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Garcia SA, Wilson K, Tang N, Tian H, Oichi T, Gunawardena AT, Chorny M, Alferiev IS, Herzenberg JE, Ng VY, Iwamoto M, Enomoto-Iwamoto M. Analysis of the Actions of RARγ Agonists on Growing Osteochondromas in a Mouse Model. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7610. [PMID: 39062860 PMCID: PMC11277217 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25147610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The actions of the retinoic acid nuclear receptor gamma (RARγ) agonist, palovarotene, on pre-existing osteochondromas were investigated using a mouse multiple osteochondroma model. This approach was based on the knowledge that patients often present to the clinic after realizing the existence of osteochondroma masses, and the findings from preclinical investigations are the effects of drugs on the initial formation of osteochondromas. Systemic administration of palovarotene, with increased doses (from 1.76 to 4.0 mg/kg) over time, fully inhibited tumor growth, keeping the tumor size (0.31 ± 0.049 mm3) similar to the initial size (0.27 ± 0.031 mm3, p = 0.66) while the control group tumor grew (1.03 ± 0.23 mm3, p = 0.023 to the drug-treated group). Nanoparticle (NP)-based local delivery of the RARγ agonist also inhibited the growth of osteochondromas at an early stage (Control: 0.52 ± 0.11 mm3; NP: 0.26 ± 0.10, p = 0.008). Transcriptome analysis revealed that the osteoarthritis pathway was activated in cultured chondrocytes treated with palovarotene (Z-score = 2.29), with the upregulation of matrix catabolic genes and the downregulation of matrix anabolic genes, consistent with the histology of palovarotene-treated osteochondromas. A reporter assay performed in cultured chondrocytes demonstrated that the Stat3 pathway, but not the Stat1/2 pathway, was stimulated by RARγ agonists. The activation of Stat3 by palovarotene was confirmed using immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry. These findings suggest that palovarotene treatment is effective against pre-existing osteochondromas and that the Stat3 pathway is involved in the antitumor actions of palovarotene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia A. Garcia
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (S.A.G.); (K.W.); (N.T.); (H.T.); (T.O.); (V.Y.N.); (M.I.)
| | - Kimberly Wilson
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (S.A.G.); (K.W.); (N.T.); (H.T.); (T.O.); (V.Y.N.); (M.I.)
| | - Ningfeng Tang
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (S.A.G.); (K.W.); (N.T.); (H.T.); (T.O.); (V.Y.N.); (M.I.)
| | - Hongying Tian
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (S.A.G.); (K.W.); (N.T.); (H.T.); (T.O.); (V.Y.N.); (M.I.)
| | - Takeshi Oichi
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (S.A.G.); (K.W.); (N.T.); (H.T.); (T.O.); (V.Y.N.); (M.I.)
- Department of Orthopedics, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 1738608, Japan
| | - Aruni T. Gunawardena
- Department of Biomechanics, Northeast College of Health Sciences, Seneca Falls, NY 13148, USA;
| | - Michael Chorny
- Department of Pediatrics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (M.C.); (I.S.A.)
| | - Ivan S. Alferiev
- Department of Pediatrics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (M.C.); (I.S.A.)
| | - John E. Herzenberg
- International Center for Limb Lengthening, Rubin Institute for Advanced Orthopedics, Sinai Hospital of Baltimore, Baltimore, MD 21215, USA;
| | - Vincent Y. Ng
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (S.A.G.); (K.W.); (N.T.); (H.T.); (T.O.); (V.Y.N.); (M.I.)
| | - Masahiro Iwamoto
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (S.A.G.); (K.W.); (N.T.); (H.T.); (T.O.); (V.Y.N.); (M.I.)
| | - Motomi Enomoto-Iwamoto
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (S.A.G.); (K.W.); (N.T.); (H.T.); (T.O.); (V.Y.N.); (M.I.)
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Mark M, Teletin M, Wendling O, Vonesch JL, Féret B, Hérault Y, Ghyselinck NB. Pathogenesis of Anorectal Malformations in Retinoic Acid Receptor Knockout Mice Studied by HREM. Biomedicines 2021; 9:742. [PMID: 34203310 PMCID: PMC8301324 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9070742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Anorectal malformations (ARMs) are relatively common congenital abnormalities, but their pathogenesis is poorly understood. Previous gene knockout studies indicated that the signalling pathway mediated by the retinoic acid receptors (RAR) is instrumental to the formation of the anorectal canal and of various urogenital structures. Here, we show that simultaneous ablation of the three RARs in the mouse embryo results in a spectrum of malformations of the pelvic organs in which anorectal and urinary bladder ageneses are consistently associated. We found that these ageneses could be accounted for by defects in the processes of growth and migration of the cloaca, the embryonic structure from which the anorectal canal and urinary bladder originate. We further show that these defects are preceded by a failure of the lateral shift of the umbilical arteries and propose vascular abnormalities as a possible cause of ARM. Through the comparisons of these phenotypes with those of other mutant mice and of human patients, we would like to suggest that morphological data may provide a solid base to test molecular as well as clinical hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Mark
- CNRS, INSERM, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch Graffenstaden, France; (M.T.); (O.W.); (J.-L.V.); (B.F.); (Y.H.); (N.B.G.)
- Service de Biologie de la Reproduction, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg (HUS), 67300 Schiltigheim, France
- CNRS, INSERM, CELPHEDIA, PHENOMIN-Institut Clinique de la Souris (ICS), Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch Graffenstaden, France
| | - Marius Teletin
- CNRS, INSERM, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch Graffenstaden, France; (M.T.); (O.W.); (J.-L.V.); (B.F.); (Y.H.); (N.B.G.)
- Service de Biologie de la Reproduction, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg (HUS), 67300 Schiltigheim, France
| | - Olivia Wendling
- CNRS, INSERM, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch Graffenstaden, France; (M.T.); (O.W.); (J.-L.V.); (B.F.); (Y.H.); (N.B.G.)
- CNRS, INSERM, CELPHEDIA, PHENOMIN-Institut Clinique de la Souris (ICS), Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch Graffenstaden, France
| | - Jean-Luc Vonesch
- CNRS, INSERM, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch Graffenstaden, France; (M.T.); (O.W.); (J.-L.V.); (B.F.); (Y.H.); (N.B.G.)
| | - Betty Féret
- CNRS, INSERM, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch Graffenstaden, France; (M.T.); (O.W.); (J.-L.V.); (B.F.); (Y.H.); (N.B.G.)
| | - Yann Hérault
- CNRS, INSERM, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch Graffenstaden, France; (M.T.); (O.W.); (J.-L.V.); (B.F.); (Y.H.); (N.B.G.)
- CNRS, INSERM, CELPHEDIA, PHENOMIN-Institut Clinique de la Souris (ICS), Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch Graffenstaden, France
| | - Norbert B. Ghyselinck
- CNRS, INSERM, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch Graffenstaden, France; (M.T.); (O.W.); (J.-L.V.); (B.F.); (Y.H.); (N.B.G.)
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3
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Comai GE, Tesařová M, Dupé V, Rhinn M, Vallecillo-García P, da Silva F, Feret B, Exelby K, Dollé P, Carlsson L, Pryce B, Spitz F, Stricker S, Zikmund T, Kaiser J, Briscoe J, Schedl A, Ghyselinck NB, Schweitzer R, Tajbakhsh S. Local retinoic acid signaling directs emergence of the extraocular muscle functional unit. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3000902. [PMID: 33201874 PMCID: PMC7707851 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Coordinated development of muscles, tendons, and their attachment sites ensures emergence of functional musculoskeletal units that are adapted to diverse anatomical demands among different species. How these different tissues are patterned and functionally assembled during embryogenesis is poorly understood. Here, we investigated the morphogenesis of extraocular muscles (EOMs), an evolutionary conserved cranial muscle group that is crucial for the coordinated movement of the eyeballs and for visual acuity. By means of lineage analysis, we redefined the cellular origins of periocular connective tissues interacting with the EOMs, which do not arise exclusively from neural crest mesenchyme as previously thought. Using 3D imaging approaches, we established an integrative blueprint for the EOM functional unit. By doing so, we identified a developmental time window in which individual EOMs emerge from a unique muscle anlage and establish insertions in the sclera, which sets these muscles apart from classical muscle-to-bone type of insertions. Further, we demonstrate that the eyeballs are a source of diffusible all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) that allow their targeting by the EOMs in a temporal and dose-dependent manner. Using genetically modified mice and inhibitor treatments, we find that endogenous local variations in the concentration of retinoids contribute to the establishment of tendon condensations and attachment sites that precede the initiation of muscle patterning. Collectively, our results highlight how global and site-specific programs are deployed for the assembly of muscle functional units with precise definition of muscle shapes and topographical wiring of their tendon attachments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenda Evangelina Comai
- Stem Cells & Development Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 3738, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (GEC); (ST)
| | - Markéta Tesařová
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Valérie Dupé
- Université de Rennes, CNRS, IGDR, Rennes, France
| | - Muriel Rhinn
- IGBMC-Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moleculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France
| | | | - Fabio da Silva
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, CNRS, iBV, Nice, France
- Division of Molecular Embryology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Betty Feret
- IGBMC-Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moleculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France
| | | | - Pascal Dollé
- IGBMC-Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moleculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France
| | - Leif Carlsson
- Umeå Center for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Brian Pryce
- Research Division, Shriners Hospital for Children, Portland, United States of America
| | - François Spitz
- Genomics of Animal Development Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Sigmar Stricker
- Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tomáš Zikmund
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jozef Kaiser
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | | | - Norbert B. Ghyselinck
- IGBMC-Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moleculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France
| | - Ronen Schweitzer
- Research Division, Shriners Hospital for Children, Portland, United States of America
| | - Shahragim Tajbakhsh
- Stem Cells & Development Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 3738, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (GEC); (ST)
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4
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Green AC, Rudolph-Stringer V, Straszkowski L, Tjin G, Crimeen-Irwin B, Walia M, Martin TJ, Sims NA, Purton LE. Retinoic Acid Receptor γ Activity in Mesenchymal Stem Cells Regulates Endochondral Bone, Angiogenesis, and B Lymphopoiesis. J Bone Miner Res 2018; 33:2202-2213. [PMID: 30040873 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Retinoic acid receptor (RAR) signaling regulates bone structure and hematopoiesis through intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms. This study aimed to establish how early in the osteoblast lineage loss of RARγ (Rarg) disrupts the bone marrow microenvironment. Bone structure was analyzed by micro-computed tomography (μCT) in Rarg-/- mice and mice with Rarg conditional deletion in Osterix-Cre-targeted osteoblast progenitors or Prrx1-Cre-targeted mesenchymal stem cells. Rarg-/- tibias exhibited less trabecular and cortical bone and impaired longitudinal and radial growth. The trabecular bone and longitudinal, but not radial, growth defects were recapitulated in Prrx1:RargΔ/Δ mice but not Osx1:RargΔ/Δ mice. Although both male and female Prrx1:RargΔ/Δ mice had low trabecular bone mass, males exhibited increased numbers of trabecular osteoclasts and Prrx1:RargΔ/Δ females had impaired mineral deposition. Both male and female Prrx1:RargΔ/Δ growth plates were narrower than controls and their epiphyses contained hypertrophic chondrocyte islands. Flow cytometry revealed that male Prrx1:RargΔ/Δ bone marrow exhibited elevated pro-B and pre-B lymphocyte numbers, accompanied by increased Cxcl12 expression in bone marrow cells. Prrx1:RargΔ/Δ bone marrow also had elevated megakaryocyte-derived Vegfa expression accompanied by smaller sinusoidal vessels. Thus, RARγ expression by Prrx1-Cre-targeted cells directly regulates endochondral bone formation and indirectly regulates tibial vascularization. Furthermore, RARγ expression by Prrx1-Cre-targeted cells extrinsically regulates osteoclastogenesis and B lymphopoiesis in male mice. © 2018 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alanna C Green
- St Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Victoria Rudolph-Stringer
- St Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Gavin Tjin
- St Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Mannu Walia
- St Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - T John Martin
- St Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Natalie A Sims
- St Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Louise E Purton
- St Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
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5
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Grace CS, Mikkola HKA, Dou DR, Calvanese V, Ronn RE, Purton LE. Protagonist or antagonist? The complex roles of retinoids in the regulation of hematopoietic stem cells and their specification from pluripotent stem cells. Exp Hematol 2018; 65:1-16. [PMID: 29981365 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2018.06.287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are multipotent cells responsible for the maintenance of the hematopoietic system throughout life. Dysregulation of the balance in HSC self-renewal, death, and differentiation can have serious consequences such as myelodysplastic syndromes or leukemia. All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), the biologically active metabolite of vitamin A/RA, has been shown to have pleiotropic effects on hematopoietic cells, enhancing HSC self-renewal while also increasing differentiation of more mature progenitors. Furthermore, ATRA has been shown to have key roles in regulating the specification and formation of hematopoietic cells from pluripotent stem cells including embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Here, we summarize the known roles of vitamin A and RA receptors in the regulation of hematopoiesis from HSCs, ES, and iPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clea S Grace
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia; The University of Melbourne, Department of Medicine at St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hanna K A Mikkola
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Diana R Dou
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Vincenzo Calvanese
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Roger E Ronn
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Louise E Purton
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia; The University of Melbourne, Department of Medicine at St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia.
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6
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Xu Q, Jitkaew S, Choksi S, Kadigamuwa C, Qu J, Choe M, Jang J, Liu C, Liu ZG. The cytoplasmic nuclear receptor RARγ controls RIP1 initiated cell death when cIAP activity is inhibited. Nat Commun 2017; 8:425. [PMID: 28871172 PMCID: PMC5583178 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00496-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) has a critical role in diverse cellular events including inflammation, apoptosis and necroptosis through different signaling complexes. However, little is known about how the transition from inflammatory signaling to the engagement of death pathways is modulated. Here we report that the cytoplasmic retinoic acid receptor gamma (RARγ) controls receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIP1)-initiated cell death when cellular inhibitor of apoptosis (cIAP) activity is blocked. Through screening a short hairpin RNA library, we found that RARγ was essential for TNF-induced RIP1-initiated apoptosis and necroptosis. Our data suggests that RARγ initiates the formation of death signaling complexes by mediating RIP1 dissociation from TNF receptor 1. We demonstrate that RARγ is released from the nucleus to orchestrate the formation of the cytosolic death complexes. In addition, we demonstrate that RARγ has a similar role in TNF-induced necroptosis in vivo. Thus, our study suggests that nuclear receptor RARγ provides a key checkpoint for the transition from life to death.The molecular switch between how tumour necrosis factor (TNF) controls inflammation versus cell death is less well defined. Here, the authors show that the nuclear receptor retinoic acid receptor gamma is released from the nucleus to disrupt TNF initiated cell death complexes in the cytoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Xu
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, 37 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Siriporn Jitkaew
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, 37 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Swati Choksi
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, 37 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Chamila Kadigamuwa
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, 37 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jianhui Qu
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, 37 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Moran Choe
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, 37 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jonathan Jang
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, 37 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Chengyu Liu
- National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, 37 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Zheng-Gang Liu
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, 37 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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7
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Uchibe K, Son J, Larmour C, Pacifici M, Enomoto-Iwamoto M, Iwamoto M. Genetic and pharmacological inhibition of retinoic acid receptor γ function promotes endochondral bone formation. J Orthop Res 2017; 35:1096-1105. [PMID: 27325507 PMCID: PMC6900928 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The nuclear retinoic acid receptors (RARs) play key roles in skeletal development and endochondral ossification. Previously, we showed that RARγ regulates chondrogenesis and that pharmacological activation of RARγ blocked heterotopic ossification (HO), pathology in which endochondral bone forms in soft tissues. Thus, we reasoned that pharmacological inhibition of RARγ should enhance endochondral ossification, leading to a potential therapeutic strategy for bone deficiencies. We created surgical bone defects in wild type and RARγ-null mice and monitored bone healing. Fibrous, cartilaginous, and osseous tissues formed in both groups by day 7, but more cartilaginous tissue formed in mutants within and around the defects compared to controls. Next, we implanted a mixture of Matrigel and rhBMP2 subdermally to induce ectopic endochondral ossification. Administration of RARγ antagonists significantly stimulated ectopic bone formation in wild type but not in RARγ-null mice. The antagonist-induced increases in bone formation were preceded by increases in cartilage formation and were accompanied by higher levels of phosphorylated Smad1/5/8 (pSmad1/5/8) compared to vehicle-treated control. Higher pSmad1/5/8 levels were also observed in cartilaginous tissues forming in healing bone defects in RARγ-null mice, and increases in pSmad1/5/8 levels and Id1-luc activity were observed in RARγ antagonist-treated chondrogenic cells in culture. Our data show that genetic or pharmacological interference with RARγ stimulates endochondral bone formation and does so at least in part by stimulating canonical BMP signaling. This pharmacologic strategy could represent a new tool to enhance endochondral bone formation in the setting of various orthopedic surgical interventions and other skeletal deficiencies. © 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 35:1096-1105, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Uchibe
- Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Oral Morphology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Jiyeon Son
- Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Colleen Larmour
- Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Maurizio Pacifici
- Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Motomi Enomoto-Iwamoto
- Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Masahiro Iwamoto
- Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
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8
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Retinoic acid signaling is dispensable for somatic development and function in the mammalian ovary. Dev Biol 2017; 424:208-220. [PMID: 28274610 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA) is a potent inducer of cell differentiation and plays an essential role in sex-specific germ cell development in the mammalian gonad. RA is essential for male gametogenesis and hence fertility. However, RA can also disrupt sexual cell fate in somatic cells of the testis, promoting transdifferentiation of male Sertoli cells to female granulosa-like cells when the male sexual regulator Dmrt1 is absent. The feminizing ability of RA in the Dmrt1 mutant somatic testis suggests that RA might normally play a role in somatic cell differentiation or cell fate maintenance in the ovary. To test for this possibility we disrupted RA signaling in somatic cells of the early fetal ovary using three genetic strategies and one pharmaceutical approach. We found that deleting all three RA receptors (RARs) in the XX somatic gonad at the time of sex determination did not significantly affect ovarian differentiation, follicle development, or female fertility. Transcriptome analysis of adult triple mutant ovaries revealed remarkably little effect on gene expression in the absence of somatic RAR function. Likewise, deletion of three RA synthesis enzymes (Aldh1a1-3) at the time of sex determination did not masculinize the ovary. A dominant-negative RAR transgene altered granulosa cell proliferation, likely due to interference with a non-RA signaling pathway, but did not prevent granulosa cell specification and oogenesis or abolish fertility. Finally, culture of fetal XX gonads with an RAR antagonist blocked germ cell meiotic initiation but did not disrupt sex-biased gene expression. We conclude that RA signaling, although crucial in the ovary for meiotic initiation, is not required for granulosa cell specification, differentiation, or reproductive function.
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Joseph C, Nota C, Fletcher JL, Maluenda AC, Green AC, Purton LE. Retinoic Acid Receptor γ Regulates B and T Lymphopoiesis via Nestin-Expressing Cells in the Bone Marrow and Thymic Microenvironments. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2016; 196:2132-44. [PMID: 26843326 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin A has essential but largely unexplained roles in regulating lymphopoiesis. We have previously shown that retinoic acid receptor (RAR) γ-deficient mice have hematopoietic defects, some phenotypes of which were microenvironment induced. Bone marrow (BM) microenvironment cells identified by either their expression of nestin (Nes) or osterix (Osx) have previously been shown to have roles in regulating lymphopoiesis. We therefore conditionally deleted Rarγ in Nes- or Osx-expressing microenvironment cells. Osx cell-specific deletion of Rarγ had no impact on hematopoiesis. In contrast, deletion of Rarγ in Nes-expressing cells resulted in reductions in peripheral blood B cells and CD4(+) T cells, accompanied by reductions of immature PreB cells in BM. The mice lacking Rarγ in Nes-expressing cells also had smaller thymi, with reductions in double-negative 4 T cell precursors, accompanied by reduced numbers of both TCRβ(low) immature single-positive CD8(+) cells and double-positive T cells. In the thymus, Nes expression was restricted to thymic stromal cells that expressed cerebellar degeneration-related Ag 1 and lacked expression of epithelial cell adhesion molecule. These cells expressed platelet-derived growth factor α and high transcript levels of Rars, Cxcl12, and stem cell factor (Scf). Short-term treatment of mice with all-trans retinoic acid resulted in increased PreB lymphopoiesis in BM and an increase in thymic double-negative 4 T cells, inverse to that observed upon Nes cell-specific deletion of Rarγ. Collectively, these studies show that RARγ is a regulator of B and T lymphopoiesis via Nes-expressing cells in the BM and thymic microenvironments, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chacko Joseph
- Stem Cell Regulation Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia; and Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia
| | - Celeste Nota
- Stem Cell Regulation Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia; and
| | - Jessica L Fletcher
- Stem Cell Regulation Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia; and
| | - Ana C Maluenda
- Stem Cell Regulation Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia; and
| | - Alanna C Green
- Stem Cell Regulation Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia; and Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia
| | - Louise E Purton
- Stem Cell Regulation Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia; and Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia
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10
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Di Rocco A, Uchibe K, Larmour C, Berger R, Liu M, Barton ER, Iwamoto M. Selective Retinoic Acid Receptor γ Agonists Promote Repair of Injured Skeletal Muscle in Mouse. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2015; 185:2495-504. [PMID: 26205250 PMCID: PMC4597269 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Retinoic acid signaling regulates several biological events, including myogenesis. We previously found that retinoic acid receptor γ (RARγ) agonist blocks heterotopic ossification, a pathological bone formation that mostly occurs in the skeletal muscle. Interestingly, RARγ agonist also weakened deterioration of muscle architecture adjacent to the heterotopic ossification lesion, suggesting that RARγ agonist may oppose skeletal muscle damage. To test this hypothesis, we generated a critical defect in the tibialis anterior muscle of 7-week-old mice with a cautery, treated them with RARγ agonist or vehicle corn oil, and examined the effects of RARγ agonist on muscle repair. The muscle defects were partially repaired with newly regenerating muscle cells, but also filled with adipose and fibrous scar tissue in both RARγ-treated and control groups. The fibrous or adipose area was smaller in RARγ agonist-treated mice than in the control. In addition, muscle repair was remarkably delayed in RARγ-null mice in both critical defect and cardiotoxin injury models. Furthermore, we found a rapid increase in retinoid signaling in lacerated muscle, as monitored by retinoid signaling reporter mice. Together, our results indicate that endogenous RARγ signaling is involved in muscle repair and that selective RARγ agonists may be beneficial to promote repair in various types of muscle injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnese Di Rocco
- Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia
| | - Kenta Uchibe
- Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia
| | - Colleen Larmour
- Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia
| | - Rebecca Berger
- Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Physiology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Elisabeth R Barton
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Masahiro Iwamoto
- Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia.
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11
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Minkina A, Matson CK, Lindeman RE, Ghyselinck NB, Bardwell VJ, Zarkower D. DMRT1 protects male gonadal cells from retinoid-dependent sexual transdifferentiation. Dev Cell 2014; 29:511-520. [PMID: 24856513 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2014.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian sex determination initiates in the fetal gonad with specification of bipotential precursor cells into male Sertoli cells or female granulosa cells. This choice was long presumed to be irreversible, but genetic analysis in the mouse recently revealed that sexual fates must be maintained throughout life. Somatic cells in the testis or ovary, even in adults, can be induced to transdifferentiate to their opposite-sex equivalents by loss of a single transcription factor, DMRT1 in the testis or FOXL2 in the ovary. Here, we investigate what mechanism DMRT1 prevents from triggering transdifferentiation. We find that DMRT1 blocks testicular retinoic acid (RA) signaling from activating genes normally involved in female sex determination and ovarian development and show that inappropriate activation of these genes can drive sexual transdifferentiation. By preventing activation of potential feminizing genes, DMRT1 allows Sertoli cells to participate in RA signaling, which is essential for reproduction, without being sexually reprogrammed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Minkina
- Developmental Biology Center and Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Clinton K Matson
- Developmental Biology Center and Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Robin E Lindeman
- Developmental Biology Center and Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Norbert B Ghyselinck
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS (UMR7104), INSERM U964, Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Vivian J Bardwell
- Developmental Biology Center and Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA; University of Minnesota Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - David Zarkower
- Developmental Biology Center and Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA; University of Minnesota Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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12
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Guo Y, Lee YC, Brown C, Zhang W, Usherwood E, Noelle RJ. Dissecting the role of retinoic acid receptor isoforms in the CD8 response to infection. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2014; 192:3336-44. [PMID: 24610012 PMCID: PMC4648262 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin A deficiency leads to increased susceptibility to a spectrum of infectious diseases. The studies presented dissect the intrinsic role of each of the retinoic acid receptor (RAR) isoforms in the clonal expansion, differentiation, and survival of pathogen-specific CD8 T cells in vivo. The data show that RARα is required for the expression of gut-homing receptors on CD8(+) T cells and survival of CD8(+) T cells in vitro. Furthermore, RARα is essential for survival of CD8(+) T cells in vivo following Listeria monocytogenes infection. In contrast, RARβ deletion leads to modest deficiency in Ag-specific CD8(+) T cell expansion during infection. The defective survival of RARα-deficient CD8(+) T cells leads to a deficiency in control of L. monocytogenes expansion in the spleen. To our knowledge, these are the first comparative studies of the role of RAR isoforms in CD8(+) T cell immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxia Guo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH 03756
| | - Yu-Chi Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH 03756
| | - Chrysothemis Brown
- Medical Research Council Centre for Transplantation, Guy’s Hospital, King’s College London, King’s Health Partners, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Weijun Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH 03756
| | - Edward Usherwood
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH 03756
| | - Randolph J. Noelle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH 03756
- Medical Research Council Centre for Transplantation, Guy’s Hospital, King’s College London, King’s Health Partners, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
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13
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Gely-Pernot A, Raverdeau M, Célébi C, Dennefeld C, Feret B, Klopfenstein M, Yoshida S, Ghyselinck NB, Mark M. Spermatogonia differentiation requires retinoic acid receptor γ. Endocrinology 2012; 153:438-49. [PMID: 22045663 DOI: 10.1210/en.2011-1102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin A is instrumental to mammalian reproduction. Its metabolite, retinoic acid (RA), acts in a hormone-like manner through binding to and activating three nuclear receptor isotypes, RA receptor (RAR)α (RARA), RARβ, and RARγ (RARG). Here, we show that 1) RARG is expressed by A aligned (A(al)) spermatogonia, as well as during the transition from A(al) to A(1) spermatogonia, which is known to require RA; and 2) ablation of Rarg, either in the whole mouse or specifically in spermatogonia, does not affect meiosis and spermiogenesis but impairs the A(al) to A(1) transition in the course of some of the seminiferous epithelium cycles. Upon ageing, this phenomenon yields seminiferous tubules containing only spermatogonia and Sertoli cells. Altogether, our findings indicate that RARG cell-autonomously transduces, in undifferentiated spermatogonia of adult testes, a RA signal critical for spermatogenesis. During the prepubertal spermatogenic wave, the loss of RARG function can however be compensated by RARA, as indicated by the normal timing of appearance of meiotic cells in Rarg-null testes. Accordingly, RARG- and RARA-selective agonists are both able to stimulate Stra8 expression in wild-type prepubertal testes. Interestingly, inactivation of Rarg does not impair expression of the spermatogonia differentiation markers Kit and Stra8, contrary to vitamin A deficiency. This latter observation supports the notion that the RA-signaling pathway previously shown to operate in Sertoli cells also participates in spermatogonia differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurore Gely-Pernot
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Institut National de Santé et de Recherche Médicale Unité 964, Centre National de Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 7104, Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, France
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14
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Dupé V, Pellerin I. Retinoic acid receptors exhibit cell-autonomous functions in cranial neural crest cells. Dev Dyn 2010; 238:2701-11. [PMID: 19777591 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous work has emphasized the crucial role of retinoic acid (RA) in the ontogenesis of the vast majority of mesenchymal structures derived from the neural crest cells (NCC), which migrate through, or populate, the frontonasal process and branchial arches. Using somatic mutagenesis in the mouse, we have selectively ablated two or three retinoic acid receptors (i.e., RARalpha/RARbeta, RARalpha/RARgamma and RARalpha/RARbeta/RARgamma) in NCC. By rigorously analyzing these mutant mice, we found that survival and migration of NCC is normal until gestational day 10.5, suggesting that RAR-dependent signaling is not intrinsically required for the early steps of NCC development. However, ablation of Rara and Rarg genes in NCC yields an agenesis of the median portion of the face, demonstrating that RARalpha and RARgamma act cell-autonomously in postmigratory NCC to control the development of structures derived from the frontonasal process. In contrast, ablation of the three Rar genes in NCC leads to less severe defects of the branchial arches derived structures compared with Rar compound null mutants. Therefore, RARs exert a function in the NCC as well as in a separated cell population. This work demonstrates that RARs use distinct mechanisms to pattern cranial NCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Dupé
- Faculté de Médecine, Institut de Génétique et Développement, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes Cedex, France.
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15
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Williams JA, Kondo N, Okabe T, Takeshita N, Pilchak DM, Koyama E, Ochiai T, Jensen D, Chu ML, Kane MA, Napoli JL, Enomoto-Iwamoto M, Ghyselinck N, Chambon P, Pacifici M, Iwamoto M. Retinoic acid receptors are required for skeletal growth, matrix homeostasis and growth plate function in postnatal mouse. Dev Biol 2009; 328:315-27. [PMID: 19389355 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2009.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2008] [Revised: 01/20/2009] [Accepted: 01/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The retinoic acid receptors alpha, beta and gamma (RARalpha, RARbeta and RARgamma) are nuclear hormone receptors that regulate fundamental processes during embryogenesis, but their roles in skeletal development and growth remain unclear. To study skeletal-specific RAR function, we created conditional mouse mutants deficient in RAR expression in cartilage. We find that mice deficient in RARalpha and RARgamma (or RARbeta and RARgamma) exhibit severe growth retardation obvious by about 3 weeks postnatally. Their growth plates are defective and, importantly, display a major drop in aggrecan expression and content. Mice deficient in RARalpha and RARbeta, however, are virtually normal, suggesting that RARgamma is essential. In good correlation, we find that RARgamma is the most strongly expressed RAR in mouse growth plate and its expression characterizes the proliferative and pre-hypertrophic zones where aggrecan is strongly expressed also. By being avascular, those zones lack endogenous retinoids as indicated by previous RARE reporter mice and our direct biochemical measurements and thus, RARgamma is likely to exert ligand-less repressor function. Indeed, our data indicate that: aggrecan production is enhanced by RARgamma over-expression in chondrocytes under retinoid-free culture conditions; production is further boosted by co-repressor Zac1 or pharmacologic agents that enhance RAR repressor function; and RAR/Zac1 function on aggrecan expression may involve Sox proteins. In sum, our data reveal that RARs, and RARgamma in particular, exert previously unappreciated roles in growth plate function and skeletal growth and regulate aggrecan expression and content. Since aggrecan is critical for growth plate function, its deficiency in RAR-mutant mice is likely to have contributed directly to their growth retardation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Williams
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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16
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Hill JA, Hall JA, Sun CM, Cai Q, Ghyselinck N, Chambon P, Belkaid Y, Mathis D, Benoist C. Retinoic acid enhances Foxp3 induction indirectly by relieving inhibition from CD4+CD44hi Cells. Immunity 2008; 29:758-70. [PMID: 19006694 PMCID: PMC3140207 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2008.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2008] [Revised: 07/23/2008] [Accepted: 09/18/2008] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
CD4(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T (Treg) cells originate primarily from thymic differentiation, but conversion of mature T lymphocytes to Foxp3 positivity can be elicited by several means, including in vitro activation in the presence of TGF-beta. Retinoic acid (RA) increases TGF-beta-induced expression of Foxp3, through unknown molecular mechanisms. We showed here that, rather than enhancing TGF-beta signaling directly in naive CD4(+) T cells, RA negatively regulated an accompanying population of CD4(+) T cells with a CD44(hi) memory and effector phenotype. These memory cells actively inhibited the TGF-beta-induced conversion of naive CD4(+) T cells through the synthesis of a set of cytokines (IL-4, IL-21, IFN-gamma) whose expression was coordinately curtailed by RA. This indirect effect was evident in vivo and required the expression of the RA receptor alpha. Thus, cytokine-producing CD44(hi) cells actively restrain TGF-beta-mediated Foxp3 expression in naive T cells, and this balance can be shifted or fine-tuned by RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A. Hill
- Section on Immunology and Immunogenetics, Joslin Diabetes Center; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Jason A. Hall
- Mucosal Immunology Unit, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
- Immunology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Cheng-Ming Sun
- Mucosal Immunology Unit, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Qi Cai
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Louis Pasteur, 67404 Illkirch France
| | - Norbert Ghyselinck
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Louis Pasteur, 67404 Illkirch France
| | - Pierre Chambon
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Louis Pasteur, 67404 Illkirch France
| | - Yasmine Belkaid
- Mucosal Immunology Unit, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Diane Mathis
- Section on Immunology and Immunogenetics, Joslin Diabetes Center; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Christophe Benoist
- Section on Immunology and Immunogenetics, Joslin Diabetes Center; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
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17
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Matt N, Ghyselinck NB, Pellerin I, Dupé V. Impairing retinoic acid signalling in the neural crest cells is sufficient to alter entire eye morphogenesis. Dev Biol 2008; 320:140-8. [PMID: 18539269 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2008.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2008] [Revised: 04/07/2008] [Accepted: 04/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA) is known to be required at various levels of eye patterning via Retinoic Acid Receptors (RAR); however the molecular and cellular mechanisms triggered by these nuclear receptors are still obscure. The genetic studies performed here enable us to present a new model to study RA action during eye development. By inactivating the three RARs, specifically in the periocular mesenchyme, we discriminate the individual contribution of each RAR during eye development and describe a new function for RARs during the formation of the optic nerve. We demonstrate that RARalpha is the only receptor that mediates RA signalling in the neurectoderm during ocular development. Surprisingly, and despite a sophisticated pattern of RA-activity in the developing retina, we observed that RA signalling is not autonomously required in this tissue for eye formation. We show that the action of RA during eye morphogenesis is occurring specifically in neural crest-derived periocular mesenchyme and is mediated by all three RARs. Furthermore, we point out that Pitx2, which encodes a homeodomain transcription factor, is a key RA-responsive gene in neural crest cells during eye development. Interestingly, we observed that RA is required in the neural crest cells for normal position of the extraocular muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Matt
- UPR9022 du CNRS, IBMC, 15 rues Descartes, 67084 Strasbourg, France
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18
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Dzhagalov I, Chambon P, He YW. Regulation of CD8+ T lymphocyte effector function and macrophage inflammatory cytokine production by retinoic acid receptor gamma. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2007; 178:2113-21. [PMID: 17277115 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.4.2113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin A and its derivatives regulate a broad array of immune functions. The effects of these retinoids are mediated through members of retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and retinoid X receptors. However, the role of individual retinoid receptors in the pleiotropic effects of retinoids remains unclear. To dissect the role of these receptors in the immune system, we analyzed immune cell development and function in mice conditionally lacking RARgamma, the third member of the RAR family. We show that RARgamma is dispensable for T and B lymphocyte development, the humoral immune response to a T-dependent Ag and in vitro Th cell differentiation. However, RARgamma-deficient mice had a defective primary and memory CD8(+) T cell response to Listeria monocytogenes infection. Unexpectedly, RARgamma-deficient macrophages exhibited impaired inflammatory cytokine production upon TLR stimulation. These results suggest that under physiological condition, RARgamma is a positive regulator of inflammatory cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Dzhagalov
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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19
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Calléja C, Messaddeq N, Chapellier B, Yang H, Krezel W, Li M, Metzger D, Mascrez B, Ohta K, Kagechika H, Endo Y, Mark M, Ghyselinck NB, Chambon P. Genetic and pharmacological evidence that a retinoic acid cannot be the RXR-activating ligand in mouse epidermis keratinocytes. Genes Dev 2006; 20:1525-38. [PMID: 16751185 PMCID: PMC1475764 DOI: 10.1101/gad.368706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Using genetic and pharmacological approaches, we demonstrate that both RARgamma/RXRalpha heterodimers involved in repression events, as well as PPARbeta(delta)/RXRalpha heterodimers involved in activation events, are cell-autonomously required in suprabasal keratinocytes for the generation of lamellar granules (LG), the organelles instrumental to the formation of the skin permeability barrier. In activating PPARbeta(delta)/RXRalpha heterodimers, RXRalpha is transcriptionally active as its AF-2 activation function is required and can be inhibited by an RXR-selective antagonist. Within repressing RARgamma/RXRalpha heterodimers, induction of the transcriptional activity of RXRalpha is subordinated to the addition of an agonistic ligand for RARgamma. Thus, the ligand that possibly binds and activates RXRalpha heterodimerized with PPARbeta(delta) cannot be a retinoic acid, as it would also bind RARgamma and relieve the RARgamma-mediated repression, thereby yielding abnormal LGs. Our data also demonstrate for the first time that subordination of RXR transcriptional activity to that of its RAR partner plays a crucial role in vivo, because it allows RXRs to act concomitantly, within the same cell, as heterodimerization partners for repression, as well as for activation events in which they are transcriptionally active.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Calléja
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Institut Clinique de la Souris (ICS), CNRS/INSERM/ULP, Collège de France, 67404 Illkirch Cedex, CU de Strasbourg, France
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20
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Altucci L, Rossin A, Hirsch O, Nebbioso A, Vitoux D, Wilhelm E, Guidez F, De Simone M, Schiavone EM, Grimwade D, Zelent A, de Thé H, Gronemeyer H. Rexinoid-triggered differentiation and tumor-selective apoptosis of acute myeloid leukemia by protein kinase A-mediated desubordination of retinoid X receptor. Cancer Res 2005; 65:8754-65. [PMID: 16204045 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-3569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Apart from PML-retinoic acid receptor-alpha (RARalpha) acute promyelocytic leukemia all other acute myeloid leukemias (AML) are unresponsive to retinoid differentiation therapy. However, elevating the levels of cyclic AMP (cAMP) confers onto retinoid X receptor (RXR)-selective agonists ("rexinoids") the ability to induce terminal granulocyte differentiation and apoptosis of all-trans retinoic acid-resistant and insensitive AML cells and patients' blasts. Protein kinase A activation leads to corepressor release from the RAR subunit of the RAR-RXR heterodimer, resulting in "desubordination" of otherwise silent RXR, which acquires transcriptional competence in response to cognate ligands. Rexinoid-cAMP induction of endogenous RARbeta is blunted in mouse embryo fibroblasts lacking RARs, but reintroduction of exogenous RARalpha reestablishes responsiveness, thus confirming that the RARalpha-RXR heterodimer is the rexinoid mediator. The apoptogenic effect of this treatment involves enhanced expression of the death receptor DR5 and its cognate ligand, tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis inducing ligand, both of which are known to induce apoptosis in a tumor cell-selective manner and lead to the activation of initiator caspases. Immunohistochemistry confirmed induction of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis inducing ligand and DR5 in AML patient blasts cultured ex vivo. AML patients' blasts responded to rexinoid-cAMP combination treatment with induction of maturation and apoptosis, independent of karyotype, immunophenotype, and French-American-British classification status. Clonogenic assays revealed complete inhibition of blast clonogenicity in four out of five tested samples. Our results suggest that despite the genetic, morphologic, and clinical variability of this disease, the combination of rexinoids and cAMP-elevating drugs, such as phosphodiesterase inhibitors, might lead to a novel therapeutic option for AML patients by inducing a tumor-selective death pathway.
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MESH Headings
- Acute Disease
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/pharmacology
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cyclic AMP/biosynthesis
- Cyclic AMP/metabolism
- Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Drug Synergism
- HL-60 Cells
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myeloid/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myeloid/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myeloid/pathology
- Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute/metabolism
- Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute/pathology
- Mice
- Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Receptor Cross-Talk
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/metabolism
- Receptors, TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/physiology
- Retinoic Acid Receptor alpha
- Retinoid X Receptors/agonists
- Retinoid X Receptors/antagonists & inhibitors
- Retinoid X Receptors/metabolism
- U937 Cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Altucci
- Department of Cell Biology and Signal Transduction, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch Cedex, C.U. de Strasbourg, France
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21
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Matt N, Dupé V, Garnier JM, Dennefeld C, Chambon P, Mark M, Ghyselinck NB. Retinoic acid-dependent eye morphogenesis is orchestrated by neural crest cells. Development 2005; 132:4789-800. [PMID: 16207763 DOI: 10.1242/dev.02031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Using genetic approaches in the mouse, we show that the primary target tissue of retinoic acid (RA) action during eye morphogenesis is not the retina nor the corneal ectoderm, which both express RA-synthesizing retinaldehyde dehydrogenases (RALDH1 and RALDH3), but the neural crest cell-derived periocular mesenchyme (POM), which is devoid of RALDH. In POM, the effects of the paracrine RA signal are mediated by the nuclear RA receptors heterodimers RXRalpha/RARbeta and RXRalpha/RARgamma. These heterodimers appear to control: (1) the remodeling of the POM through activation of Eya2-related apoptosis; (2) the expression of Foxc1 and Pitx2, which play crucial roles in anterior eye segment development; and (3) the growth of the ventral retina. We additionally show that RALDH1 and RALDH3 are the only enzymes that are required for RA synthesis in the eye region from E10.5 to E13.5, and that patterning of the dorsoventral axis of the retina does not require RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Matt
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC Collège de France, BP10142, 67404 Illkirch Cedex, CU de Strasbourg, France
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22
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Schnütgen F, Doerflinger N, Calléja C, Wendling O, Chambon P, Ghyselinck NB. A directional strategy for monitoring Cre-mediated recombination at the cellular level in the mouse. Nat Biotechnol 2003; 21:562-5. [PMID: 12665802 DOI: 10.1038/nbt811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2002] [Accepted: 01/22/2003] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Functional redundancies, compensatory mechanisms, and lethal phenotypes often prevent the full analysis of gene functions through generation of germline null mutations in the mouse. The use of site-specific recombinases, such as Cre, which catalyzes recombination between loxP sites, has allowed the engineering of mice harboring targeted somatic mutations, which are both temporally controlled and cell-type restricted. Many Cre-expressing mouse lines exist, but only a few transgenic lines are available that harbor a reporter gene whose expression is dependent on a Cre-mediated event. Moreover, their use to monitor gene ablation at the level of individual cells is often limited, as in some tissues the reporter gene may be silenced, be affected by position-effect variegation, or reside in a chromatin configuration inaccessible for recombination. Thus, one cannot validly extrapolate from the expression of a reporter transgene to an identical ablation pattern for the conditional allele of a given gene. By combining the ability of Cre recombinase to invert or excise a DNA fragment, depending on the orientation of the flanking loxP sites, and the availability of both wild-type (WT) and mutant loxP sites, we designed a Cre-dependent genetic switch (FLEx switch) through which the expression of a given gene is turned off, while the expression of another one is concomitantly turned on. We demonstrate the efficiency and reliability of this switch to readily detect, in the mouse, at the single cell level, Cre-mediated gene ablation. We discuss how this strategy can be used to generate genetic modifications in a conditional manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Schnütgen
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS/INSERM/ULP, Collège de France, BP10142, 67404 Illkirch Ce dex, CU de Strasbourg, France
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23
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Metzger D, Indra AK, Li M, Chapellier B, Calleja C, Ghyselinck NB, Chambon P. Targeted conditional somatic mutagenesis in the mouse: temporally-controlled knock out of retinoid receptors in epidermal keratinocytes. Methods Enzymol 2003; 364:379-408. [PMID: 14631857 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(03)64022-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Metzger
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS/INSERM/ULP, Collège de France, BP 10142, 67404 Illkirch, France
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24
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Chapellier B, Mark M, Messaddeq N, Calléja C, Warot X, Brocard J, Gérard C, Li M, Metzger D, Ghyselinck NB, Chambon P. Physiological and retinoid-induced proliferations of epidermis basal keratinocytes are differently controlled. EMBO J 2002; 21:3402-13. [PMID: 12093741 PMCID: PMC125394 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/cdf331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2002] [Revised: 04/29/2002] [Accepted: 05/06/2002] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate the roles of retinoic acid (RA) receptors (RARs) in the physiology of epidermis that does not express RAR beta, conditional spatio-temporally controlled somatic mutagenesis was used to selectively ablate RAR alpha in keratinocytes of RAR gamma-null mice. Keratinocyte proliferation was maintained in adult mouse epidermis lacking both RAR alpha and RAR gamma, as well as in RAR beta-null mice. All RAR-mediated signalling pathways are therefore dispensable in epidermis for homeostatic keratinocyte renewal. However, topical treatment of mouse skin with selective retinoids indicated that RXR/RAR gamma heterodimers, in which RXR transcriptional activity was subordinated to that of its RAR gamma partner, were required for retinoid-induced epidermal hyperplasia, whereas RXR homodimers and RXR/RAR alpha heterodimers were not involved. RA-induced keratinocyte proliferation was studied in mutant mice in which RXR alpha, RXR alpha and RAR alpha, RAR gamma, or RXR alpha and RAR gamma genes were specifically disrupted in either basal or suprabasal keratinocytes. We demonstrate that the topical retinoid signal is transduced by RXR alpha/RAR gamma heterodimers in suprabasal keratinocytes, which, in turn, stimulate proliferation of basal keratinocytes via a paracrine signal that may be heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Chapellier
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS/INSERM/ULP, Collège de France, BP 10142, 67404 Illkirch Cedex, CU de Strasbourg, France
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