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Biswal BK, Zhang B, Thi Minh Tran P, Zhang J, Balasubramanian R. Recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries for a sustainable future: recent advancements. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:5552-5592. [PMID: 38644694 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00898c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are widely used as power storage systems in electronic devices and electric vehicles (EVs). Recycling of spent LIBs is of utmost importance from various perspectives including recovery of valuable metals (mostly Co and Li) and mitigation of environmental pollution. Recycling methods such as direct recycling, pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy, bio-hydrometallurgy (bioleaching) and electrometallurgy are generally used to resynthesise LIBs. These methods have their own benefits and drawbacks. This manuscript provides a critical review of recent advances in the recycling of spent LIBs, including the development of recycling processes, identification of the products obtained from recycling, and the effects of recycling methods on environmental burdens. Insights into chemical reactions, thermodynamics, kinetics, and the influence of operating parameters of each recycling technology are provided. The sustainability of recycling technologies (e.g., life cycle assessment and life cycle cost analysis) is critically evaluated. Finally, the existing challenges and future prospects are presented for further development of sustainable, highly efficient, and environmentally benign recycling of spent LIBs to contribute to the circular economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basanta Kumar Biswal
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore.
| | - Bei Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore.
| | - Phuong Thi Minh Tran
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore.
- The University of Danang - University of Science and Technology, 54 Nguyen Luong Bang Str., Danang City, Vietnam
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore.
| | - Rajasekhar Balasubramanian
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore.
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2
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Ma H, Wang F, Shen M, Tong Y, Wang H, Hu H. Advances of LiCoO 2 in Cathode of Aqueous Lithium-Ion Batteries. SMALL METHODS 2024; 8:e2300820. [PMID: 38150645 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202300820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous lithium-ion batteries offer promising advantages such as low cost, enhanced safety, high rate capability, and the ability to deliver considerable capacity at 1.8 V, making them ideal candidates for large-scale reserve power sources for renewable energy. However, the practical application of aqueous lithium-ion batteries has been hindered by the poor cycle stability of layered cathode materials, including LiCoO2, in neutral aqueous electrolytes. This review examines the working principles, material limitations, and research progress of aqueous lithium-ion batteries. The types and characteristics of materials used in the cathode of aqueous lithium-ion batteries are summarized, with a primary focus on the attenuation mechanisms of LiCoO2 when used as the cathode material in aqueous electrolytes. Furthermore, this review explores the advancements in utilizing LiCoO2 in the cathode of aqueous lithium-ion batteries, as well as the combination with machine learning. By addressing these critical aspects, this review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of aqueous lithium-ion batteries and shed light on future development and application prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailing Ma
- Hoffmann Institute of Advanced Materials, Shenzhen Polytechnic, 7098 Liuxian Boulevard, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
- School of Engineering and Technology, The University of New South Wales, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia
| | - Fei Wang
- Hoffmann Institute of Advanced Materials, Shenzhen Polytechnic, 7098 Liuxian Boulevard, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Minghai Shen
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yao Tong
- Hoffmann Institute of Advanced Materials, Shenzhen Polytechnic, 7098 Liuxian Boulevard, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Hongxu Wang
- School of Engineering and Technology, The University of New South Wales, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia
| | - Hanlin Hu
- Hoffmann Institute of Advanced Materials, Shenzhen Polytechnic, 7098 Liuxian Boulevard, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
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Wu X, Liu Y, Wang J, Tan Y, Liang Z, Zhou G. Toward Circular Energy: Exploring Direct Regeneration for Lithium-Ion Battery Sustainability. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2403818. [PMID: 38794816 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202403818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are rapidly developing into attractive energy storage technologies. As LIBs gradually enter retirement, their sustainability is starting to come into focus. The utilization of recycled spent LIBs as raw materials for battery manufacturing is imperative for resource and environmental sustainability. The sustainability of spent LIBs depends on the recycling process, whereby the cycling of battery materials must be maximized while minimizing waste emissions and energy consumption. Although LIB recycling technologies (hydrometallurgy and pyrometallurgy) have been commercialized on a large scale, they have unavoidable limitations. They are incompatible with circular economy principles because they require toxic chemicals, emit hazardous substances, and consume large amounts of energy. The direct regeneration of degraded electrode materials from spent LIBs is a viable alternative to traditional recycling technologies and is a nondestructive repair technology. Furthermore, direct regeneration offers advantages such as maximization of the value of recycled electrode materials, use of sustainable, nontoxic reagents, high potential profitability, and significant application potential. Therefore, this review aims to investigate the state-of-the-art direct LIB regeneration technologies that can be extended to large-scale applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxue Wu
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute and Tsinghua Shenzhen International, Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yuhang Liu
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Junxiong Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute and Tsinghua Shenzhen International, Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yihong Tan
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Zheng Liang
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Guangmin Zhou
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute and Tsinghua Shenzhen International, Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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Kasri MA, Mohd Halizan MZ, Harun I, Bahrudin FI, Daud N, Aizamddin MF, Amira Shaffee SN, Rahman NA, Shafiee SA, Mahat MM. Addressing preliminary challenges in upscaling the recovery of lithium from spent lithium ion batteries by the electrochemical method: a review. RSC Adv 2024; 14:15515-15541. [PMID: 38741977 PMCID: PMC11089646 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra00972j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The paramount importance of lithium (Li) nowadays and the mounting volume of untreated spent LIB have imposed pressure on innovators to tackle the near-term issue of Li resource depletion through recycling. The trajectory of research dedicated to recycling has skyrocketed in this decade, reflecting the global commitment to addressing the issues surrounding Li resources. Although metallurgical methods, such as pyro- and hydrometallurgy, are presently prevalent in Li recycling, they exhibit unsustainable operational characteristics including elevated temperatures, the utilization of substantial quantities of expensive chemicals, and the generation of emissions containing toxic gases such as Cl2, SO2, and NOx. Therefore, the alternative electrochemical method has gained growing attention, as it involves a more straightforward operation leveraging ion-selective features and employing water as the main reagent, which is seen as more environmentally benign. Despite this, intensive efforts are still required to advance the electrochemical method toward commercialisation. This review highlights the key points in the electrochemical method that demand attention, including the feasibility of a large-scale setup, consideration of the substantial volume of electrolyte consumption, the design of membranes with the desired features, a suitable layout of the membrane, and the absence of techno-economic assessments for the electrochemical method. The perspectives presented herein provide a crucial understanding of the challenges of advancing the technological readiness level of the electrochemical method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Arif Kasri
- Department of Chemistry, Kulliyyah of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia Jalan Sultan Ahmad Shah 25200 Kuantan Pahang Malaysia
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA 40450 Shah Alam Selangor Malaysia
| | | | - Irina Harun
- Department of Environment, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, Universiti Putra Malaysia Serdang 43400 Selangor Malaysia
| | - Fadzli Irwan Bahrudin
- Kulliyyah of Architecture & Environmental Design, International Islamic University Malaysia Gombak 53100 Kuala Lumpur Selangor Malaysia
| | - Nuraini Daud
- Faculty of Artificial Intelligence, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia 54100 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Faiz Aizamddin
- Group Research and Technology, PETRONAS Research Sdn. Bhd. Bandar Baru Bangi 43000 Selangor Malaysia
| | - Siti Nur Amira Shaffee
- Group Research and Technology, PETRONAS Research Sdn. Bhd. Bandar Baru Bangi 43000 Selangor Malaysia
| | - Norazah Abd Rahman
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA 40450 Shah Alam Selangor Malaysia
| | - Saiful Arifin Shafiee
- Department of Chemistry, Kulliyyah of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia Jalan Sultan Ahmad Shah 25200 Kuantan Pahang Malaysia
| | - Mohd Muzamir Mahat
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA 40450 Shah Alam Selangor Malaysia
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Zhang Y, Xie K, Shi J, Guo C, Lin CT, Che J, Wu K. Dressing Paraffin Wax/Boron Nitride Phase Change Composite with a Polyethylene "Underwear" for the Reliable Battery Safety Management. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2304886. [PMID: 38009493 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202304886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Phase change material (PCM) can provide a battery system with a buffer platform to respond to thermal failure problems. However, current PCMs through compositing inorganics still suffer from insufficient thermal-transport behavior and safety reliability against external force. Herein, a best-of-both-worlds method is reported to allow the PCM out of this predicament. It is conducted by combining a traditional PCM (i.e., paraffin wax/boron nitride) with a spirally weaved polyethylene fiber fabric, just like the traditional PCM is wearing functional underwear. On the one hand, the spirally continuous thermal pathways of polyethylene fibers in the fabric collaborate with the boron nitride network in the PCM, enhancing the through-plane and in-plane thermal conductivity to 10.05 and 7.92 W m-1 K, respectively. On the other, strong polyethylene fibers allow the PCM to withstand a high puncture strength of 47.13 N and tensile strength of 18.45 MPa although above the phase transition temperature. After this typical PCM packs a triple Li-ion battery system, the battery can be promised reliable safety management against both thermal and mechanical abuse. An obvious temperature drop of >10 °C is observed in the battery electrode during the cycling charging and discharging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongzheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, P. R. China
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Keqing Xie
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Jiawei Shi
- Key Laboratory for Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, P. R. China
| | - Cong Guo
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Cheng-Te Lin
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
| | - Jianfei Che
- Key Laboratory for Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, P. R. China
| | - Kai Wu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
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Gu K, Tokoro C, Takaya Y, Zhou J, Qin W, Han J. Resource recovery and regeneration strategies for spent lithium-ion batteries: Toward sustainable high-value cathode materials. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 179:120-129. [PMID: 38471250 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2024.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Traditional cathode recycling methods have become outdated amid growing concerns for high-value output and environmental friendliness in spent Li-ion battery (LIB) recycling. Our study presents a closed-loop approach that involves selective sulfurization roasting, water leaching, and regeneration, efficiently transforming spent ternary Li batteries (i.e., NCM) into high-performance cathode materials. By combining experimental investigations with density functional theory (DFT) calculations, we elucidate the mechanisms within the NCM-C-S roasting system, providing a theoretical foundation for selective sulfidation. Utilizing in situ X-ray diffraction techniques and a series of consecutive experiments, the study meticulously tracks the evolution of regenerating cathode materials that use transition metal sulfides as their primary raw materials. The Li-rich regenerated NCM exhibits exceptional electrochemical performance, including long-term cycling, high-rate capabilities, reversibility, and stability. The closed-loop approach highlights the sustainability and environmental friendliness of this recycling process, with potential applications in other cathode materials, such as LiCoO2 and LiMn2O4. Compared with traditional methods, this short process approach avoids the complexity of leaching, solvent extraction, and reverse extraction, significantly increasing metal utilization and Li recovery rates while reducing pollution and resource waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunhong Gu
- School of Minerals Processing & Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; Department of Systems Innovation, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Chiharu Tokoro
- Department of Systems Innovation, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan; Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Yutaro Takaya
- Department of Systems Innovation, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan; Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Jiang Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Wenqing Qin
- School of Minerals Processing & Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Junwei Han
- School of Minerals Processing & Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China.
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7
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Milian YE, Jamett N, Cruz C, Herrera-León S, Chacana-Olivares J. A comprehensive review of emerging technologies for recycling spent lithium-ion batteries. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 910:168543. [PMID: 37984661 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Along with the increasing demand for lithium-ion batteries (LIB), the need for recycling major components such as graphite and different critical materials contained in LIB is also reaching a peak in the research community. Several authors review the different LIB recycling methodologies, including pyro- and hydrometallurgy processes. However, the characteristics, main stages, and achievements of LIB emerging recycling are still missing. This study reviews the diverse emerging approaches for recycling critical materials from spent LIB in the last five years. A classification for emerging recycling technologies is provided, including terms like development stage and eco-friendly status. The main stages of recycling LIB are opening, phase separation, and materials recovery. Among the emerging proposals with the highest industrialization potential are direct recycling techniques due to low costs and simple procedures. Concerning phase separation, froth flotation and ultrasound-assisted methods are discussed. The former divides black mass into pure anodic and cathodic materials, while ultrasonication is employed to physically detach active materials from foils or enhance binder degradation. As to materials recovery, several recent approaches show high recovery efficiency for different elements, mainly in leaching. The use of new organic acids, deep eutectic acids, and some salts are worth noting as leaching agents due to their low environmental impact. In addition, leaching methods assisted by ultrasound and microwave irradiation increase valuable metal recovery, reducing time consumption and the number of leaching reactants. As a part of the hydrometallurgy process, metallic ion purification is performed by solvent extraction and ion exchange, while selective precipitation can be achieved by specific chemical agents or electrochemical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanio E Milian
- Centro Lithium I+D+i, Universidad Católica del Norte, Avenida Angamos 0610, 1270709 Antofagasta, Chile; Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Medio Ambiente, Universidad Católica del Norte, Avenida Angamos 0610, 1270709 Antofagasta, Chile.
| | - Nathalie Jamett
- Centro Lithium I+D+i, Universidad Católica del Norte, Avenida Angamos 0610, 1270709 Antofagasta, Chile; Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Medio Ambiente, Universidad Católica del Norte, Avenida Angamos 0610, 1270709 Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Constanza Cruz
- Centro Lithium I+D+i, Universidad Católica del Norte, Avenida Angamos 0610, 1270709 Antofagasta, Chile; Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Medio Ambiente, Universidad Católica del Norte, Avenida Angamos 0610, 1270709 Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Sebastián Herrera-León
- Centro Lithium I+D+i, Universidad Católica del Norte, Avenida Angamos 0610, 1270709 Antofagasta, Chile; Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Medio Ambiente, Universidad Católica del Norte, Avenida Angamos 0610, 1270709 Antofagasta, Chile; School of Engineering Science, LUT University, P.O. Box 20, FI-53851 Lappeenranta, Finland
| | - Jaime Chacana-Olivares
- Centro Lithium I+D+i, Universidad Católica del Norte, Avenida Angamos 0610, 1270709 Antofagasta, Chile; Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Medio Ambiente, Universidad Católica del Norte, Avenida Angamos 0610, 1270709 Antofagasta, Chile
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Lan Y, Li X, Zhou G, Yao W, Cheng H, Tang Y. Direct Regenerating Cathode Materials from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2304425. [PMID: 37955914 PMCID: PMC10767406 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202304425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Recycling cathode materials from spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is critical to a sustainable society as it will relief valuable but scarce recourse crises and reduce environment burdens simultaneously. Different from conventional hydrometallurgical and pyrometallurgical recycling methods, direct regeneration relies on non-destructive cathode-to-cathode mode, and therefore, more time and energy-saving along with an increased economic return and reduced CO2 footprint. This review retrospects the history of direct regeneration and discusses state-of-the-art development. The reported methods, including high-temperature solid-state, hydrothermal/ionothermal, molten salt thermochemistry, and electrochemical method, are comparatively introduced, targeting at illustrating their underlying regeneration mechanism and applicability. Further, representative repairing and upcycling studies on wide-applied cathodes, including LiCoO2 (LCO), ternary oxides, LiFePO4 (LFP), and LiMn2 O4 (LMO), are presented, with an emphasis on milestone cases. Despite these achievements, there remain several critical issues that shall be addressed before the commercialization of the mentioned direct regeneration methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanqi Lan
- Advanced Energy Storage Technology Research CenterShenzhen Institute of Advanced TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesShenzhen518055China
- Shenzhen College of Advanced TechnologyUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesShenzhen518055China
| | - Xinke Li
- Advanced Energy Storage Technology Research CenterShenzhen Institute of Advanced TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesShenzhen518055China
- Nano Science and Technology InstituteUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaSuzhou215123China
| | - Guangmin Zhou
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene CenterTsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate SchoolTsinghua UniversityShenzhen518055China
| | - Wenjiao Yao
- Advanced Energy Storage Technology Research CenterShenzhen Institute of Advanced TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesShenzhen518055China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Energy Materials for Carbon NeutralityShenzhen518055China
| | - Hui‐Ming Cheng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Energy Materials for Carbon NeutralityShenzhen518055China
- Faculty of Materials Science and Energy Engineering/Institute of Technology for Carbon NeutralityShenzhen Institute of Advanced TechnologyChinese Academy of Sciences ShenzhenShenzhen518055P. R. China
| | - Yongbing Tang
- Advanced Energy Storage Technology Research CenterShenzhen Institute of Advanced TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesShenzhen518055China
- Shenzhen College of Advanced TechnologyUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesShenzhen518055China
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Shi R, Zheng N, Ji H, Zhang M, Xiao X, Ma J, Chen W, Wang J, Cheng HM, Zhou G. Homogeneous Repair of Highly Degraded Ni-Rich Cathode Material with Spent Lithium Anode. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023:e2311553. [PMID: 38124361 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202311553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Direct regeneration of spent lithium-ion batteries has received wide attention owing to its potential for resource reuse and environmental benefits. The repair effect of direct regeneration methods undergoing heterogeneous repair process is usually inferior, while homogenous repair process plays a vital role to achieve satisfactory repair results. However, the practical applications of current homogeneous repair methods are challenged by the complex operations and relatively high costs owing to the requirement of additional heating or pressurization. Herein, this work proposes a simple strategy to achieve homogeneous repair of spent cathode materials under relatively mild conditions by uniformly precoating lithium source at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. Followed by annealing, highly degraded LiNi0.83 Co0.12 Mn0.05 O2 with severe Li deficiency and irreversible phase transition is repaired to have an initial capacity of 181.6 mAh g-1 and capacity retention of 80.7% after 150 cycles at 0.5 C. The lithium source used in this strategy is from the spent lithium anode. Moreover, this strategy is suitable for the direct regeneration of various layer oxide cathode materials with different failure degrees. This work provides both theoretical guidance and practical examples for the straightforward, effective, and universally applicable direct regeneration methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruyu Shi
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Nengzhan Zheng
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Haocheng Ji
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Mengtian Zhang
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jun Ma
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Wen Chen
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Junxiong Wang
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Hui-Ming Cheng
- Faculty of Materials Science and Energy Engineering/Institute of Technology for Carbon Neutrality, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Guangmin Zhou
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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10
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Wu X, Ji G, Wang J, Zhou G, Liang Z. Toward Sustainable All Solid-State Li-Metal Batteries: Perspectives on Battery Technology and Recycling Processes. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2301540. [PMID: 37191036 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202301540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Lithium (Li)-based batteries are gradually evolving from the liquid to the solid state in terms of safety and energy density, where all solid-state Li-metal batteries (ASSLMBs) are considered the most promising candidates. This is demonstrated by the Bluecar electric vehicle produced by the Bolloré Group, which is utilized in car-sharing services in several cities worldwide. Despite impressive progress in the development of ASSLMBs, their avenues for recycling them remain underexplored, and combined with the current explosion of spent Li-ion batteries, they should attract widespread interest from academia and industry. Here, the potential challenges of recycling ASSLMBs as compared to Li-ion batteries are analyzed and the current progress and prospects for recycling ASSLMBs are summarized and analyzed. Drawing on the lessons learned from Li-ion battery recycling, it is important to design sustainable recycling technologies before ASSLMBs gain widespread market adoption. A battery-recycling-oriented design is also highlighted for ASSLMBs to promote the recycling rate and maximize profitability. Finally, future research directions, challenges, and prospects are outlined to provide strategies for achieving sustainable development of ASSLMBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxue Wu
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute & Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Guanjun Ji
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute & Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Junxiong Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute & Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Guangmin Zhou
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute & Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Zheng Liang
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
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11
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Ji H, Wang J, Ma J, Cheng HM, Zhou G. Fundamentals, status and challenges of direct recycling technologies for lithium ion batteries. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:8194-8244. [PMID: 37886791 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00254c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Advancement in energy storage technologies is closely related to social development. However, a significant conflict has arisen between the explosive growth in battery demand and resource availability. Facing the upcoming large-scale disposal problem of spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), their recycling technology development has become key. Emerging direct recycling has attracted widespread attention in recent years because it aims to 'repair' the battery materials, rather than break them down and extract valuable products from their components. To achieve this goal, a profound understanding of the failure mechanisms of spent LIB electrode materials is essential. This review summarizes the failure mechanisms of LIB cathode and anode materials and the direct recycling strategies developed. We systematically explore the correlation between the failure mechanism and the required repair process to achieve efficient and even upcycling of spent LIB electrode materials. Furthermore, we systematically introduce advanced in situ characterization techniques that can be utilized for investigating direct recycling processes. We then compare different direct recycling strategies, focussing on their respective advantages and disadvantages and their applicability to different materials. It is our belief that this review will offer valuable guidelines for the design and selection of LIB direct recycling methods in future endeavors. Finally, the opportunities and challenges for the future of battery direct recycling technology are discussed, paving the way for its further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haocheng Ji
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute & Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Junxiong Wang
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute & Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jun Ma
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute & Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Hui-Ming Cheng
- Faculty of Materials Science and Energy Engineering & Institute of Technology for Carbon Neutrality, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China.
| | - Guangmin Zhou
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute & Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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12
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Zhang L, Zhang Y, Xu Z, Zhu P. The Foreseeable Future of Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries: Advanced Upcycling for Toxic Electrolyte, Cathode, and Anode from Environmental and Technological Perspectives. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:13270-13291. [PMID: 37610371 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c01369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
With the rise of the new energy vehicle industry represented by Tesla and BYD, the need for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) grows rapidly. However, owing to the limited service life of LIBs, the large-scale retirement tide of LIBs has come. The recycling of spent LIBs has become an inevitable trend of resource recovery, environmental protection, and social demand. The low added value recovery of previous LIBs mostly used traditional metal extraction, which caused environmental damage and had high cost. Beyond metal extraction, the upcycling of spent LIBs came into being. In this work, we have outlined and particularly focus on sustainable upcycling technologies of toxic electrolyte, cathode, and anode from spent LIBs. For electrolyte, whether electrolyte extraction or decomposition, restoring the original electrolyte components or decomposing them into low-carbon energy conversion is the goal of electrolyte upcycling. Direct regeneration and preparation of advanced materials are the best strategies for cathodic upcycling with the advantages of cost and energy consumption, but challenges remain in industrial practice. The regeneration of advanced graphite-based materials and battery-grade graphite shows us the prospect of regeneration of anode. Furthermore, the challenges and future development of spent LIBs upcycling are summarized and discussed from technological and environmental perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingen Zhang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Zhenming Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Zhu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
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13
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Wang W, Wang R, Zhan R, Du J, Chen Z, Feng R, Tan Y, Hu Y, Ou Y, Yuan Y, Li C, Xiao Y, Sun Y. Probing Hybrid LiFePO 4/FePO 4 Phases in a Single Olive LiFePO 4 Particle and Their Recovering from Degraded Electric Vehicle Batteries. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:7485-7492. [PMID: 37477256 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c01991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
The recycling of LiFePO4 from degraded lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) from electric vehicles (EVs) has gained significant attention due to resource, environment, and cost considerations. Through neutron diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy, we revealed continuous lithium loss during battery cycling, resulting in a Li-deficient state (Li1-xFePO4) and phase separation within individual particles, where olive-shaped FePO4 nanodomains (5-10 nm) were embedded in the LiFePO4 matrix. The preservation of the olive-shaped skeleton during Li loss and phase change enabled materials recovery. By chemical compensation for the lithium loss, we successfully restored the hybrid LiFePO4/FePO4 structure to pure LiFePO4, eliminating nanograin boundaries. The regenerated LiFePO4 (R-LiFePO4) exhibited a high crystallinity similar to the fresh counterpart. This study highlights the importance of topotactic chemical reactions in structural repair and offers insights into the potential of targeted Li compensation for energy-efficient recycling of battery electrode materials with polyanion-type skeletons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyu Wang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Rui Wang
- School of Advanced Materials, Peking University, Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Renming Zhan
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Junmou Du
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- Deepal Automobile Technology Co., Ltd., Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Zihe Chen
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Ruikang Feng
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yuchen Tan
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yang Hu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yangtao Ou
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yifei Yuan
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Cheng Li
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6473, United States
| | - Yinguo Xiao
- School of Advanced Materials, Peking University, Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yongming Sun
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
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14
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Giesler J, Weirauch L, Rother A, Thöming J, Pesch GR, Baune M. Sorting Lithium-Ion Battery Electrode Materials Using Dielectrophoresis. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:26635-26643. [PMID: 37521612 PMCID: PMC10373188 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c04057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are common in everyday life and the demand for their raw materials is increasing. Additionally, spent LIBs should be recycled to achieve a circular economy and supply resources for new LIBs or other products. Especially the recycling of the active material of the electrodes is the focus of current research. Existing approaches for recycling (e.g., pyro-, hydrometallurgy, or flotation) still have their drawbacks, such as the loss of materials, generation of waste, or lack of selectivity. In this study, we test the behavior of commercially available LiFePO4 and two types of graphite microparticles in a dielectrophoretic high-throughput filter. Dielectrophoresis is a volume-dependent electrokinetic force that is commonly used in microfluidics but recently also for applications that focus on enhanced throughput. In our study, graphite particles show significantly higher trapping than LiFePO4 particles. The results indicate that nearly pure fractions of LiFePO4 can be obtained with this technique from a mixture with graphite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper Giesler
- Chemical
Process Engineering, Faculty of Production Engineering, University of Bremen, Bremen 28359, Germany
| | - Laura Weirauch
- Chemical
Process Engineering, Faculty of Production Engineering, University of Bremen, Bremen 28359, Germany
| | - Alica Rother
- Center
for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology (UFT), University of Bremen, Bremen 28359, Germany
| | - Jorg Thöming
- Chemical
Process Engineering, Faculty of Production Engineering, University of Bremen, Bremen 28359, Germany
- Center
for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology (UFT), University of Bremen, Bremen 28359, Germany
| | - Georg R. Pesch
- School
of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Michael Baune
- Chemical
Process Engineering, Faculty of Production Engineering, University of Bremen, Bremen 28359, Germany
- Center
for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology (UFT), University of Bremen, Bremen 28359, Germany
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15
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Elibol MK, Jiang L, Xie D, Cao S, Pan X, Härk E, Lu Y. Nickel Oxide Decorated Halloysite Nanotubes as Sulfur Host Materials for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries. GLOBAL CHALLENGES (HOBOKEN, NJ) 2023; 7:2300005. [PMID: 37483418 PMCID: PMC10362100 DOI: 10.1002/gch2.202300005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Lithium-sulfur batteries with high energy density still confront many challenges, such as polysulfide dissolution, the large volume change of sulfur, and fast capacity fading in long-term cycling. Herein, a naturally abundant clay material, halloysite, is introduced as a sulfur host material in the cathode of Li-S batteries. Nickel oxide nanoparticles are embedded into the halloysite nanotubes (NiO@Halloysite) by hydrothermal and calcination treatment to improve the affinity of halloysite nanotubes to polysulfides. The NiO@Halloysite composite loaded with sulfur (S/NiO@Halloysite) is employed as the cathode of Li-S batteries, which combines the physical confinements of tubular halloysite particles and good chemical adsorption ability of NiO. The S/NiO@Halloysite electrode exhibits a high discharge capacity of 1205.47 mAh g-1 at 0.1 C. In addition, it demonstrates enhanced cycling stability, retaining ≈60% of initial capacity after 450 cycles at 0.5 C. The synthesized NiO@Halloysite can provide a promising prospect and valuable insight into applying natural clay materials in Li-S batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meltem Karaismailoglu Elibol
- Department for Electrochemical Energy StorageHelmholtz‐Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und EnergieHahn‐Meitner Platz 114109BerlinGermany
- Department for Energy Science and TechnologyTurkish‐German UniversityŞahinkaya Cad. 106İstanbul34820Turkey
| | - Lihong Jiang
- Department for Electrochemical Energy StorageHelmholtz‐Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und EnergieHahn‐Meitner Platz 114109BerlinGermany
- Key Laboratory of Textile Science & TechnologyCollege of TextilesDonghua UniversityNorth Renmin Road 2999Shanghai201620P. R. China
| | - Dongjiu Xie
- Department for Electrochemical Energy StorageHelmholtz‐Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und EnergieHahn‐Meitner Platz 114109BerlinGermany
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of PotsdamKarl‐Liebknecht‐Straße 24‐2514476PotsdamGermany
| | - Sijia Cao
- Department for Electrochemical Energy StorageHelmholtz‐Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und EnergieHahn‐Meitner Platz 114109BerlinGermany
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of PotsdamKarl‐Liebknecht‐Straße 24‐2514476PotsdamGermany
| | - Xuefeng Pan
- Department for Electrochemical Energy StorageHelmholtz‐Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und EnergieHahn‐Meitner Platz 114109BerlinGermany
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of PotsdamKarl‐Liebknecht‐Straße 24‐2514476PotsdamGermany
| | - Eneli Härk
- Department for Electrochemical Energy StorageHelmholtz‐Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und EnergieHahn‐Meitner Platz 114109BerlinGermany
| | - Yan Lu
- Department for Electrochemical Energy StorageHelmholtz‐Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und EnergieHahn‐Meitner Platz 114109BerlinGermany
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of PotsdamKarl‐Liebknecht‐Straße 24‐2514476PotsdamGermany
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16
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Jia K, Wang J, Zhuang Z, Piao Z, Zhang M, Liang Z, Ji G, Ma J, Ji H, Yao W, Zhou G, Cheng HM. Topotactic Transformation of Surface Structure Enabling Direct Regeneration of Spent Lithium-Ion Battery Cathodes. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:7288-7300. [PMID: 36876987 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c13151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Recycling spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has become an urgent task to address the issues of resource shortage and potential environmental pollution. However, direct recycling of the spent LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 (NCM523) cathode is challenging because the strong electrostatic repulsion from a transition metal octahedron in the lithium layer provided by the rock salt/spinel phase that is formed on the surface of the cycled cathode severely disrupts Li+ transport, which restrains lithium replenishment during regeneration, resulting in the regenerated cathode with inferior capacity and cycling performance. Here, we propose the topotactic transformation of the stable rock salt/spinel phase into Ni0.5Co0.2Mn0.3(OH)2 and then back to the NCM523 cathode. As a result, a topotactic relithiation reaction with low migration barriers occurs with facile Li+ transport in a channel (from one octahedral site to another, passing through a tetrahedral intermediate) with weakened electrostatic repulsion, which greatly improves lithium replenishment during regeneration. In addition, the proposed method can be extended to repair spent NCM523 black mass, spent LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2, and spent LiCoO2 cathodes, whose electrochemical performance after regeneration is comparable to that of the commercial pristine cathodes. This work demonstrates a fast topotactic relithiation process during regeneration by modifying Li+ transport channels, providing a unique perspective on the regeneration of spent LIB cathodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Jia
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School &Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.,Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Junxiong Wang
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School &Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.,Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zhaofeng Zhuang
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School &Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zhihong Piao
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School &Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Mengtian Zhang
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School &Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zheng Liang
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Guanjun Ji
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School &Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.,Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jun Ma
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School &Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Haocheng Ji
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School &Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Wenjiao Yao
- Advanced Energy Storage Technology Research Center, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Guangmin Zhou
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School &Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Hui-Ming Cheng
- Faculty of Materials Science and Energy Engineering/Institute of Technology for Carbon Neutrality, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China.,Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
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17
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Wang M, Liu K, Yu J, Zhang Q, Zhang Y, Valix M, Tsang DC. Challenges in Recycling Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries: Spotlight on Polyvinylidene Fluoride Removal. GLOBAL CHALLENGES (HOBOKEN, NJ) 2023; 7:2200237. [PMID: 36910467 PMCID: PMC10000285 DOI: 10.1002/gch2.202200237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In the recycling of retired lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), the cathode materials containing valuable metals should be first separated from the current collector aluminum foil to decrease the difficulty and complexity in the subsequent metal extraction. However, strong the binding force of organic binder polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) prevents effective separation of cathode materials and Al foil, thus affecting metal recycling. This paper reviews the composition, property, function, and binding mechanism of PVDF, and elaborates on the separation technologies of cathode material and Al foil (e.g., physical separation, solid-phase thermochemistry, solution chemistry, and solvent chemistry) as well as the corresponding reaction behavior and transformation mechanisms of PVDF. Due to the characteristic variation of the reaction systems, the dissolution, swelling, melting, and degradation processes and mechanisms of PVDF exhibit considerable differences, posing new challenges to efficient recycling of spent LIBs worldwide. It is critical to separate cathode materials and Al foil and recycle PVDF to reduce environmental risks from the recovery of retired LIBs resources. Developing fluorine-free alternative materials and solid-state electrolytes is a potential way to mitigate PVDF pollution in the recycling of spent LIBs in the EV era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHung HomKowloonHong KongChina
- Research Centre for Environmental Technology and ManagementThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHung HomKowloonHong KongChina
| | - Kang Liu
- Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHung HomKowloonHong KongChina
- Research Centre for Environmental Technology and ManagementThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHung HomKowloonHong KongChina
| | - Jiadong Yu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution ControlSchool of EnvironmentTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Qiaozhi Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHung HomKowloonHong KongChina
- Research Centre for Environmental Technology and ManagementThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHung HomKowloonHong KongChina
| | - Yuying Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHung HomKowloonHong KongChina
- Research Centre for Environmental Technology and ManagementThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHung HomKowloonHong KongChina
| | - Marjorie Valix
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringUniversity of SydneyDarlingtonNSW2008Australia
| | - Daniel C.W. Tsang
- Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHung HomKowloonHong KongChina
- Research Centre for Environmental Technology and ManagementThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHung HomKowloonHong KongChina
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18
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Li W, Ma L, Liu S, Li X, Gao J, Hao S, Zhou W. Thermally Depolymerizable Polyether Electrolytes for Convenient and Low‐Cost Recycling of LiTFSI. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202209169. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202209169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
| | - Le Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
| | - Sisi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
| | - Xiaolei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
| | - Jian Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
| | - Shu‐meng Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
| | - Weidong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
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19
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Li W, Ma L, Liu S, Li X, Gao J, Hao SM, Zhou W. Thermally Depolymerizable Polyether Electrolytes for Convenient and Low‐cost Recycling of LiTFSI. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202209169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology College of Chemical Engineering Beijing CHINA
| | - Le Ma
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology College of Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Sisi Liu
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology College of Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Xiaolei Li
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology College of Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Jian Gao
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology College of Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Shu-meng Hao
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology College of Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Weidong Zhou
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites North Third Ring Road 100029 Beijing CHINA
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