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Chen CC, Lin HW, Feng KL, Tseng DW, de Belle JS, Chiang AS. A subset of cholinergic mushroom body neurons blocks long-term memory formation in Drosophila. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112974. [PMID: 37590142 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-term memory (LTM) requires learning-induced synthesis of new proteins allocated to specific neurons and synapses in a neural circuit. Not all learned information, however, becomes permanent memory. How the brain gates relevant information into LTM remains unclear. In Drosophila adults, weak learning after a single training session in an olfactory aversive task typically does not induce protein-synthesis-dependent LTM. Instead, strong learning after multiple spaced training sessions is required. Here, we report that pre-synaptic active-zone protein synthesis and cholinergic signaling from the early α/β subset of mushroom body (MB) neurons produce a downstream inhibitory effect on LTM formation. When we eliminated inhibitory signaling from these neurons, weak learning was then sufficient to form LTM. This bidirectional circuit mechanism modulates the transition between distinct memory phase functions in different subpopulations of MB neurons in the olfactory memory circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Chao Chen
- Brain Research Center, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan.
| | - Hsuan-Wen Lin
- Brain Research Center, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Lin Feng
- Brain Research Center, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Der-Wan Tseng
- Brain Research Center, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - J Steven de Belle
- Brain Research Center, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan; School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA; Department of Psychological Sciences, University of San Diego, San Diego, CA 92110, USA; School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA; MnemOdyssey LLC, Escondido, CA 92027, USA
| | - Ann-Shyn Chiang
- Brain Research Center, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan; Institute of Systems Neuroscience and Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan; Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80780, Taiwan; Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0526, USA.
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Ryba AR, McKenzie SK, Olivos-Cisneros L, Clowney EJ, Pires PM, Kronauer DJC. Comparative Development of the Ant Chemosensory System. Curr Biol 2020; 30:3223-3230.e4. [PMID: 32559450 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.05.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The insect antennal lobe (AL) contains the first synapses of the olfactory system, where olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) contact second-order projection neurons (PNs). In Drosophila melanogaster, OSNs expressing specific receptor genes send stereotyped projections to one or two of about 50 morphologically defined glomeruli [1-3]. The mechanisms for this precise matching between OSNs and PNs have been studied extensively in D. melanogaster, where development is deterministic and independent of neural activity [4-6]. However, a number of insect lineages, most notably the ants, have receptor gene repertoires many times larger than D. melanogaster and exhibit more structurally complex antennal lobes [7-12]. Moreover, perturbation of OSN function via knockout of the odorant receptor (OR) co-receptor, Orco, results in drastic AL reductions in ants [13, 14], but not in Drosophila [15]. Here, we characterize AL development in the clonal raider ant, Ooceraea biroi. We find that, unlike in Drosophila, ORs and Orco are expressed before the onset of glomerulus formation, and Orco protein is trafficked to developing axon terminals, raising the possibility that ORs play a role during ant AL development. Additionally, ablating ant antennae at the onset of pupation results in AL defects that recapitulate the Orco mutant phenotype. Thus, early loss of functional OSN innervation reveals latent structure in the AL that develops independently of peripheral input, suggesting that the AL is initially pre-patterned and later refined in an OSN-dependent manner. This two-step process might increase developmental flexibility and thereby facilitate the rapid evolution and expansion of the ant chemosensory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna R Ryba
- Laboratory of Social Evolution and Behavior, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Sean K McKenzie
- Laboratory of Social Evolution and Behavior, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA; Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Leonora Olivos-Cisneros
- Laboratory of Social Evolution and Behavior, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - E Josephine Clowney
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Peter Mussells Pires
- Laboratory of Social Evolution and Behavior, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Daniel J C Kronauer
- Laboratory of Social Evolution and Behavior, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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Huang CY, Dai SM, Chang C. Introduction of the RTA-Bddsx gene induces female-specific lethal effects in transformed Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel). PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2016; 72:1160-1167. [PMID: 26269247 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), can reduce fruit production and quality and is considered to be a major insect pest in many Asian countries. A system combining the toxicity of ricin and the alternative RNA splicing properties of doublesex (RTA-Bddsx) has been proposed that results in differential sexual processing in vitro. A transgenic approach was used in this study to confirm the existence of female-specific lethal effects in vivo. RESULTS The piggyBac-based vector PB-Acp-CF21-26, which carries the actin 5C promoter and RTA-Bddsx, was used to establish transgenic lines. Five surviving male flies (F1) demonstrated the presence of selection marker Ds-Red((+)) throughout their entire bodies following single-pair mating with wild-type females, indicating germline transmission. A high percentage of males (59.6-100%) were observed in transformed F3 offspring, and this skewed sex ratio indicated that the female-lethal effects of the RTA-Bddsx system were heritable and functioned well in B. dorsalis. Some transformed female flies were observed, and these unexpected results were attributed to the loss of the intact transgene after genomic PCR analyses. CONCLUSION This transgenic study provides direct evidence for the female-specific lethal effects of RTA-Bddsx in B. dorsalis and offers a novel and promising approach for the control of B. dorsalis in the future. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yen Huang
- Biotechnology Centre, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Mei Dai
- Department of Entomology, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng Chang
- Biotechnology Centre, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Yoshikawa S, Long H, Thomas JB. A subset of interneurons required for Drosophila larval locomotion. Mol Cell Neurosci 2015; 70:22-9. [PMID: 26621406 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2015.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Efforts to define the neural circuits generating locomotor behavior have produced an initial understanding of some of the components within the spinal cord, as well as a basic understanding of several invertebrate motor pattern generators. However, how these circuits are assembled during development is poorly understood. We are defining the neural circuit that generates larval locomotion in the genetically tractable fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster to study locomotor circuit development. Forward larval locomotion involves a stereotyped posterior-to-anterior segmental translocation of body wall muscle contraction and is generated by a relatively small number of identified muscles, motor and sensory neurons, plus an unknown number of the ~270 bilaterally-paired interneurons per segment of the 1st instar larva. To begin identifying the relevant interneurons, we have conditionally inactivated synaptic transmission of interneuron subsets and assayed for the effects on locomotion. From this screen we have identified a subset of 25 interneurons per hemisegment, called the lateral locomotor neurons (LLNs), that are required for locomotion. Both inactivation and constitutive activation of the LLNs disrupt locomotion, indicating that patterned output of the LLNs is required. By expressing a calcium indicator in the LLNs, we found that they display a posterior-to-anterior wave of activity within the CNS corresponding to the segmental translocation of the muscle contraction wave. Identification of the LLNs represents the first step toward elucidating the circuit generating larval locomotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Yoshikawa
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Hong Long
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - John B Thomas
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States.
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Venken KJ, Simpson JH, Bellen HJ. Genetic manipulation of genes and cells in the nervous system of the fruit fly. Neuron 2011; 72:202-30. [PMID: 22017985 PMCID: PMC3232021 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2011.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Research in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster has led to insights in neural development, axon guidance, ion channel function, synaptic transmission, learning and memory, diurnal rhythmicity, and neural disease that have had broad implications for neuroscience. Drosophila is currently the eukaryotic model organism that permits the most sophisticated in vivo manipulations to address the function of neurons and neuronally expressed genes. Here, we summarize many of the techniques that help assess the role of specific neurons by labeling, removing, or altering their activity. We also survey genetic manipulations to identify and characterize neural genes by mutation, overexpression, and protein labeling. Here, we attempt to acquaint the reader with available options and contexts to apply these methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koen J.T. Venken
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Neurological Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, 77030
| | - Julie H. Simpson
- Janelia Farm Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia, 20147
| | - Hugo J. Bellen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Neurological Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, 77030
- Program in Developmental Biology, Department of Neuroscience, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, 77030
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Chapter 3 Mapping and Manipulating Neural Circuits in the Fly Brain. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2009; 65:79-143. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2660(09)65003-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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Tzortzopoulos A, Skoulakis EMC. Paternally and maternally transmitted GAL4 transcripts contribute to UAS transgene expression in early Drosophila embryos. Genesis 2008; 45:737-43. [PMID: 18064670 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.20350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The GAL4/UAS binary system with its recent modifications provides a powerful tool to study gene function in Drosophila enabling control over the timing, tissue specificity, and magnitude of gene expression. GAL4 expression during early embryonic stages has been well determined for certain driver lines, but for some of the commonly used in Drosophila research it is unknown, or partially determined. By monitoring the developmental kinetics of GAL4 expression and transgene transcription, we show that particular GAL4 drivers transiently direct ectopic expression of UAS-linked transgenes at early stages of embryogenesis in a GAL4- dependent manner via a mechanism that involves parental transmission of Gal4 transcripts.
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Chandraratna D, Lawrence N, Welchman DP, Sanson B. An in vivo model of apoptosis: linking cell behaviours and caspase substrates in embryos lacking DIAP1. J Cell Sci 2007; 120:2594-608. [PMID: 17636001 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.03472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The apoptotic phenotype is characterised by dynamic changes in cell behaviours such as cell rounding and blebbing, followed by chromatin condensation and cell fragmentation. Whereas the biochemical pathways leading to caspase activation have been actively studied, much less is known about how caspase activity changes cell behaviours during apoptosis. Here, we address this question using early Drosophila melanogaster embryos lacking DIAP1. Reflecting its central role in the inhibition of apoptosis, loss of DIAP1 causes massive caspase activation. We generated DIAP1-depleted embryos by either using homozygous null mutants for thread, the gene coding DIAP1, or by ectopically expressing in early embryos the RGH protein Reaper, which inhibits DIAP1. We show that (1) all cells in embryos lacking DIAP1 follow synchronously the stereotypic temporal sequence of behaviours described for apoptotic mammalian cells and (2) these cell behaviours specifically require caspase activity and are not merely a consequence of cellular stress. Next, we analyse the dynamic changes in the localisation of actomyosin, Discs large, Bazooka and DE-cadherin in the course of apoptosis. We show that early changes in Bazooka and Discs large correlate with early processing of these proteins by caspases. DE-cadherin and Myosin light chain do not appear to be cleaved, but their altered localisation can be explained by cleavage of known regulators. This illustrates how embryos lacking DIAP1 can be used to characterise apoptotic changes in the context of an embryo, thus providing an unprecedented in vivo model in which thousands of cells initiate apoptosis simultaneously.
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Larsen C, Franch-Marro X, Hartenstein V, Alexandre C, Vincent JP. An efficient promoter trap for detection of patterned gene expression and subsequent functional analysis in Drosophila. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:17813-7. [PMID: 17093046 PMCID: PMC1635159 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0607652103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Transposable elements have been used in Drosophila to detect gene expression, inactivate gene function, and induce ectopic expression or overexpression. We have combined all of these features in a single construct. A promoterless GAL4 cDNA is expressed when the construct inserts within a transcriptional unit, and GAL4 activates a GFP-encoding gene present in the same transposon. In a primary screen, patterned gene expression is detected as GFP fluorescence in the live progeny of dysgenic males. Many animals expressing GFP in distinct patterns can be recovered with relatively little effort. As expected, many insertions cause loss of function. After insertion at a genomic location, specific parts of the transposon can be excised by FLP recombinase, thus allowing it to induce conditional misexpression of the tagged gene. Therefore, both gain- and loss-of-function studies can be carried out with a single insertion in a gene identified by virtue of its expression pattern. Using this promoter trap approach, we have identified a group of cells that innervate the calyx of the mushroom body and could thus define a previously unrecognized memory circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Larsen
- *University of California, Life Sciences Building 4214, 621 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90025; and
| | - Xavier Franch-Marro
- National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom
| | - Volker Hartenstein
- *University of California, Life Sciences Building 4214, 621 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90025; and
| | - Cyrille Alexandre
- National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom
| | - Jean-Paul Vincent
- National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Abstract
Dorsal closure in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is a complex morphogenetic process, driven by sequential signaling cascades and involving multiple forces, which contribute to cell movements and rearrangements as well as to changes in cell shape. During closure, lateral epidermal cells elongate along the dorsoventral axis and subsequently spread dorsally to cover the embryonic dorsal surface. Amnioserosal cells, which are the original occupants of the most dorsal position in the developing embryo, constrict during closure; thus, the increase in epidermal surface area is accommodated by a reduction in the amnioserosal surface area. Several of the epidermal requirements for closure have been established in functional assays. In contrast, amnioserosal requirements for closure have remained elusive, in part because laser ablation and clonal approaches are limited to only subsets of amnioserosal cells. Here, we report our use of the UAS-GAL4 system to target expression of the cell autonomous toxin Ricin-A to all cells of the amnioserosa. We show that ablation of the amnioserosa leads to clear defects in dorsal closure and, thus, directly demonstrate a role for the amnioserosa in dorsal closure. We also show that DJNK (Drosophila Jun N-terminal kinase) signaling, an epidermal trigger of closure, is unaffected by amnioserosal ablation. These data, together with our demonstration that amnioserosal ablated and Dpp signaling mutant embryos exhibit shared loss-of-function phenotypes, point to a requirement for the amnioserosa in dorsal closure that is downstream of Dpp, perhaps as part of a paracrine response to this signaling cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Scuderi
- Department of Human Genetics, Eccles Institute of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
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