator activity, “free” plasminogen, protein C and antithrombin III, argue strongly in favour of its therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Kluft
- The Gaubius Institute, Health Research Division TNO, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - F E Preston
- The University Department of Haematology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, U. K
| | - R G Malia
- The University Department of Haematology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, U. K
| | - R M Bertina
- The Haemostasis and Thrombosis Research Unit, Leiden University Hospital, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - G Wijngaards
- The Gaubius Institute, Health Research Division TNO, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - M Greaves
- The University Department of Haematology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, U. K
| | - J H Verheijen
- The Gaubius Institute, Health Research Division TNO, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - G Dooijewaard
- The Gaubius Institute, Health Research Division TNO, Leiden, The Netherlands
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21
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Greer IA, Greaves M, Madhok R, McLoughlin K, Porter N, Lowe GDO, Preston FE, Forbes CD. Effect of Stanozolol on Factors VIII and IX and Serum Aminotransferases in Haemophilia. Thromb Haemost 2018. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1661320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
SummaryThe treatment of haemophilia has been dramatically improved since the introduction of factor VIII and IX concentrates, however these concentrates have brought new problems such as hepatitis and A.I.D.S. An oral agent which could raise endogenous levels of factor VIII and IX would be of great benefit. Danazol, an anabolic steroid, has recently been shown to increase levels of factors VIII and IX in haemophilia. We therefore studied the effect of stanozolol, a closely related anabolic steroid, in 15 patients with haemophilia A or Christmas disease over a 2-4 week period. There was no consistent change in factor VIIIc or factor IX, and fibrinolysis was significantly enhanced. No effect was apparent on the incidence of spontaneous bleeds. However serum aminotransferases which were abnormal in 11 of the 15 patients at the start of the study fell significantly with stanozolol therapy. This raises the interesting possibility that anabolic steroids may be beneficial in patients with chronic liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- I A Greer
- The University Dept. of Medicine, Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK
| | - M Greaves
- The Dept. of Haematology, University of Sheffield, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, UK
- The University Dept. of Medicine, Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK
| | - R Madhok
- The University Dept. of Medicine, Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK
| | - K McLoughlin
- The University Dept. of Medicine, Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK
| | - N Porter
- The University Dept. of Medicine, Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK
| | - G D O Lowe
- The University Dept. of Medicine, Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK
| | - F E Preston
- The Dept. of Haematology, University of Sheffield, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, UK
- The University Dept. of Medicine, Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK
| | - C D Forbes
- The University Dept. of Medicine, Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK
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22
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Jennings I, Kitchen S, Woods TA, Preston FE, Greaves M. Potentially Clinically Important Inaccuracies in Testing for the Lupus Anticoagulant: an Analysis of Results from three Surveys of the UK National External Quality Assessment Scheme (NEQAS) for Blood Coagulation. Thromb Haemost 2018. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1656080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
SummaryThe identification of the presence of antiphospholipid in plasma is recognised to be of diagnostic and prognostic importance in subjects with thrombotic disease, recurrent miscarriage or collagen vascular disorders. A number of coagulation assays are currently employed for the detection of lupus anticoagulant (LA), many of which are influenced by reagent dependent and methodological variables.In the present study lyophilised plasma samples from three subjects with “strong”, “weak” and “absent” LA were tested in 220 centres. The most commonly used tests for LA were Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (APTT), Dilute Russell Viper Venom Time (DRVVT) and Kaolin Clotting Time (KCT). Median DRVVT ratios were 1.75, 1.17 and 1.10 for the three samples. The presence of a strong LA was not detected by 4% of laboratories. The correct diagnosis was made by 94% of users of DRVVT and 85% of users of KCT. A weak LA was not detected by over half of centres. Correction was observed on addition of plasma and also in platelet neutralisation. The correct diagnosis was made by 37% of users of DRVVT and 27% of users of KCT. Lupus Anticoagulant was falsely considered to be present in a Factor IX deficient plasma by approximately one quarter of laboratories. Amongst users of DRVVT and KCT absence of LA in this sample was correctly reported by 73% and 69% of centres respectively.The accuracy of testing for LA in the present study is suboptimal and this is likely to have important clinical consequences. There is clearly a need for greater conformity in the selection and performance of LA tests to facilitate accurate diagnosis of this important group of disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Jennings
- (on behalf of the UK National External Quality Assessments Scheme for Blood Coagilation)
| | - S Kitchen
- (on behalf of the UK National External Quality Assessments Scheme for Blood Coagilation)
| | - T A.L Woods
- (on behalf of the UK National External Quality Assessments Scheme for Blood Coagilation)
| | - F E Preston
- (on behalf of the UK National External Quality Assessments Scheme for Blood Coagilation)
| | - M Greaves
- The Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Aberdeen University, UK
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Abstract
SummaryTo improve the management and therapeutic control of inpatients on anticoagulant drugs, combined prescription and monitoring charts have been developed for both heparin and warfarin which incorporate clinical guidelines. These have been introduced throughout a 700-bedded acute teaching hospital via a structured program of change management.We have demonstrated improvements in the quality of anticoagulant control (assessed with a custom-written computer program), adherence to clinical guidelines and quality of monitoring and prescribing of anticoagulants in inpatients.The percentage time spent under-anticoagulated with heparin (activated partial thromboplastin time ratio <1.5) fell from 32.7% to 18.5% (p<0.0001), whereas there was no change in percentage time over-anticoagulated (5.1% vs. 5.8%; p = ns). The percentage time spent under-anticoagulated with warfarin was unaltered (26.3% vs. 29.8%; p = ns) but the percentage time spent over-anticoagulated (International Normalised Ratio >4.5) was halved from 5.4% to 2.7% (p<0.001).We conclude that the introduction of the charts led to significant improvements in anticoagulant control.
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Affiliation(s)
- W S Phillips
- The Department of Cardiology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital Sheffield, UK
| | - J Smith
- The Department of Cardiology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital Sheffield, UK
| | - M Greaves
- The Department of Cardiology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital Sheffield, UK
| | - F E Preston
- The Department of Cardiology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital Sheffield, UK
| | - K S Channer
- The Department of Cardiology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital Sheffield, UK
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Abstract
SummaryWe have examined the in vitro effects of DN 9693 (piperidinylimidazo-quinazolinone) on various aspects of platelet reactivity. Our results are consistent with its known function as a phosphodiesterase inhibitor in that it increased platelet cyclic AMP, particularly in conjunction with an adenylate cyclase stimulator, and exerted a profound inhibitory effect on platelet aggregation responses to a variety of agonists. DN 9693 also inhibited ristocetin-induced platelet agglutination (RIPA). We therefore examined its effect on ristocetin co-factor assays and on the binding of a monoclonal antibody (McAb) to platelet membrane glycoprotein lb (GPIb). The drug inhibited the binding of the monoclonal antibody in a dose-dependent manner. This suggests an effect of the drug on the platelet surface membrane with reduced expression of GPIb. Our results indicate that in addition to its anticipated inhibitory effect on platelet aggregation, DN 9693 may also inhibit platelet adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Jackson
- The Department of Haematology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, UK
| | - J Ball
- The Department of Haematology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, UK
| | - J Peel
- The Department of Haematology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, UK
| | - J Lawry
- The Department of Virology, University Medical School, Sheffield, UK
| | - M Greaves
- The Department of Haematology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, UK
| | - F E Preston
- The Department of Haematology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, UK
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Abstract
Cancer cells have a parasitic propensity in the primary host but their capacity to transit between individuals is severely restrained by two factors: a lack of a route for viable cell transfer and immune recognition in allogeneic, secondary recipients. Several examples of transmissible animal cancers are now recognised. In humans, the only natural route for transmission is via the haemochorial placenta which is permissive for cell traffic. There are three special examples of this occurring in utero: maternal to foetus, intraplacental twin to twin leukaemias and choriocarcinoma-extra-embryonic cells to mother. We discuss the rare circumstances under which such transmission occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mel Greaves
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, Brookes Lawley Building, London SM2 5NG, UK
| | - William Hughes
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK
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Vijayakrishnan J, Studd J, Broderick P, Kinnersley B, Holroyd A, Law PJ, Kumar R, Allan JM, Harrison CJ, Moorman AV, Vora A, Roman E, Rachakonda S, Kinsey SE, Sheridan E, Thompson PD, Irving JA, Koehler R, Hoffmann P, Nöthen MM, Heilmann-Heimbach S, Jöckel KH, Easton DF, Pharaoh PDP, Dunning AM, Peto J, Canzian F, Swerdlow A, Eeles RA, Kote-Jarai ZS, Muir K, Pashayan N, Greaves M, Zimmerman M, Bartram CR, Schrappe M, Stanulla M, Hemminki K, Houlston RS. Genome-wide association study identifies susceptibility loci for B-cell childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1340. [PMID: 29632299 PMCID: PMC5890276 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03178-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have advanced our understanding of susceptibility to B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP-ALL); however, much of the heritable risk remains unidentified. Here, we perform a GWAS and conduct a meta-analysis with two existing GWAS, totaling 2442 cases and 14,609 controls. We identify risk loci for BCP-ALL at 8q24.21 (rs28665337, P = 3.86 × 10-9, odds ratio (OR) = 1.34) and for ETV6-RUNX1 fusion-positive BCP-ALL at 2q22.3 (rs17481869, P = 3.20 × 10-8, OR = 2.14). Our findings provide further insights into genetic susceptibility to ALL and its biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayaram Vijayakrishnan
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - James Studd
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Peter Broderick
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Ben Kinnersley
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Amy Holroyd
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Philip J Law
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Rajiv Kumar
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Centre, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - James M Allan
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Christine J Harrison
- Wolfson Childhood Cancer Research Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Anthony V Moorman
- Wolfson Childhood Cancer Research Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Ajay Vora
- Department of Haematology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Eve Roman
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | | | - Sally E Kinsey
- Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Haematology and Oncology, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, LS1 3EX, UK
| | - Eamonn Sheridan
- Medical Genetics Research Group, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Pamela D Thompson
- Paediatric and Familial Cancer Research Group, Institute of Cancer Sciences, St. Mary's Hospital, Manchester, M13 9WL, UK
| | - Julie A Irving
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Rolf Koehler
- Department of Human Genetics, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Per Hoffmann
- Department of Genomics, Institute of Human Genetics, Life & Brain Centre, University of Bonn, D-53012, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Biomedicine, Human Genomics Research Group, University Hospital and University of Basel, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Markus M Nöthen
- Department of Genomics, Institute of Human Genetics, Life & Brain Centre, University of Bonn, D-53012, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefanie Heilmann-Heimbach
- Department of Genomics, Institute of Human Genetics, Life & Brain Centre, University of Bonn, D-53012, Bonn, Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz Jöckel
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Douglas F Easton
- Department of Oncology, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Paul D P Pharaoh
- Department of Oncology, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Alison M Dunning
- Department of Oncology, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Laboratory, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Julian Peto
- Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Frederico Canzian
- Genomic Epidemiology Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anthony Swerdlow
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK
- Division of Breast Cancer Research, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW7 3RP, UK
| | - Rosalind A Eeles
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK
- Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, SW3 6JJ, UK
| | - ZSofia Kote-Jarai
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Kenneth Muir
- Institute of Population Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Nora Pashayan
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
- Department of Applied Health Research, University College London, London, WC1E 7HB, UK
| | - Mel Greaves
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Martin Zimmerman
- Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Claus R Bartram
- Department of Human Genetics, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Schrappe
- General Paediatrics, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Martin Stanulla
- Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kari Hemminki
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Centre, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University, 221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Richard S Houlston
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Tullett
- Department of Genitourinary Medicine, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield
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Abstract
Paraphrasing Dobzhansky’s famous dictum, I discuss how interrogating cancer through the lens of evolution has transformed our understanding of its development, causality and treatment resistance. The emerging picture of cancer captures its extensive diversity and therapeutic resilience, highlighting the need for more innovative approaches to control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mel Greaves
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, Brookes Lawley Building, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK.
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Morrison ER, Campbell DM, Haites NE, Wilson BJ, Watson MS, Greaves M, Vickers MA, Miedzybrodzka ZH. Prothrombotic Genotypes Are not Associated with Pre-eclampsia and Gestational Hypertension: Results from a Large Population-based Study and Systematic Review. Thromb Haemost 2017. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1613083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
SummaryDNA samples collected as part of a large population-based casecontrol study were genotyped to examine the associations of five prothrombotic gene polymorphisms with pre-eclampsia (PE) and gestational hypertension (GH). The polymorphisms studied were: G1691A in Factor V (Factor V Leiden; FVL), prothrombin G20210A, methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 4G/5G and the platelet collagen receptor α2β1 C807T. A group of 404 women who developed PE were retrospectively compared with 303 women with GH and 164 control women. The frequency of genotypes did not differ significantly between cases of PE or GH and controls for any of the five polymorphisms studied. We conclude that these prothrombotic genotypes are not associated with the development of PE or GH in our population. The systematic review supports our conclusion, for all but cases of severe disease, which appear to be associated with FVL and, to a lesser extent, MTHFR C677T. There is little value in antenatal screening for prothrombotic polymorphisms to predict the development of pre-eclampsia or gestational hypertension.
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Maley CC, Aktipis A, Graham TA, Sottoriva A, Boddy AM, Janiszewska M, Silva AS, Gerlinger M, Yuan Y, Pienta KJ, Anderson KS, Gatenby R, Swanton C, Posada D, Wu CI, Schiffman JD, Hwang ES, Polyak K, Anderson ARA, Brown JS, Greaves M, Shibata D. Classifying the evolutionary and ecological features of neoplasms. Nat Rev Cancer 2017; 17:605-619. [PMID: 28912577 PMCID: PMC5811185 DOI: 10.1038/nrc.2017.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neoplasms change over time through a process of cell-level evolution, driven by genetic and epigenetic alterations. However, the ecology of the microenvironment of a neoplastic cell determines which changes provide adaptive benefits. There is widespread recognition of the importance of these evolutionary and ecological processes in cancer, but to date, no system has been proposed for drawing clinically relevant distinctions between how different tumours are evolving. On the basis of a consensus conference of experts in the fields of cancer evolution and cancer ecology, we propose a framework for classifying tumours that is based on four relevant components. These are the diversity of neoplastic cells (intratumoural heterogeneity) and changes over time in that diversity, which make up an evolutionary index (Evo-index), as well as the hazards to neoplastic cell survival and the resources available to neoplastic cells, which make up an ecological index (Eco-index). We review evidence demonstrating the importance of each of these factors and describe multiple methods that can be used to measure them. Development of this classification system holds promise for enabling clinicians to personalize optimal interventions based on the evolvability of the patient's tumour. The Evo- and Eco-indices provide a common lexicon for communicating about how neoplasms change in response to interventions, with potential implications for clinical trials, personalized medicine and basic cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo C Maley
- Virginia G. Piper Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, 1001 S. McAllister Ave, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
| | - Athena Aktipis
- Department of Psychology, Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, 651 E. University Drive, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
| | - Trevor A Graham
- Evolution and Cancer Laboratory, Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Andrea Sottoriva
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, London SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Amy M Boddy
- Department of Anthropology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Michalina Janiszewska
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue D740C, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Ariosto S Silva
- Department of Cancer Imaging and Metabolism, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA
| | - Marco Gerlinger
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Yinyin Yuan
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, London SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Kenneth J Pienta
- Brady Urological Institute, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
| | - Karen S Anderson
- Virginia G. Piper Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, 1001 S. McAllister Ave, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
| | - Robert Gatenby
- Cancer Biology and Evolution Program, Moffitt Cancer Center, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA
| | - Charles Swanton
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, University College London Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - David Posada
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Immunology and Biomedical Research Center (CINBIO), University of Vigo, Spain; Galicia Sur Health Research Institute, Vigo, 36310, Spain
| | - Chung-I Wu
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Joshua D Schiffman
- Departments of Pediatrics and Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, 2000 Circle of Hope, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108, USA
| | - E Shelley Hwang
- Department of Surgery, Duke University and Duke Cancer Institute, 465 Seeley Mudd Building, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Kornelia Polyak
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue D740C, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Alexander R A Anderson
- Integrated Mathematical Oncology Department, Moffitt Cancer Center, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA
| | - Joel S Brown
- Integrated Mathematical Oncology Department, Moffitt Cancer Center, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA
| | - Mel Greaves
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, London SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Darryl Shibata
- Department of Pathology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, 1441 Eastlake Avenue, NOR2424, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
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Cazzaniga G, Bisanti L, Randi G, Deandrea S, Bungaro S, Pregliasco F, Perotti D, Spreafico F, Masera G, Valsecchi MG, Biondi A, Greaves M. Possible role of pandemic AH1N1 swine flu virus in a childhood leukemia cluster. Leukemia 2017; 31:1819-1821. [PMID: 28446785 PMCID: PMC5542028 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2017.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Cazzaniga
- Centro Ricerca Tettamanti, Clinica Pediatrica Università di Milano Bicocca, Fondazione MBBM/Ospedale San Gerardo, Monza, Italy
| | - Luigi Bisanti
- Servizio di Epidemiologia, Azienda Sanitaria Locale di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Giorgia Randi
- Servizio di Epidemiologia, Azienda Sanitaria Locale di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Silvia Deandrea
- Servizio di Epidemiologia, Azienda Sanitaria Locale di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Silvia Bungaro
- Centro Ricerca Tettamanti, Clinica Pediatrica Università di Milano Bicocca, Fondazione MBBM/Ospedale San Gerardo, Monza, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Pregliasco
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute - Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Daniela Perotti
- Department of Preventive and Predictive Medicine, Unit of Molecular Bases of Genetic Risk and Genetic Testing, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milano
| | - Filippo Spreafico
- Pediatric Oncology Unit, Hematology and Pediatric Onco-Hematology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milano, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Masera
- Clinica Pediatrica Università di Milano Bicocca, Fondazione MBBM/Ospedale San Gerardo, Monza, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Valsecchi
- Center of Biostatistics for Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Andrea Biondi
- Clinica Pediatrica Università di Milano Bicocca, Fondazione MBBM/Ospedale San Gerardo, Monza, Italy
| | - Mel Greaves
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
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Meyer JA, Mason CC, Maese L, Pei D, Cheng C, Pui CH, Greaves M, Aplenc R, Mulligan CG, Raetz E, Miles RR, Rabin KR, Schiffman JD. Abstract 4884: Focal 22q11.22 deletions combined with IKZF1 alterations are associated with worse clinical outcome in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2017-4884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction: Prognostic biomarkers in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) are vital for risk-stratification and intensifying therapy for children at high risk for remission induction failure or relapse. Copy number alterations in genes such as IKZF1 and VPREB1 have been shown to correlate with poor outcome in ALL, highlighting genetic alterations as prognostic markers (NEJM 360:470, 2009, Leukemia 28(1):216-20, 2014). A second focal deletion in chromosome 22q11.22, 200 kilobases (Kb) in length, occurs more frequently and in the same IGLL region as VPREB1 and is distinct from deletions associated with physiologic IGLL rearrangement. We further investigated this novel genomic lesion, 22q11.22, and the prevalence of co-occurrence with IKZF1.
Methods: 22q11.22 deletions were characterized in a compiled childhood ALL cohort (N=832) and correlated with available clinical outcome using multiple previously published studies (Clinical outcome total N=730; Utah Cohort [N=56], TARGET P9906 cohort [N=215], St. Jude Children's Research Hospital cohort [SJCRH, N=236], Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia cohort [CHOP, N=160], and Down Syndrome cohort [DS, N=63]). Microarray data was analyzed (Utah = Molecular Inversion Probe 330K [Affymetrix]; TARGET = SNP 500K [Affymetrix]; SJCRH = SNP 500K/6.0 [Affymetrix], CHOP = 850K, 610K, and Omni Quadv1 [Illumina], DS = SNP 500K, MIP 330K [Affymetrix]) by Nexus Copy Number (BioDiscovery, Inc.).
Results: ALL patients that harbored copy number deletion 22q11.22 were present in about 30-45% of each cohort: Utah = 42.8%, TARGET = 29%, SJCRH = 40%, CHOP = 34%, DS = 46.7%. The majority of deletions, 93%, had a common recurring region just under 12 Kb in length. The 12 Kb deleted segment encodes no known genes. Patients that harbored a combined deletion in both IKZF1 and 22q11.22 (IKZF1+22q) were present in about 10-15% of each cohort: Utah = 12.5%, TARGET = 18%, SJCRH = 8.4%, CHOP = 6.3%, DS = 14.4%. IKZF1+22q conferred worse event-free survival (N=730, P=0.0062) compared to those with only IKZF1 deletions and worse overall survival (N=507, P=0.0365). Additionally, those patients with IKZF1+22q losses had a median decrease in event-free survival compared to those patients with neither deletion (normal cases): TARGET (high risk cohort) = 0.63 years, P=<0.0001, SJCRH (standard, low risk cohort) = 10 years, P=<0.0001, DS = 2.3 years, P=<0.0001.
Conclusion: We present further evidence that non-physiological deletions within the IGLL locus is associated with worse outcome in pediatric ALL and combined with IKZF1, these double deletions identify a population of patients with very poor outcomes. These combined alterations may be useful to identify patients in the future for high risk stratification and further work is now needed to understand the mechanism and biological consequence of this common loss at 22q11.22 in childhood ALL.
Citation Format: Julia A. Meyer, Clint C. Mason, Luke Maese, Deqing Pei, Cheng Cheng, Ching-Hon Pui, Mel Greaves, Richard Aplenc, Charles G. Mulligan, Elizabeth Raetz, Rodney R. Miles, Karen R. Rabin, Joshua D. Schiffman. Focal 22q11.22 deletions combined with IKZF1 alterations are associated with worse clinical outcome in acute lymphoblastic leukemia [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 4884. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-4884
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Deqing Pei
- 2St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Cheng Cheng
- 2St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | | | - Mel Greaves
- 3Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
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Lote H, Spiteri I, Ermini L, Vatsiou A, Roy A, McDonald A, Maka N, Balsitis M, Bose N, Simbolo M, Mafficini A, Lampis A, Hahne JC, Trevisani F, Eltahir Z, Mentrasti G, Findlay C, Kalkman EAJ, Punta M, Werner B, Lise S, Aktipis A, Maley C, Greaves M, Braconi C, White J, Fassan M, Scarpa A, Sottoriva A, Valeri N. Carbon dating cancer: defining the chronology of metastatic progression in colorectal cancer. Ann Oncol 2017; 28:1243-1249. [PMID: 28327965 PMCID: PMC5452067 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdx074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Patients often ask oncologists how long a cancer has been present before causing symptoms or spreading to other organs. The evolutionary trajectory of cancers can be defined using phylogenetic approaches but lack of chronological references makes dating the exact onset of tumours very challenging. Patients and methods Here, we describe the case of a colorectal cancer (CRC) patient presenting with synchronous lung metastasis and metachronous thyroid, chest wall and urinary tract metastases over the course of 5 years. The chest wall metastasis was caused by needle tract seeding, implying a known time of onset. Using whole genome sequencing data from primary and metastatic sites we inferred the complete chronology of the cancer by exploiting the time of needle tract seeding as an in vivo 'stopwatch'. This approach allowed us to follow the progression of the disease back in time, dating each ancestral node of the phylogenetic tree in the past history of the tumour. We used a Bayesian phylogenomic approach, which accounts for possible dynamic changes in mutational rate, to reconstruct the phylogenetic tree and effectively 'carbon date' the malignant progression. Results The primary colon cancer emerged between 5 and 8 years before the clinical diagnosis. The primary tumour metastasized to the lung and the thyroid within a year from its onset. The thyroid lesion presented as a tumour-to-tumour deposit within a benign Hurthle adenoma. Despite rapid metastatic progression from the primary tumour, the patient showed an indolent disease course. Primary cancer and metastases were microsatellite stable and displayed low chromosomal instability. Neo-antigen analysis suggested minimal immunogenicity. Conclusion Our data provide the first in vivo experimental evidence documenting the timing of metastatic progression in CRC and suggest that genomic instability might be more important than the metastatic potential of the primary cancer in dictating CRC fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Lote
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton
- Gastrointestinal Cancers and Lymphoma Unit, The Royal Marsden NHS Trust, Sutton
| | - I. Spiteri
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, London
| | - L. Ermini
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, London
| | - A. Vatsiou
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, London
| | - A. Roy
- Department of Oncology, Crosshouse Hospital, Crosshouse, Kilmarnock
| | - A. McDonald
- Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre, Glasgow
| | - N. Maka
- Department of Pathology, Southern General Hospital, Glasgow
| | - M. Balsitis
- Department of Pathology, Crosshouse Hospital, Crosshouse, Kilmarnock, UK
| | - N. Bose
- Department of Oncology, Crosshouse Hospital, Crosshouse, Kilmarnock
| | - M. Simbolo
- Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, ARC-NET Research Centre University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - A. Mafficini
- Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, ARC-NET Research Centre University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - A. Lampis
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton
| | - J. C. Hahne
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton
| | - F. Trevisani
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton
| | - Z. Eltahir
- Gastrointestinal Cancers and Lymphoma Unit, The Royal Marsden NHS Trust, Sutton
| | - G. Mentrasti
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton
| | - C. Findlay
- Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre, Glasgow
| | | | - M. Punta
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, London
| | - B. Werner
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, London
| | - S. Lise
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, London
| | - A. Aktipis
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, London
- Center for Evolution and Cancer, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco
- Department of Psychology
| | - C. Maley
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, London
- Center for Evolution and Cancer, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco
- Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, USA
| | - M. Greaves
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, London
| | - C. Braconi
- Gastrointestinal Cancers and Lymphoma Unit, The Royal Marsden NHS Trust, Sutton
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UK
| | - J. White
- Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre, Glasgow
| | - M. Fassan
- Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, ARC-NET Research Centre University of Verona, Verona, Italy
- Department of Medicine, Surgical Pathology & Cytopathology Unit, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - A. Scarpa
- Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, ARC-NET Research Centre University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - A. Sottoriva
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, London
| | - N. Valeri
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton
- Gastrointestinal Cancers and Lymphoma Unit, The Royal Marsden NHS Trust, Sutton
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Vijayakrishnan J, Kumar R, Henrion MYR, Moorman AV, Rachakonda PS, Hosen I, da Silva Filho MI, Holroyd A, Dobbins SE, Koehler R, Thomsen H, Irving JA, Allan JM, Lightfoot T, Roman E, Kinsey SE, Sheridan E, Thompson PD, Hoffmann P, Nöthen MM, Heilmann-Heimbach S, Jöckel KH, Greaves M, Harrison CJ, Bartram CR, Schrappe M, Stanulla M, Hemminki K, Houlston RS. A genome-wide association study identifies risk loci for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia at 10q26.13 and 12q23.1. Leukemia 2017; 31:573-579. [PMID: 27694927 PMCID: PMC5336191 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2016.271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have shown that common genetic variation contributes to the heritable risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). To identify new susceptibility loci for the largest subtype of ALL, B-cell precursor ALL (BCP-ALL), we conducted a meta-analysis of two GWASs with imputation using 1000 Genomes and UK10K Project data as reference (totaling 1658 cases and 7224 controls). After genotyping an additional 2525 cases and 3575 controls, we identify new susceptibility loci for BCP-ALL mapping to 10q26.13 (rs35837782, LHPP, P=1.38 × 10-11) and 12q23.1 (rs4762284, ELK3, P=8.41 × 10-9). We also provide confirmatory evidence for the existence of independent risk loci at 9p21.3, but show that the association marked by rs77728904 can be accounted for by linkage disequilibrium with the rare high-impact CDKN2A p.Ala148Thr variant rs3731249. Our data provide further insights into genetic susceptibility to ALL and its biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Vijayakrishnan
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UK
| | - R Kumar
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Centre, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M Y R Henrion
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UK
| | - A V Moorman
- Leukemia Research Group, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - P S Rachakonda
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Centre, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - I Hosen
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Centre, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M I da Silva Filho
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Centre, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - A Holroyd
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UK
| | - S E Dobbins
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UK
| | - R Koehler
- Department of Human Genetics, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - H Thomsen
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Centre, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - J A Irving
- Leukemia Research Group, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - J M Allan
- Leukemia Research Group, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - T Lightfoot
- Department of Health Sciences, Epidemiology and Cancer Statistics Group, University of York, York, UK
| | - E Roman
- Department of Health Sciences, Epidemiology and Cancer Statistics Group, University of York, York, UK
| | - S E Kinsey
- Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Haematology and Oncology, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, UK
| | - E Sheridan
- Medical Genetics Research Group, Leeds Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - P D Thompson
- Paediatric and Familial Cancer Research Group, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester, UK
| | - P Hoffmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Biomedicine, Human Genomics Research Group, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - M M Nöthen
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - K H Jöckel
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - M Greaves
- Haemato-Oncology Research Unit, Division of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UK
| | - C J Harrison
- Leukemia Research Group, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - C R Bartram
- Department of Human Genetics, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M Schrappe
- General Paediatrics, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - M Stanulla
- Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - K Hemminki
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Centre, Heidelberg, Germany
- Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - R S Houlston
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UK
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Greaves M. So you want to publish your research in the Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis? J Thromb Haemost 2017; 15:405-410. [PMID: 27966273 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Greaves
- University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
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Abstract
Acute leukaemia is the major subtype of paediatric cancer with a cumulative risk of 1 in 2000 for children up to the age of 15 years. Childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) is a biologically and clinically diverse disease with distinctive subtypes; multiple chromosomal translocations exist within the subtypes and each carries its own prognostic relevance. The most common chromosome translocation observed is the t(12;21) that results in an in-frame fusion between the first five exons of ETV6 (TEL) and almost the entire coding region of RUNX1 (AML1).The natural history of childhood ALL is almost entirely clinically silent and is well advanced at the point of diagnosis. It has, however, been possible to backtrack this process through molecular analysis of appropriate clinical samples: (i) leukaemic clones in monozygotic twins that are either concordant or discordant for ALL; (ii) archived neonatal blood spots or Guthrie cards from individuals who later developed leukaemia; and (iii) stored, viable cord blood cells.Here, we outline our studies on the aetiology and pathology of childhood ALL that provide molecular evidence for a monoclonal, prenatal origin of ETV6-RUNX1+ leukaemia in monozygotic identical twins. We provide mechanistic support for the concept that altered patterns of infection during early childhood can deliver the necessary promotional drive for the progression of ETV6-RUNX1+ pre-leukaemic cells into a postnatal overt leukaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony M Ford
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SM2 5NG, UK.
| | - Mel Greaves
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SM2 5NG, UK
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Pockley A, Davenport P, Paul F, Greaves M, Preston F. The use of high gradient magnetic separation for the preparation of leucocyte- and platelet-free red cell suspensions. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2016. [DOI: 10.3233/ch-1986-6503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A.G. Pockley
- Department of Haematology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, England
| | - P. Davenport
- Department of Haematology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, England
| | - F. Paul
- Department of Physics and Haematology, Southampton University, Southampton, England
| | - M. Greaves
- Department of Haematology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, England
| | - F.E. Preston
- Department of Haematology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, England
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41
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Affiliation(s)
- M Greaves
- Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, UK
| | - FE Preston
- Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- K Pongpairoj
- Department of Cutaneous Allergy, St. John's Institute of Dermatology, St Thomas` Hospital, London, UK
| | - M Saha
- Dermatology Clinic, Lewisham and Greenwich NHS Trust, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, London, UK
| | - M Greaves
- Department of Cutaneous Allergy, St. John's Institute of Dermatology, St Thomas` Hospital, London, UK
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43
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Olaiya A, Lurie B, Watt B, McDonald L, Greaves M, Watson HG. An observational study of direct oral anticoagulant awareness indicating inadequate recognition with potential for patient harm. J Thromb Haemost 2016; 14:987-90. [PMID: 26865203 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Essentials Ignorance of direct oral anticoagulants' effects on coagulation tests may be a safety issue. An electronic questionnaire was sent to prescribers in NHS Grampian with 143 respondents. We found widespread evidence of inappropriate interpretation of the clinical scenarios given. The study suggests potential for patient harm due to lack of knowledge and education is required. SUMMARY Background Lack of awareness of the nature of the direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) combined with the poor correlation between routine coagulation test prolongation and the activity of these drugs represents a potential for patient harm. Objectives To establish the level of awareness of the different DOACs, and to assess whether prescribers were able to recognize the state of anticoagulation in a hypothetical patient. Methods and results An electronic questionnaire was sent by email to prescribers in our health board. Among 143 respondents, we found significant differences in awareness of the currently licensed drugs. Of the respondents, 88%, 80% and 50%, respectively, recognized rivaroxaban, dabigatran, and apixaban. When provided with a routine clinical situation, only 13.5%, 17.5% and 16.8%, respectively, recognized that the hypothetical patient was anticoagulated, and only 55-58% recognized that it was unsafe to proceed with an invasive procedure. Conclusion These results indicate a significant risk for patient harm related to lack of knowledge about this new group of frequently used drugs, and indicate that additional education and training on this subject are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Olaiya
- Department of Haematology, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen, UK
| | - B Lurie
- Department of Clinical Effectiveness, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen, UK
| | - B Watt
- Department of Clinical Effectiveness, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen, UK
| | - L McDonald
- Department of Pharmacy, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen, UK
| | - M Greaves
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - H G Watson
- Department of Haematology, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen, UK
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44
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Abstract
Our understanding of cancer biology has been radically transformed over recent years with a more realistic grasp of its multilayered cellular and genetic complexity. These advances are being translated into more selective and effective treatment of cancers and, although there are still considerable challenges, particularly with drug resistance and metastatic disease, many patients with otherwise lethal malignancies now enjoy protracted remissions or cure. One largely unheralded theme of this story is the extent to which new biological insights and novel clinical applications have their origins with leukaemia and related blood cell cancers, including lymphoma. In this Timeline article, I review the remarkable and ground-breaking role that studies in leukaemia have had at the forefront of this progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mel Greaves
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, Brookes Lawley Building, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton SM2 5NG, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- Mel Greaves
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UK
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46
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Abstract
Recent studies have linked aberrant B-cell activation in the context of aberrant immune responses to infectious pathogens to malignant transformation and development of leukemia and lymphoma. A new study in this issue demonstrates that common infections can be drivers of clonal evolution of premalignant B-cell precursors toward childhood leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mel Greaves
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Markus Müschen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
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47
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Affiliation(s)
- Mel Greaves
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, Institute of Cancer Research, London, England
| | - Luca Ermini
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, Institute of Cancer Research, London, England
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48
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Piccirillo S, Colman S, Potter N, van Delft F, Lillis S, Carnicer M, Kearney L, Watts C, Greaves M. OP14GENETIC AND FUNCTIONAL DIVERSITY OF PROPAGATING CELLS IN GLIOBLASTOMA. Neuro Oncol 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nov283.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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49
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Watts C, Piccirillo S, Colman S, Potter N, van Delft F, Lillis S, Carnicer MJ, Kearney L, Francis NJ, Venkitaraman A, Greaves M. ATPS-93CHEMO-NAÏVE GLIOBLASTOMA PATIENTS CONTAIN GENETICALLY HETEROGENEOUS SUB-CLONES CAPABLE OF TUMOUR PROPAGATION AND SPATIALLY HETEROGENEOUS DRUG-RESISTANT CELL POPULATIONS. Neuro Oncol 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nov204.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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50
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Vijayakrishnan J, Henrion M, Moorman AV, Fiege B, Kumar R, Inacio da Silva Filho M, Holroyd A, Koehler R, Thomsen H, Irving JA, Allan JM, Lightfoot T, Roman E, Kinsey SE, Sheridan E, Thompson PD, Hoffmann P, Nöthen MM, Mühleisen TW, Eisele L, Bartram CR, Schrappe M, Greaves M, Hemminki K, Harrison CJ, Stanulla M, Houlston RS. The 9p21.3 risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia is explained by a rare high-impact variant in CDKN2A. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15065. [PMID: 26463672 PMCID: PMC4604478 DOI: 10.1038/srep15065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have provided strong evidence for inherited predisposition to childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) identifying a number of risk loci. We have previously shown common SNPs at 9p21.3 influence ALL risk. These SNP associations are generally not themselves candidates for causality, but simply act as markers for functional variants. By means of imputation of GWAS data and subsequent validation SNP genotyping totalling 2,177 ALL cases and 8,240 controls, we have shown that the 9p21.3 association can be ascribed to the rare high-impact CDKN2A p.Ala148Thr variant (rs3731249; Odds ratio = 2.42, P = 3.45 × 10(-19)). The association between rs3731249 genotype and risk was not specific to particular subtype of B-cell ALL. The rs3731249 variant is associated with predominant nuclear localisation of the CDKN2A transcript suggesting the functional effect of p.Ala148Thr on ALL risk may be through compromised ability to inhibit cyclin D within the cytoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayaram Vijayakrishnan
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Marc Henrion
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony V. Moorman
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Bettina Fiege
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Centre, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rajiv Kumar
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Centre, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Amy Holroyd
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Rolf Koehler
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hauke Thomsen
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Centre, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julie A. Irving
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - James M. Allan
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Tracy Lightfoot
- Epidemiology and Cancer Statistics Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Eve Roman
- Epidemiology and Cancer Statistics Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Sally E. Kinsey
- Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Haematology and Oncology, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Eamonn Sheridan
- Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Pamela D. Thompson
- Paediatric and Familial Cancer, Institute of Cancer Sciences, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Per Hoffmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Human Genomics Research Group, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Markus M. Nöthen
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Genomic Imaging Group, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Juelich, Juelich, Germany
| | | | - Lewin Eisele
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg–Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Claus R. Bartram
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Schrappe
- General Paediatrics, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Mel Greaves
- Haemato-Oncology Research Unit, Division of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Kari Hemminki
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Centre, Heidelberg, Germany
- Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Christine J. Harrison
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Stanulla
- General Paediatrics, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Richard S. Houlston
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
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