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Chen M, Yang Y, Liu Y, Chen C. The Role of Chromosome Deletions in Human Cancers. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1044:135-148. [PMID: 29956295 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-0593-1_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chromosome deletions are a hallmark of human cancers. These chromosome abnormalities have been observed for over than a century and frequently associated with poor prognosis. However, their functions and potential underlying mechanisms remain elusive until recently. Recent technique breakthroughs, including cancer genomics, high throughput library screening and genome editing, opened a new era in the mechanistic studying of chromosome deletions in human cancer. In this chapter, we will focus on the latest studies on the functions of chromosome deletions in human cancers, especially hematopoietic malignancies and try to persuade the readers that these chromosome alterations could play significant roles in the genesis and drug responses of human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Chen
- Department of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and National Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and National Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and National Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Chong Chen
- Department of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and National Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, China.
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Ankina MA, Pavlov VV, Shakhtarina SV, Panfyorova TA, Zavitaeva TA, Danilenko AA. Study of nonrandom chromosome aberrations in bone marrow and blood cells of patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Bull Exp Biol Med 2010; 149:621-4. [PMID: 21165402 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-010-1008-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Complete karyotyping of G-stained chromosomes of bone marrow and blood cells was carried out in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphomas before and after antitumor therapy, in remissions and relapses. Clones with 1q41-43, 2q35, and 6q24-27 deletions were most incident. Their incidence in patients increased after antitumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Ankina
- Department of Cellular and Experimental Radiotherapy, Medical Radiology Center, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Obninsk, Russia.
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3
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Kiefer Y, Drieschner N, Förster H, Tiemann M, Schulte C, Rommel B, Bullerdiek J. An unbalanced t(15;18)(q21-q22;p11) as the sole cytogenetic aberration in a patient with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 200:65-9. [PMID: 20513537 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2010.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2009] [Revised: 03/17/2010] [Accepted: 03/19/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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4
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Schouten HC, Sanger WG, Armitage JO. Chromosomal Abnormalities in Malignant Lymphoma and Hodgkin's Disease. Leuk Lymphoma 2009; 5:93-100. [DOI: 10.3109/10428199109068111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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5
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Wong KF, Wong MLG, Tu SP. Dup(1)(p31.2p36.2) in acute myelomonocytic leukemia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 165:83-4. [PMID: 16490603 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2005.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2005] [Revised: 09/16/2005] [Accepted: 09/23/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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6
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Horsman DE, Okamoto I, Ludkovski O, Le N, Harder L, Gesk S, Siebert R, Chhanabhai M, Sehn L, Connors JM, Gascoyne RD. Follicular lymphoma lacking the t(14;18)(q32;q21): identification of two disease subtypes. Br J Haematol 2003; 120:424-33. [PMID: 12580956 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2141.2003.04086.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The clinical and pathological features, including karyotype data and BCL2 protein expression pattern, of follicular lymphoma without a t(14;18)(q32;q21) have not been well defined. We have identified and conducted a detailed analysis of 50 cases with follicular lymphoma who lack the t(14;18). Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis was used to exclude cases with a cryptic IGH/BCL2 rearrangement. BCL2 protein expression level was assessed by immunohistochemistry. The karyotypes were assessed for recurrent sites of structural rearrangement, duplications and deletions on a band-by-band basis, and compared with a large cohort of cases with t(14;18). A distinct pattern of chromosomal alterations was identified in the cases without t(14;18). BCL2 protein overexpression was detected in 33% of 49 tested cases. In this minority, the karyotypes frequently showed increased copies of chromosome 18. The majority of cases (67%) did not show BCL2 overexpression and were characterized prominently by the presence of t(3;14)(q27;q32), implying a role for BCL6. Follicular lymphomas that lack a t(14;18) were segregated into two subgroups with distinct cytogenetic, phenotypic and possibly clinical features: one with BCL2 protein overexpression not related to an IGH/BCL2 rearrangement and a second without BCL2 overexpression. Objective identification of BCL2 expression level as well as BCL2 and BCL6 status by cytogenetic or FISH analysis has potential clinical utility and may yield insights into alternative genetic mechanisms associated with B-cell lymphomas with a follicular growth pattern.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 14/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 18/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 3/genetics
- Female
- Humans
- Immunophenotyping
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Karyotyping
- Lymphoma, Follicular/genetics
- Lymphoma, Follicular/metabolism
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/metabolism
- Translocation, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas E Horsman
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Division, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Canada.
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7
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Mohamed AN, Palutke M, Eisenberg L, Al-Katib A. Chromosomal analyses of 52 cases of follicular lymphoma with t(14;18), including blastic/blastoid variant. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 2001; 126:45-51. [PMID: 11343778 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-4608(00)00383-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We have identified 52 patients of follicular lymphoma (FL) with t(14;18)(q32;q21). Histologically, the lymphomas were placed into six groups according to their cellular composition and growth pattern. Chromosome analysis revealed that all cases but one had additional secondary chromosomal abnormalities. The most frequent numerical aberrations were gains of chromosomes 7 (38%), X (36%), 5 (15%), 12 (15%), 18/der(18)t(14;18) (25%), and 21 (15%). Structural abnormalities of chromosome 1 were seen in 19 tumors (36%) affecting both arms with breakpoints clustered at 1p36. Other structural abnormalities included partial deletions of 6q, 10q, and 13q. Breakpoint at 8q24 was seen in four cases. The chromosome aberrations were correlated with the morphological subtypes of follicular lymphoma. Gain of chromosome 7 appeared to be associated with follicular large cell lymphoma. The incidence of trisomy 5 and 12, and 13q- was higher in follicular lymphoma with aggressive histological features than in low-grade lymphoma. In addition, complexity of the karyotype and high degree of polyploidy increased with the grade. The most valuable cytogenetic markers in the t(14;18) lymphomas are those involving 8q24 which was found exclusively in the blastic/blastoid variant FL. Therefore, chromosome analysis in relation to histologic pattern of follicular lymphoma can provide additional information in predicting tumor evolution and transformation to a higher-grade malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Mohamed
- Department of Pathology and Cytogenetics Laboratory, Hutzel Prof. Bldg., 4727 St. Antoine Blvd., Suite #411, 48201-2097, Detroit, MI, USA.
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8
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Cigudosa JC, Parsa NZ, Louie DC, Filippa DA, Jhanwar SC, Johansson B, Mitelman F, Chaganti R. Cytogenetic analysis of 363 consecutively ascertained diffuse large B-cell lymphomas. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2264(199906)25:2<123::aid-gcc8>3.0.co;2-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Rosenquist R, Linderholm B, Lindström A, Hagberg H, Sundström C, Roos G, Holmberg D, Lindh J. Alterations of the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus in progressive B-cell lymphomas. Acta Oncol 1998; 37:193-200. [PMID: 9636015 DOI: 10.1080/028418698429766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Twenty-two patients with relapsed or progressive B-cell lymphomas (BCL) were analysed for alterations in the rearrangement status in the immunoglobulin heavy (IgH) chain gene in samples obtained on different occasions during the course of the disease. The analysis was performed using Southern blot hybridization of the IgH gene and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the VH gene families combined with single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis. Using Southern blot analysis, we found that all 22 lymphomas displayed clonal IgH rearrangements, and changes during tumour progression occurred in 8 cases. These alterations were mainly observed in cases with follicular or transformed lymphomas. More than one malignant (sub)clone, indicated by more than two rearranged bands, was detected in one case at diagnosis and in three cases at relapse. Outgrowth of subclones with divergent rearrangement patterns in different compartments was also observed in 2 out of 8 cases. PCR-SSCP analysis indicated that all 15 cases studied displayed clonal rearrangements and in 6 cases altered rearrangement patterns were detected in later samples. Southern blotting and PCR-SCCP analysis gave equivalent results. No association was found between time to relapse or survival time and alterations in rearrangement pattern. The present study illustrates that the neoplastic cell clones in BCL often display alterations in their IgH locus, but the significance of this feature remains to be clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Rosenquist
- Department of Pathology, Umeå University, Sweden.
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Dreyling MH, Roulston D, Bohlander SK, Vardiman J, Olopade OI. Codeletion ofCDKN2 andMTAP genes in a subset of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma may be associated with histologic transformation from low-grade to diffuse large-cell lymphoma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 1998. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2264(199805)22:1<72::aid-gcc10>3.0.co;2-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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Correlation Between Mutation in P53, p53 Expression, Cytogenetics, Histologic Type, and Survival in Patients With B-Cell Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma. Blood 1997. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v90.10.4078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
In the biology of a cell, the central role of p53 in controlling functions such as G1/S transition (check point) and DNA damage repair, and as a trigger of apoptosis, is well established. Somatic mutations or other changes in P53 have been reported in numerous tumor types, and in some of these, they are associated with poor prognosis. In this study, we examined 237 cytogenetically characterized B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (B-NHLs) for somatic changes in P53 by Southern blot analysis, by single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis (SSCP) of exon 5 through 9, and by direct sequencing of SSCP variants to determine the frequency and types of mutations and their clinical significance. In a portion of these (173 tumors), we also studied p53 expression by immunostaining. On Southern blots, no gross change was identified in P53 and no mutation was identified in exon 9. In exons 5 through 8, 27 different mutations were identified in 25 patients (23 single-base substitutions, 3 deletions, 1 duplication). Mutations in P53 were identified in 25 of 237 tumors (10.5%), which included 1 of 45 small lymphocytic lymphomas (SLLs), 2 of 38 follicular small cleaved-cell lymphomas (FSCCs), 2 of 35 follicular mixed small cleaved-cell and large-cell lymphomas (FMxs), 1 of 4 follicular large-cell lymphomas (FLCs), 1 of 14 diffuse small cleaved-cell lymphomas (DSCCs), 2 of 17 diffuse mixed small- and large-cell lymphomas (DMxs), and 16 of 84 diffuse large-cell lymphomas (DLCCs); the difference between the histologic groups was significant (P < .01). Among mantle-cell lymphoma (MC) patients, 3 of 10 had mutations. In 16 patients, the mutation was identified in specimens obtained at diagnosis. Mutation of transition type and transversion type occurred at a relative frequency of 2:1. Thirty percent occurred at CpG dinucleotide sequences and the codon for arginine was most frequently affected. Nineteen of 99 tumors with complex cytogenetic abnormalities, but none of 69 tumors with simple cytogenetic abnormalities, had mutations (P < .001). Similarly, 11 of 25 tumors with an abnormality of 17p and 8 of 143 tumors with apparently normal 17p had mutations (P < .0001). Positive correlations were found between a mutation and p53 expression (P < .001), between missense type mutations and p53 expression (P < .005), and between 17p abnormalities and p53 expression (P < .05). Twenty-two of 49 patients without mutation and 14 of 17 patients with mutations died (P < .05), but there was no significant difference in median survival. Similarly, 21 of 26 p53 positive patients died, whereas only 1 of 24 p53-negative patients died on-study (P < .001). Among p53-negative patients, mutation (P < .01) was positively associated with a fatal outcome. These findings indicate that in B-NHL, somatic changes in P53 were present in diagnostic specimens of all histologic types, but at a higher frequency in DLC and MC tumors. P53 mutation and/or expression has a negative influence on survival, and therefore can serve as prognostic indicators. Immunostaining for p53 is an effective way to screen for P53 changes in these tumors.
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Hernandez JM, Mecucci C, Michaux L, Criel A, Stul M, Meeus P, Wlodarska I, Van Orshoven A, Cassiman JJ, De Wolf-Peeters C, Van den Berghe H. del(7q) in chronic B-cell lymphoid malignancies. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 1997; 93:147-51. [PMID: 9078299 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-4608(96)00183-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Twelve patients with diagnosis of B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma/leukemia and del[7q] were studied for their clinical, cytogenetic, and molecular characteristics. Eleven patients were classified as small cell lymphoma whereas one had a diffuse large cell lymphoma. Lymphoplasmacytic features were observed in six out of eleven small cell lymphomas. Morphologically and immunologically these small cell lymphomas could be classified as chronic lymphocytic leukemia (typical or atypical; 4 cases), marginal zone lymphoma (splenic lymphoma with villous lymphocytes; 1 case), mantle cell lymphoma (2 cases), or nonspecified, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (4 cases). Eleven of twelve patients presented with peripheral blood and bone marrow involvement. Two of twelve cases showed del[7q] as the sole anomaly. Two different types of deletions were present: ten cases had del(7)(q21q31) and two cases had del(7)(q31q34). Cases that could be molecularly investigated did not show any involvement of BCL2, BCL3, or BCL6, and only one case had BCL1 rearrangement. The data indicate that del(7q) is associated with a subset of mature small B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders of which some but not all show lymphoplasmatic features.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Hernandez
- Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven, Belgium
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Khokhar MT, Brito-Babapulle V, Matutes E, Catovsky D. Cytogenetic abnormalities in the leukemic phase of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 1995; 83:18-24. [PMID: 7656198 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-4608(94)00308-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We have carried out chromosome analysis in a series of 16 non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL) cases in leukemic phase. The diagnoses in these patients based on histology and immunologic markers were as follows: follicular lymphoma (FL), 3 cases; mantle cell lymphoma (Mc), 4 cases; lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma (LPL), 8 cases, and large cell lymphoma, 1 case. We have shown that the t(14;18), t(11;14), and trisomy 12 retained their subtype association with FL, Mc, and LPL, respectively, as in their nonleukemic counterparts with one case of FL showing t(1;19)(q23;p13). Among the four LPL cases without trisomy 12, one case each showed t(12;14)(q13;q32), trisomy 14, t(1;3)(p34;q21), and del(3)(q21). The t(1;19) and t(12;14) may represent rare events in FL and LPL, respectively, and may be uniquely associated with the leukemic phase. The breakpoint 14q32 was the most common single breakpoint involved, sometimes involving both chromosome 14 homologues depicting its association with primary and secondary genetic events in the disease progression. In addition to the main abnormalities, we have shown additional complex abnormalities in 14 of 16 cases. Among these, chromosome 3 was the most commonly involved, affecting the short or long arm or the whole chromosome; 5 of the 16 cases involved breakpoint 3q21. The high incidence of additional abnormalities in these NHL in leukemic phase suggest an association with the development of leukemia and progression of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Khokhar
- Academic Department of Hematology and Cytogenetics, Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton, U.K
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Daniel MT, Tigaud I, Flexor MA, Nogueira ME, Berger R, Jonveaux P. Leukaemic non-Hodgkin's lymphomas with hyperdiploid cells and t(11;14)(q13;q32): a subtype of mantle cell lymphoma? Br J Haematol 1995; 90:77-84. [PMID: 7786799 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1995.tb03383.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The present study describes five patients with leukaemic non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) detected on the basis of particular morphology and cytogenetic findings. With respect to histological, immunological and cytogenetic features these NHL are closely related to mantle cell lymphoma/intermediate differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma. However, the presence of unusual large cells associated with the t(11;14)(q13;q32) translocation and numerical chromosome changes, in the near triploid or near tetraploid range, could delineate a particular subtype of mantle cell lymphoma.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 14
- Diploidy
- Female
- Gene Rearrangement
- Humans
- Immunophenotyping
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Karyotyping
- Leukemia/genetics
- Leukemia/immunology
- Leukemia/pathology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/genetics
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/immunology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/pathology
- Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/genetics
- Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/immunology
- Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/pathology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Translocation, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Daniel
- Laboratoire Central d'Hématologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
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Schoch C, Rieder H, Stollmann-Gibbels B, Freund M, Tischler HJ, Silling-Engelhardt G, Fonatsch C. 17p anomalies in lymphoid malignancies: diagnostic and prognostic implications. Leuk Lymphoma 1995; 17:271-9. [PMID: 8580796 DOI: 10.3109/10428199509056832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Eighteen patients with lymphoid malignancies and abnormalities of the short arm of chromosome 17 were evaluated, in order to analyse whether this anomaly was associated with a particular subgroup of lymphoid malignancies. The patients suffered from acute lymphoblastic leukemia, high-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma or plasma cell leukemia. No 17p anomaly was found in any patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia or low-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. In four cases the aberration of the short arm of chromosome 17 was the sole cytogenetic abnormality, in fourteen patients additional chromosomal aberrations were found. Five out of 18 cases were Burkitt's lymphoma/leukemia showing the typical rearrangement of 8q24. In cases with a karyotype evolution the 17p anomaly was always a late event. Concerning the clinical outcome of the patients with abnormalities of the short arm of chromosome 17 eight of nineteen patients died within 90 days after the diagnosis of the 17p anomaly only three were alive at the last follow up (26 months to 40 months after diagnosis of a 17p aberration). Rearrangements of 17p, especially as secondary cytogenetic events, seem to be associated with a poor clinical outcome in lymphoid malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Schoch
- Arbeitsgruppe Tumorcytogenetik, Medizinische Universität zu Lübeck, Germany
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Lukeis R, Juneja S, Tan L, Matthews J, Cooper I, Ironside P, Garson OM. Association of abnormalities of chromosome 11 with t(14;18) in diffuse non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 1994; 78:36-9. [PMID: 7987803 DOI: 10.1016/0165-4608(94)90043-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Cytogenetic studies of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL) have revealed a nonrandom translocation, t(14;18)(q32;q21), to be strongly correlated with follicular histology. In our recent study of 149 cases of NHL, 68 cases had a t(14;18). Forty-four of these were follicular and 24 diffuse. In the majority of cases (90%) there were additional chromosome abnormalities, which were analyzed to determine whether any were specifically associated with diffuse histology. Chromosome 11 abnormalities occurring together with the t(14;18) were found to be present in 17/68 cases; 14/17 (82%) were diffuse and 3/17 (18%) were follicular NHL. Thus, 14/24 (58%) of all diffuse lymphomas with t(14;18) had an abnormality of chromosome 11 compared to only 3/44 (7%) of follicular lymphomas, suggesting that the addition of an abnormality of chromosome 11 to a t(14;18) karyotype is associated with diffuse histology.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Lukeis
- Department of Cytogenetics, Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute, Melbourne, Australia
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17
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Hawkins JM, Moorman AV, Hoffbrand AV, Martineau M, Wright FS, Mehta AB, Prentice HG, Secker-Walker LM. Association of 17p loss with late-stage or refractory disease in hematologic malignancy. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 1994; 77:134-43. [PMID: 7954324 DOI: 10.1016/0165-4608(94)90229-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Twenty-five patients with loss of part or all of 17p were selected from 701 patients with hematologic malignancies karyotyped either at diagnosis and/or at relapse and/or in refractory disease. Loss of 17p resulted from partial arm deletion (eight cases), unbalanced translocation (12 cases), i(17)(q10)(five cases) or monosomy 17 (four cases). In three cases, both 17ps were missing; in one case, two sublines independently acquired loss of 17p. In eight cases, loss of 17p was confirmed as a secondary change. The karyotypes generally were complex, with an average of 4.0 structurally abnormal chromosomes in the simplest lines showing 17p loss. The incidence at diagnosis was acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) 2.2%, acute myeloid leukemia (AML) 2.4%, and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) 3.4%. The incidence in relapse and refractory disease was ALL 8.9%, AML 3.3%, and MDS 6.3%. The increased incidence of 17p loss in relapse and refractory disease was statistically significant (p < 0.05). Loss of 17p appears to be a feature of late-stage or resistant disease in hematologic malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Hawkins
- Department of Haematology, Royal Free Hospital, London, England
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Dalla-Favera R, Ye BH, Lo Coco F, Gaidano G, Lista F, Knowles DM, Louie DC, Offit K, Chaganti RS. Identification of genetic lesions associated with diffuse large-cell lymphoma. Ann Oncol 1994; 5 Suppl 1:55-60. [PMID: 8172819 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/5.suppl_1.s55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathogenesis of several subtypes of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) is associated with specific genetic lesions involving oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes. These lesions include c-myc translocation and p53 inactivation in small noncleaved-cell lymphoma, and bcl-2 and bcl-1 translocation in follicular (FL) and mantle-zone lymphoma, respectively. Relatively little is known, however, about the pathogenesis of diffuse lymphoma with a large-cell component (DLLC; including large-, mixed-cell, and immunoblastic), the most relevant NHL type in terms of morbidity and mortality. Since DLLC can occur 'de novo' or via histologic transformation of follicular lymphoma, it is critical to identify lesions associated with both pathogenetic pathways. DESIGN The present work is aimed at (i) identifying the role of cytogenetic and molecular lesions involving oncogenes or tumor-suppressor genes in the transformation of FL into DLLC in a series of 5 patients for whom sequential biopsies were available pre- and post-transformation and (ii) identifying novel proto-oncogenes involved in DLLC pathogenesis by molecular analysis of chromosomal translocations affecting band 3q27, which are common in DLLC. RESULTS Mutations of the p53 gene were detected in 4 of 5 cases displaying histologic transformation from follicular to diffuse-type NHL. A novel proto-oncogene, bcl-6, coding for a zinc-finger transcription factor, was cloned from 3q27 breakpoints and shown to be structurally altered in 33% (13/39) of DLLC samples studied, but not in other types of lymphoid malignancies. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that inactivation of the p53 tumor-suppressor gene may complement bcl-2 activation and be involved in the transformation of FL into DLLC. Activation of the bcl-6 oncogene may represent one of the steps in the pathogenesis of 'de novo' DLLC. Both lesions should prove useful as diagnostic and prognostic markers in the clinical management of these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Dalla-Favera
- Department of Pathology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Carcinogenesis, the formation of solid tumors, is now widely accepted to represent a multistep process. Several genetic events, activation of proto-oncogenes and inactivation of tumor suppressor genes, are involved. DESIGN Review of the literature for evidence that the concept of multistep transformation has relevance also for the formation of low-grade lymphoproliferative diseases. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION The common translocations in low-grade lymphoid tumors are probably early events, predominantly involved in the activation of oncogenes, leading to growth stimulation or prolonged cell survival. As a result 'monoclonal lymphoproliferative disorders of undetermined significance (MLDUS)' occur, undetermined, because some translocations may not always led to tumor formation. For progression to full malignancy, additional genetic events are required besides sequential selection of variant subpopulations within the neoplastic clone. Recent data indicate that mutations and deletions of putative tumor suppressor genes, including the P53 and retinoblastoma genes, are also involved in the progression of lymphoproliferative disorders. A list of lymphoproliferative diseases stressing this concept of multistep transformation is presented in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- C U Ludwig
- Department of Research, University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
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20
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Abstract
Analysis of chromosome abnormalities in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma has stimulated a basic inquiry into the mechanisms of gene deregulation in human tumors. A growing literature has also correlated cytogenetic and molecular genetic features of lymphoma with patient prognosis and other clinical features of the disease. The goal of this report is to review those genetic abnormalities which are currently useful in the clinical management of patients with lymphoma, and to provide a conceptual framework for this growing literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Offit
- Department of Medicine (Lymphoma Service), Memorial Hospital, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, N.Y. 10021
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21
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Clark HM, Jones DB, Wright DH. Cytogenetic and molecular studies of t(14;18) and t(14;19) in nodal and extranodal B-cell lymphoma. J Pathol 1992; 166:129-37. [PMID: 1560313 DOI: 10.1002/path.1711660208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We have examined 107 cases of B-cell lymphoma for the t(14;18) translocation, characteristically described in follicular lymphoma. B-Cell lymphomas of extranodal origin, and in particular malignancies derived from mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), were compared with node-based lymphomas of follicular and diffuse morphology. Cytogenetic techniques were supplemented by molecular analysis using probes which recognize both the major and the minor breakpoint regions of the bcl-2 gene located on chromosome 18 (q21). t(14;18) was detected in 55 per cent of follicular and 27 per cent of diffuse B-cell lymphomas thought to be of follicle centre cell origin. Cytogenetics and molecular analysis proved equally effective in demonstrating the translocation. t(14;18) was not observed in the 36 extranodal lymphomas examined, of which 20 were characterized histologically as lymphomas of MALT, using either technique. In addition, 30 cases demonstrated only a germline band when probed with a bcl-3 probe specific for t(14;19), a translocation observed in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL). Cytogenetic abnormalities were detected in all cases of extranodal lymphoma, although no consistent abnormality was observed. Numerical abnormalities of chromosomes 3, 6, 16, and 18; structural abnormalities of chromosomes 2, 6, 8, and 9; and small marker chromosomes were frequently seen. This study provides data which suggest that different genetic events are involved in the development of lymphoma of MALT from those giving rise to follicle centre cell lymphomas.
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MESH Headings
- Autoradiography
- Blotting, Southern
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 14
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 18
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 19
- DNA/analysis
- Humans
- Karyotyping/methods
- Lymphoid Tissue
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/classification
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/genetics
- Male
- Molecular Probe Techniques
- Translocation, Genetic/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Clark
- University Department of Pathology, Southampton General Hospital, U.K
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22
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Chromosomal Aberrations in Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma: Biologic and Clinical Correlations. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0889-8588(18)30389-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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23
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Offit K, Jhanwar SC, Ladanyi M, Filippa DA, Chaganti RS. Cytogenetic analysis of 434 consecutively ascertained specimens of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: correlations between recurrent aberrations, histology, and exposure to cytotoxic treatment. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 1991; 3:189-201. [PMID: 1868033 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.2870030304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytogenetic abnormalities in non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma (NHL) provide a model system for the analysis of the role of multiple genomic aberrations in human malignancy. In order to define correlations with histology, tumor evolution, and the effects of genotoxic exposure, cytogenetic analysis was performed on 434 specimens of NHL derived from 423 patients consecutively ascertained over a 5-year period (1984-1989). Six recurring translocations (RT) were observed: t(14;18)(q32;q21), t(8;14)(q24;q32), t(11;14)(q13;q32), t(3;22)(q27;11), t(2;5)(p23;q35), and t(1;6)(q21;q25). No translocation was specific to a single histologic subtype. Other structural chromosome abnormalities were analyzed according to break site; groups of related breaks were considered together for statistical analysis. Recurring other structural and numerical aberrations (ROA) encountered in greater than 10% of specimens included rearrangements with breaks at bands 1p32-36, 1q21-23, 6q21-25, and trisomies of chromosomes 7 and 12. ROA with one of these breaks or numerical abnormalities were the sole abnormalities in at least two cases. Correlations were observed among ROA and between ROA and histologic subtypes. Trisomy 7, breaks at 1q21-23, 1p32-36, 6q21-25, and 7q32 were associated with t(14;18); trisomy 18 was associated with trisomy 3; and structural abnormalities of chromosome 17 were associated with breaks at 1p32-36 and 6q21-25. Trisomy 7 and trisomy 12 were more frequent in t(14;18)-bearing intermediate to high grade tumors compared to low grade tumors. Trisomy 12 and breaks at band 1p22 were associated with large cell diffuse lymphomas. Incidence rates of reciprocal translocations, ROA, and measures of karyotypic complexity, including number of breakpoints and marker chromosomes were compared in pretreatment and posttreatment samples. Karyotypic complexity was greater in the posttreatment samples, reflecting an increased frequency of nonrecurring and low incidence aberrations. These results better define the association of genomic aberrations and tumorigenesis, histologic transformation, and tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Offit
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, New York
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24
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Abstract
B-cell malignancies reveal a number of consistent translocations involving the C-MYC, BCL and IG genes. In common, these rearrangements usually lead to an inability of the involved B-cells to respond to normal regulatory controls for expression of the genes. This usually lead to over-production of the protein products of the genes at inappropriate times of the cell growth cycle and appears to allow a survival advantage to the B-cell. The result of these changes almost certainly plays a prominent role in the development of B-cell neoplasia. Classification of these lymphoma's at a molecular level may be of benefit to determine the prognosis and treatment in addition to providing a useful marker of disease. Determining the molecular basis of these B-cell lymphomas may help our understanding of their pathogenesis. This in turn could lead to more rational treatment aimed at altering the abnormal molecular changes and returning the neoplastic cells to normal cell development.
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MESH Headings
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 14
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 8
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/physiology
- Genes, Immunoglobulin/genetics
- Genes, myc/genetics
- Humans
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/etiology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/genetics
- Models, Genetic
- Oncogenes/genetics
- Translocation, Genetic/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- F E Cotter
- ICRF Department of Medical Oncology, St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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