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Jian J, Yuan C, Hao H. Identifying key genes and functionally enriched pathways in acute myeloid leukemia by weighted gene co-expression network analysis. J Appl Genet 2024:10.1007/s13353-024-00881-0. [PMID: 38977582 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-024-00881-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is characterized by the uncontrolled proliferation of myeloid leukemia cells in the bone marrow and other hematopoietic tissues and is highly heterogeneous. While with the progress of sequencing technology, understanding of the AML-related biomarkers is still incomplete. The purpose of this study is to identify potential biomarkers for prognosis of AML. Based on WGCNA analysis of gene mutation expression, methylation level distribution, mRNA expression, and AML-related genes in public databases were employed for investigating potential biomarkers for the prognosis of AML. This study screened a total of 6153 genes by analyzing various changes in 103 acute myeloid leukemia (AML) samples, including gene mutation expression, methylation level distribution, mRNA expression, and AML-related genes in public databases. Moreover, seven AML-related co-expression modules were mined by WGCNA analysis, and twelve biomarkers associated with the AML prognosis were identified from each top 10 genes of the seven co-expression modules. The AML samples were then classified into two subgroups, the prognosis of which is significantly different, based on the expression of these twelve genes. The differentially expressed 7 genes of two subgroups (HOXB-AS3, HOXB3, SLC9C2, CPNE8, MEG8, S1PR5, MIR196B) are mainly involved in glucose metabolism, glutathione biosynthesis, small G protein-mediated signal transduction, and the Rap1 signaling pathway. With the utilization of WGCNA mining, seven gene co-expression modules were identified from the TCGA database, and there are unreported genes that may be potential driver genes of AML and may be the direction to identify the possible molecular signatures to predict survival of AML patients and help guide experiments for potential clinical drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimo Jian
- Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Qingdao, 266035, Shandong, China
- Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Chenglu Yuan
- Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Qingdao, 266035, Shandong, China
| | - Hongyuan Hao
- Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Qingdao, 266035, Shandong, China.
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2
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Reis R, Müller GS, Santos MM, Santos AS, Santos H, Santos LS, Lopes BA, Trindade SC, Meyer RJ, Freire SM. Description of lymphocyte and cytokine profiles in individuals with acute myeloid leukemia associated with FLT3-ITD and NPM1 mutation status. Eur J Cancer Prev 2024:00008469-990000000-00158. [PMID: 38904445 DOI: 10.1097/cej.0000000000000905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) involves mutations in genes such as FLT3 and NPM1, which are also associated with the prognosis of the disease. The immune system influences disease progression, but the mechanisms underlying the interaction between the immune system and AML are not clear. In this study, the profiles of lymphocytes and cytokines were described in individuals with AML stratified by molecular changes associated with prognosis. The participants included in this study were newly diagnosed AML patients (n = 43) who were about to undergo chemotherapy. Subtypes of lymphocytes in peripheral blood, including B cells, T cells, and natural killer cells, and serum concentrations of cytokines, including Th1, Th2, and Th17, were studied by flow cytometry assays (BD FACSCanto II). The correlations between lymphocyte subsets, cytokines, and genetic/prognostic risk stratification (based on the FLT3 and NPM1 genes) were analyzed. The differences in B lymphocytes (%), T lymphocytes (%), plasmablasts (%), leukocytes (cells/µl), and tumor necrosis factor (pg/ml) were determined between groups with FLT3-ITD+ and FLT3-ITD- mutations. The presence of mutations in NPM1 and FLT3-ITD and age suggested changes in the lymphocyte and cytokine profile in individuals with AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogério Reis
- Immunology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Federal University of Bahia
- Postgraduate Program in Immunology, Federal University of Bahia
| | - Gabriel S Müller
- Immunology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Federal University of Bahia
- Postgraduate Program in Immunology, Federal University of Bahia
| | - Mariane M Santos
- Immunology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Federal University of Bahia
- Postgraduate Program in Immunology, Federal University of Bahia
| | - Allan S Santos
- Immunology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Federal University of Bahia
- Postgraduate Program in Immunology, Federal University of Bahia
| | - Herbert Santos
- Immunology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Federal University of Bahia
- Professor Edgard Santos University Hospital, Salvador, BA
| | - Lorene S Santos
- Immunology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Federal University of Bahia
| | | | - Soraya C Trindade
- Departament of Health, State University of Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana
| | - Roberto J Meyer
- Immunology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Federal University of Bahia
- Postgraduate Program in Immunology, Federal University of Bahia
- Departament of Health, State University of Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana
| | - Songelí M Freire
- Immunology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Federal University of Bahia
- Postgraduate Program in Immunology, Federal University of Bahia
- Department of Biointeraction, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
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3
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Wu CH, Weng TF, Li JP, Wu KH. Biology and Therapeutic Properties of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Leukemia. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2527. [PMID: 38473775 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
This comprehensive review delves into the multifaceted roles of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in leukemia, focusing on their interactions within the bone marrow microenvironment and their impact on leukemia pathogenesis, progression, and treatment resistance. MSCs, characterized by their ability to differentiate into various cell types and modulate the immune system, are integral to the BM niche, influencing hematopoietic stem cell maintenance and functionality. This review extensively explores the intricate relationship between MSCs and leukemic cells in acute myeloid leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, chronic myeloid leukemia, and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. This review also addresses the potential clinical applications of MSCs in leukemia treatment. MSCs' role in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, their antitumor effects, and strategies to disrupt chemo-resistance are discussed. Despite their therapeutic potential, the dual nature of MSCs in promoting and inhibiting tumor growth poses significant challenges. Further research is needed to understand MSCs' biological mechanisms in hematologic malignancies and develop targeted therapeutic strategies. This in-depth exploration of MSCs in leukemia provides crucial insights for advancing treatment modalities and improving patient outcomes in hematologic malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Hsien Wu
- School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
| | - Te-Fu Weng
- Department of Pediatrics, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Ju-Pi Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Kang-Hsi Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
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4
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Aktar A, Heit B. Role of the pioneer transcription factor GATA2 in health and disease. J Mol Med (Berl) 2023; 101:1191-1208. [PMID: 37624387 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-023-02359-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor GATA2 is involved in human diseases ranging from hematopoietic disorders, to cancer, to infectious diseases. GATA2 is one of six GATA-family transcription factors that act as pioneering transcription factors which facilitate the opening of heterochromatin and the subsequent binding of other transcription factors to induce gene expression from previously inaccessible regions of the genome. Although GATA2 is essential for hematopoiesis and lymphangiogenesis, it is also expressed in other tissues such as the lung, prostate gland, gastrointestinal tract, central nervous system, placenta, fetal liver, and fetal heart. Gene or transcriptional abnormalities of GATA2 causes or predisposes patients to several diseases including the hematological cancers acute myeloid leukemia and acute lymphoblastic leukemia, the primary immunodeficiency MonoMAC syndrome, and to cancers of the lung, prostate, uterus, kidney, breast, gastric tract, and ovaries. Recent data has also linked GATA2 expression and mutations to responses to infectious diseases including SARS-CoV-2 and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, and to inflammatory disorders such as atherosclerosis. In this article we review the role of GATA2 in the etiology and progression of these various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amena Aktar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; the Western Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Centre, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Bryan Heit
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; the Western Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Centre, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada.
- Robarts Research Institute, London, ON, N6A 3K7, Canada.
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5
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Yeh SH, Li CL, Lin YY, Ho MC, Wang YC, Tseng ST, Chen PJ. Hepatitis B Virus DNA Integration Drives Carcinogenesis and Provides a New Biomarker for HBV-related HCC. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 15:921-929. [PMID: 36690297 PMCID: PMC9972564 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2023.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA integration is an incidental event in the virus replication cycle and occurs in less than 1% of infected hepatocytes during viral infection. However, HBV DNA is present in the genome of approximately 90% of HBV-related HCCs and is the most common somatic mutation. Whole genome sequencing of liver tissues from chronic hepatitis B patients showed integration occurring at random positions in human chromosomes; however, in the genomes of HBV-related HCC patients, there are integration hotspots. Both the enrichment of the HBV-integration proportion in HCC and the emergence of integration hotspots suggested a strong positive selection of HBV-integrated hepatocytes to progress to HCC. The activation of HBV integration hotspot genes, such as telomerase (TERT) or histone methyltransferase (MLL4/KMT2B), resembles insertional mutagenesis by oncogenic animal retroviruses. These candidate oncogenic genes might shed new light on HBV-related HCC biology and become targets for new cancer therapies. Finally, the HBV integrations in individual HCC contain unique sequences at the junctions, such as virus-host chimera DNA (vh-DNA) presumably being a signature molecule for individual HCC. HBV integration may thus provide a new cell-free tumor DNA biomarker to monitor residual HCC after curative therapies or to track the development of de novo HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiou-Hwei Yeh
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; National Taiwan University Center for Genomic Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chiao-Ling Li
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - You-Yu Lin
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, National Taiwan University College of Life Science, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chih Ho
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | - Pei-Jer Chen
- National Taiwan University Center for Genomic Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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6
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Gudmundsson KO, Du Y. Quiescence regulation by normal haematopoietic stem cells and leukaemia stem cells. FEBS J 2022. [PMID: 35514133 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The haematopoietic system is maintained by rare haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), which are quiescent most of the time and only divide occasionally to self-renew and/or to undergo commitment to clonal expansion via the generation of highly proliferative progenitor cells. The latter is responsible for the generation of all mature cells of the system through subsequent lineage commitment and terminal differentiation. Cells with similar properties also exist in leukaemias and are known as leukaemia stem cells (LSCs). Quiescence provides essential protection for both HSC and LSC from cytotoxic stress and DNA damage and, in the case of LSCs, likely causes therapy resistance and disease relapse in leukaemia patients. Specific inhibition of LSC quiescence has been considered a promising strategy for eliminating LSCs and curing leukaemias. Although the understanding of mechanisms responsible for quiescence maintenance in these cells remains limited, particularly for LSCs, recent studies have suggested potential differences in their dependency on certain pathways and their levels of stress and DNA damage caused by increased cycling. Such differences likely stem from oncogenic mutations in LSCs and could be specifically exploited for the elimination of LSCs while sparing normal HSCs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristbjorn Orri Gudmundsson
- Basic Science Program Leidos Biomedical Research Inc. Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research in the Mouse Cancer Genetics Program Center for Cancer Research NCI Frederick MD USA
| | - Yang Du
- Department of Pediatrics Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences Bethesda MD USA
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7
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Brunet T, Berutti R, Dill V, Hecker JS, Choukair D, Andres S, Deschauer M, Diehl-Schmid J, Krenn M, Eckstein G, Graf E, Gasser T, Strom TM, Hoefele J, Götze KS, Meitinger T, Wagner M. Clonal Hematopoiesis as a pitfall in germline variant interpretation in the context of Mendelian disorders. Hum Mol Genet 2022; 31:2386-2395. [PMID: 35179199 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddac034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Clonal hematopoiesis due to somatic mutations in hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells is an age-related phenomenon and commonly observed when sequencing blood DNA in elderly individuals. Several genes that are implicated in clonal hematopoiesis are also associated with Mendelian disorders when mutated in the germline, potentially leading to variant misinterpretation. We performed a literature search to identify genes associated with age-related clonal hematopoiesis followed by an OMIM query to identify the subset of genes in which germline variants are associated with Mendelian disorders. We retrospectively screened for diagnostic cases in which the presence of age-related clonal hematopoiesis confounded exome sequencing data interpretation. We found 58 genes in which somatic mutations are implicated in clonal hematopoiesis while germline variants in the same genes are associated with Mendelian (mostly neurodevelopmental) disorders. Using five selected cases of individuals with suspected monogenic disorders, we illustrate how clonal hematopoiesis in either variant databases or exome sequencing datasets poses a pitfall, potentially leading to variant misclassification and erroneous conclusions regarding gene-disease associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Brunet
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Neurogenomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Riccardo Berutti
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Neurogenomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Veronika Dill
- Technical University Munich, School of Medicine, Department of Medicine III
| | - Judith S Hecker
- Technical University Munich, School of Medicine, Department of Medicine III
| | - Daniela Choukair
- Division of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Children's Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stephanie Andres
- Center of Human Genetics and Laboratory Diagnostics, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Marcus Deschauer
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
| | - Janine Diehl-Schmid
- Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Krenn
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gertrud Eckstein
- Institute of Neurogenomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Graf
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Gasser
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tim M Strom
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Hoefele
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
| | - Katharina S Götze
- Technical University Munich, School of Medicine, Department of Medicine III
| | - Thomas Meitinger
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
| | - Matias Wagner
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Neurogenomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
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Hindley A, Catherwood MA, McMullin MF, Mills KI. Significance of NPM1 Gene Mutations in AML. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221810040. [PMID: 34576201 PMCID: PMC8467861 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221810040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this literature review is to examine the significance of the nucleophosmin 1 (NPM1) gene in acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). This will include analysis of the structure and normal cellular function of NPM1, the type of mutations commonly witnessed in NPM1, and the mechanism by which this influences the development and progression of AML. The importance of NPM1 mutation on prognosis and the treatment options available to patients will also be reviewed along with current guidelines recommending the rapid return of NPM1 mutational screening results and the importance of employing a suitable laboratory assay to achieve this. Finally, future developments in the field including research into new therapies targeting NPM1 mutated AML are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Hindley
- Clinical Haematology, Belfast City Hospital, Belfast BT9 7AB, UK;
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Mary Frances McMullin
- Centre for Medical Education, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK;
- Northern Ireland and Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast BT9 7AB, UK
| | - Ken I. Mills
- Patrick G Johnston Center for Cancer Research, Queens University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7AE, UK;
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CHIP & HIPs: Clonal Hematopoiesis is Common in Hip Arthroplasty Patients and Associates with Autoimmune Disease. Blood 2021; 138:1727-1732. [PMID: 34139005 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020010163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Clonal hematopoiesis (CH) is an age-related condition predisposing to blood cancer and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Murine models demonstrate CH-mediated altered immune function and proinflammation. Low-grade inflammation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA), the main indication for total hip arthroplasty (THA). THA-derived hip bones serve as a major source of 'healthy' hematopoietic cells in experimental hematology. We prospectively investigated frequency and clinical associations of CH in 200 patients without known hematologic disease undergoing THA. Prevalence of CH was 50%, including 77 patients with CH of indeterminate potential (CHIP, defined as somatic variants with allele frequencies [VAF] ≥2%), and 23 patients harboring CH with lower mutation burden (VAF 1-2%). Most commonly mutated genes were DNMT3A (29.5%), TET2 (15.0%) and ASXL1 (3.5%). CHIP significantly associated with lower hemoglobin, higher mean corpuscular volume, prior/present malignant disease, and CVD. Strikingly, we observed a previously unreported association of CHIP with autoimmune diseases (AID; multivariate adjusted odds ratio, 6.6; 95% confidence interval [1.7, 30]; p=0.0081). These findings underscore the association between CH and inflammatory diseases. Our results have considerable relevance for management of patients with OA and AID or mild anemia, and question use of hip bone-derived cells as 'healthy' experimental controls.
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Lenaerts L, Brison N, Maggen C, Vancoillie L, Che H, Vandenberghe P, Dierickx D, Michaux L, Dewaele B, Neven P, Floris G, Tousseyn T, Lannoo L, Jatsenko T, Bempt IV, Van Calsteren K, Vandecaveye V, Dehaspe L, Devriendt K, Legius E, Bogaert KVD, Vermeesch JR, Amant F. Comprehensive genome-wide analysis of routine non-invasive test data allows cancer prediction: A single-center retrospective analysis of over 85,000 pregnancies. EClinicalMedicine 2021; 35:100856. [PMID: 34036251 PMCID: PMC8138727 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Implausible false positive results in non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) have been occasionally associated with the detection of occult maternal malignancies. Hence, there is a need for approaches allowing accurate prediction of whether the NIPT result is pointing to an underlying malignancy, as well as for organized programs ensuring efficient downstream clinical management of these cases. METHODS Using a data set of 88,294 NIPT performed at University Hospital Leuven (Belgium) between November 2013 and March 2020, we retrospectively evaluated the positive predictive value (PPV) of our NIPT approach for cancer detection. In this approach, whole-genome cell-free DNA (cfDNA) data from NIPT were scrutinized for the presence of (sub)chromosomal copy number alterations (CNAs) predictive for a malignancy, using an unbiased NIPT analysis pipeline coined GIPSeq. For suspected cases, the presence of a maternal cancer was evaluated via subsequent multidisciplinary clinical follow-up examinations. The cancer-specificity of the identified CNAs in cfDNA was assessed through genetic analyses of a tumor biopsy. FINDINGS Fifteen women without a cancer history were identified with a GIPSeq result suggestive of a malignant process. Their cfDNA profiles showed either genome-wide aberrations or a single trisomy 8. Upon clinical examinations, a solid or hematological cancer was identified in 4 and 7 cases, respectively. Three women were identified as having a clonal mosaicism. For one case no underlying condition was found. These numbers add to a PPV of 73%. Based on this experience, we presented a multidisciplinary care path for efficient clinical management of these cases. INTERPRETATION The presented approach for analysing NIPT results has a high PPV, yet unknown sensitivity, for detecting asymptomatic malignancies upon routine NIPT. Given the complexity of diagnosing a pregnant woman with cancer, clinical follow-up should occur in a well-designed multidisciplinary setting, such as via the care model that we presented here. FUNDING This work was supported by Research Foundation Flanders and KU Leuven funding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nathalie Brison
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Charlotte Maggen
- Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Leen Vancoillie
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Huiwen Che
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Vandenberghe
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium
- Hematology, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Daan Dierickx
- Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium
- Hematology, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lucienne Michaux
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Barbara Dewaele
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patrick Neven
- Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium
- Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Giuseppe Floris
- Pathology, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Imaging & Pathology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thomas Tousseyn
- Pathology, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Imaging & Pathology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lore Lannoo
- Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tatjana Jatsenko
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Vanden Bempt
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kristel Van Calsteren
- Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Vincent Vandecaveye
- Radiology, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Imaging & Pathology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Luc Dehaspe
- Genomics Core facility, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Koenraad Devriendt
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eric Legius
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kris Van Den Bogaert
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joris Robert Vermeesch
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium
- Genomics Core facility, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Frédéric Amant
- Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium
- Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium
- Academic Medical Centers Amsterdam-University of Amsterdam and The Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Corresponding authors.
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Loghavi S, DiNardo CD, Furudate K, Takahashi K, Tanaka T, Short NJ, Kadia T, Konopleva M, Kanagal-Shamanna R, Farnoud NR, Pierce S, Khoury JD, Jorgensen JL, Patel KP, Daver N, Yilmaz M, Medeiros LJ, Kantarjian H, Ravandi F, Wang SA. Flow cytometric immunophenotypic alterations of persistent clonal haematopoiesis in remission bone marrows of patients with NPM1-mutated acute myeloid leukaemia. Br J Haematol 2021; 192:1054-1063. [PMID: 33618432 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.17347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Clonal haematopoiesis (CH) in patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) may persist beyond attaining complete remission. From a consecutive cohort of 67 patients with nucleophosmin 1-mutated (NPM1mut ) AML, we identified 50 who achieved NPM1mut clearance and had parallel multicolour flow cytometry (MFC) and next generation sequencing (NGS). In total, 13 (26%) cleared all mutations, 37 (74%) had persistent CH frequently involving DNA methyltransferase 3α (DNMT3A,70%), tet methylcytosine dioxygenase 2 (TET2, 27%), isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (IDH2, 19%) and IDH1 (11%). A small number (<1%) of aberrant CD34+ myeloblasts, but immunophenotypically different from original AML blasts [herein referred to as a pre-leukaemic (PL) phenotype], was detected in 17 (49%) patients with CH, but not in any patients with complete clearance of all mutations (P = 0·0037). A PL phenotype was associated with higher mutation burden (P = 0·005). Persistent IDH2 and serine and arginine-rich splicing factor 2 (SRSF2) mutations were exclusively observed in PL+ CH+ cases (P = 0·016). Persistent dysplasia was seen exclusively in cases with a PL+ phenotype (29% vs. none; P = 0·04). The PL+ phenotype did not correlate with age, intensity of induction therapy or relapse-free survival. Post-remission CH in the setting of NPM1mut clearance is common and may result in immunophenotypic changes in myeloid progenitors. It is important to not misinterpret these cells as AML measurable residual disease (MRD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanam Loghavi
- The Department of Hematopathology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Ken Furudate
- The Department of Leukemia, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Aomori, Japan
| | - Koichi Takahashi
- The Department of Leukemia, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tomoyuki Tanaka
- The Department of Leukemia, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nicholas J Short
- The Department of Leukemia, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tapan Kadia
- The Department of Leukemia, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Marina Konopleva
- The Department of Leukemia, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Noushin R Farnoud
- Center for Hematologic Malignancies, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sherry Pierce
- The Department of Leukemia, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Joseph D Khoury
- The Department of Hematopathology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Jorgensen
- The Department of Hematopathology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Keyur P Patel
- The Department of Hematopathology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Naval Daver
- The Department of Leukemia, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Musa Yilmaz
- The Department of Leukemia, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - L Jeffrey Medeiros
- The Department of Hematopathology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hagop Kantarjian
- The Department of Leukemia, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Farhad Ravandi
- The Department of Leukemia, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sa A Wang
- The Department of Hematopathology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Ziemann
- Labor für Leukämiediagnostik, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik III, Klinikum der Universität München, Marchioninistr. 15, D81377, München, Deutschland.
| | - Klaus Metzeler
- Labor für Leukämiediagnostik, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik III, Klinikum der Universität München, Marchioninistr. 15, D81377, München, Deutschland
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13
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Panuzzo C, Signorino E, Calabrese C, Ali MS, Petiti J, Bracco E, Cilloni D. Landscape of Tumor Suppressor Mutations in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9030802. [PMID: 32188030 PMCID: PMC7141302 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9030802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia is mainly characterized by a complex and dynamic genomic instability. Next-generation sequencing has significantly improved the ability of diagnostic research to molecularly characterize and stratify patients. This detailed outcome allowed the discovery of new therapeutic targets and predictive biomarkers, which led to develop novel compounds (e.g., IDH 1 and 2 inhibitors), nowadays commonly used for the treatment of adult relapsed or refractory AML. In this review we summarize the most relevant mutations affecting tumor suppressor genes that contribute to the onset and progression of AML pathology. Epigenetic modifications (TET2, IDH1 and IDH2, DNMT3A, ASXL1, WT1, EZH2), DNA repair dysregulation (TP53, NPM1), cell cycle inhibition and deficiency in differentiation (NPM1, CEBPA, TP53 and GATA2) as a consequence of somatic mutations come out as key elements in acute myeloid leukemia and may contribute to relapse and resistance to therapies. Moreover, spliceosomal machinery mutations identified in the last years, even if in a small cohort of acute myeloid leukemia patients, suggested a new opportunity to exploit therapeutically. Targeting these cellular markers will be the main challenge in the near future in an attempt to eradicate leukemia stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Panuzzo
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy; (C.P.); (E.S.); (C.C.); (M.S.A.); (J.P.)
| | - Elisabetta Signorino
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy; (C.P.); (E.S.); (C.C.); (M.S.A.); (J.P.)
| | - Chiara Calabrese
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy; (C.P.); (E.S.); (C.C.); (M.S.A.); (J.P.)
| | - Muhammad Shahzad Ali
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy; (C.P.); (E.S.); (C.C.); (M.S.A.); (J.P.)
| | - Jessica Petiti
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy; (C.P.); (E.S.); (C.C.); (M.S.A.); (J.P.)
| | - Enrico Bracco
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy;
| | - Daniela Cilloni
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy; (C.P.); (E.S.); (C.C.); (M.S.A.); (J.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-011-9026610; Fax: +39-011-9038636
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Jujuboside B promotes the death of acute leukemia cell in a RIPK1/RIPK3/MLKL pathway-dependent manner. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 876:173041. [PMID: 32142769 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Initiation of necroptosis has been considered as a promising strategy for anticancer therapies, especially for eradicating apoptosis-resistant malignant cells. Jujubisode B is a natural saponins extracted from the seeds of Zizyphi Spinosi Semen, and possesses multiple pharmacological activities, including antianxiety, anti-inflammation, antiplatelet aggregation and induction of apoptosis. This study aims to explore the effect of jujuboside B on acute leukemic cells and the underlying mechanisms. Our results showed that jujuboside B inhibited leukemia cell growth in a dose-dependent manner and attenuated the clonogenic ability of U937 cells, concomitant with activation of RIPK1/RIPK3/MLKL pathway; these phenomena were evidently blocked by necroptosis inhibitor (Nec-1). With the help of Molecular Operating Environment (MOE) program, we identified that RIPK1, RIPK3 and MLKL are potential targets of jujuboside B. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to provide evidence that jujuboside B possesses antileukemic activity via a mechanism involving activation of RIPK1/RIPK3/MLKL pathway.
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CD123 as a Therapeutic Target in the Treatment of Hematological Malignancies. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11091358. [PMID: 31547472 PMCID: PMC6769702 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11091358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The interleukin-3 receptor alpha chain (IL-3Rα), more commonly referred to as CD123, is widely overexpressed in various hematological malignancies, including acute myeloid leukemia (AML), B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia, hairy cell leukemia, Hodgkin lymphoma and particularly, blastic plasmacytoid dendritic neoplasm (BPDCN). Importantly, CD123 is expressed at both the level of leukemic stem cells (LSCs) and more differentiated leukemic blasts, which makes CD123 an attractive therapeutic target. Various agents have been developed as drugs able to target CD123 on malignant leukemic cells and on the normal counterpart. Tagraxofusp (SL401, Stemline Therapeutics), a recombinant protein composed of a truncated diphtheria toxin payload fused to IL-3, was approved for use in patients with BPDCN in December of 2018 and showed some clinical activity in AML. Different monoclonal antibodies directed against CD123 are under evaluation as antileukemic drugs, showing promising results either for the treatment of AML minimal residual disease or of relapsing/refractory AML or BPDCN. Finally, recent studies are exploring T cell expressing CD123 chimeric antigen receptor-modified T-cells (CAR T) as a new immunotherapy for the treatment of refractory/relapsing AML and BPDCN. In December of 2018, MB-102 CD123 CAR T developed by Mustang Bio Inc. received the Orphan Drug Designation for the treatment of BPDCN. In conclusion, these recent studies strongly support CD123 as an important therapeutic target for the treatment of BPDCN, while a possible in the treatment of AML and other hematological malignancies will have to be evaluated by in the ongoing clinical studies.
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Not Only Mutations Matter: Molecular Picture of Acute Myeloid Leukemia Emerging from Transcriptome Studies. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2019; 2019:7239206. [PMID: 31467542 PMCID: PMC6699387 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7239206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The last two decades of genome-scale research revealed a complex molecular picture of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). On the one hand, a number of mutations were discovered and associated with AML diagnosis and prognosis; some of them were introduced into diagnostic tests. On the other hand, transcriptome studies, which preceded AML exome and genome sequencing, remained poorly translated into clinics. Nevertheless, gene expression studies significantly contributed to the elucidation of AML pathogenesis and indicated potential therapeutic directions. The power of transcriptomic approach lies in its comprehensiveness; we can observe how genome manifests its function in a particular type of cells and follow many genes in one test. Moreover, gene expression measurement can be combined with mutation detection, as high-impact mutations are often present in transcripts. This review sums up 20 years of transcriptome research devoted to AML. Gene expression profiling (GEP) revealed signatures distinctive for selected AML subtypes and uncovered the additional within-subtype heterogeneity. The results were particularly valuable in the case of AML with normal karyotype which concerns up to 50% of AML cases. With the use of GEP, new classes of the disease were identified and prognostic predictors were proposed. A plenty of genes were detected as overexpressed in AML when compared to healthy control, including KIT, BAALC, ERG, MN1, CDX2, WT1, PRAME, and HOX genes. High expression of these genes constitutes usually an unfavorable prognostic factor. Upregulation of FLT3 and NPM1 genes, independent on their mutation status, was also reported in AML and correlated with poor outcome. However, transcriptome is not limited to the protein-coding genes; other types of RNA molecules exist in a cell and regulate genome function. It was shown that microRNA (miRNA) profiles differentiated AML groups and predicted outcome not worse than protein-coding gene profiles. For example, upregulation of miR-10a, miR-10b, and miR-196b and downregulation of miR-192 were found as typical of AML with NPM1 mutation whereas overexpression of miR-155 was associated with FLT3-internal tandem duplication (FLT3-ITD). Development of high-throughput technologies and microarray replacement by next generation sequencing (RNA-seq) enabled uncovering a real variety of leukemic cell transcriptomes, reflected by gene fusions, chimeric RNAs, alternatively spliced transcripts, miRNAs, piRNAs, long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), and their special type, circular RNAs. Many of them can be considered as AML biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets. The relations between particular RNA puzzles and other components of leukemic cells and their microenvironment, such as exosomes, are now under investigation. Hopefully, the results of this research will shed the light on these aspects of AML pathogenesis which are still not completely understood.
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Assi SA, Bonifer C, Cockerill PN. Rewiring of the Transcription Factor Network in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Cancer Inform 2019; 18:1176935119859863. [PMID: 31263370 PMCID: PMC6595639 DOI: 10.1177/1176935119859863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a highly heterogeneous cancer associated with different patterns of gene expression determined by the nature of their DNA mutations. These mutations mostly act to deregulate gene expression by various mechanisms at the level of the nucleus. By performing genome-wide epigenetic profiling of cis-regulatory elements, we found that AML encompasses different mutation-specific subclasses associated with the rewiring of the gene regulatory networks that drive differentiation into different directions away from normal myeloid development. By integrating epigenetic profiles with gene expression and chromatin conformation data, we defined pathways within gene regulation networks that were differentially rewired within each mutation-specific subclass of AML. This analysis revealed 2 major classes of AML: one class defined by mutations in signaling molecules that activate AP-1 via the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathway and a second class defined by mutations within genes encoding transcription factors such as RUNX1/CBFβ and C/EBPα. By identifying specific DNA motifs protected from DNase I digestion at cis-regulatory elements, we were able to infer candidate transcription factors bound to these motifs. These integrated analyses allowed the identification of AML subtype-specific core regulatory networks that are required for AML development and maintenance, which could now be targeted in personalized therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salam A Assi
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Constanze Bonifer
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Peter N Cockerill
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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