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Mainieri A, Haig D. Retrotransposon gag-like 1 (RTL1) and the molecular evolution of self-targeting imprinted microRNAs. Biol Direct 2019; 14:18. [PMID: 31640745 PMCID: PMC6805670 DOI: 10.1186/s13062-019-0250-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transcription of the antisense strand of RTL1 produces a sense mRNA that is targeted for degradation by antisense microRNAs transcribed from the sense strand. Translation of the mRNA produces a retrotransposon-derived protein that is implicated in placental development. The sense and antisense transcripts are oppositely imprinted: sense mRNAs are expressed from the paternally-derived chromosome, antisense microRNAs from the maternally-derived chromosome. RESULTS Two microRNAs at the RTL1 locus, miR-431 and the rodent-specific miR-434, are derived from within tandem repeats. We present an evolutionary model for the establishment of a new self-targeting microRNA derived from within a tandem repeat that inhibits production of RTL1 protein when maternally-derived in heterozygotes but not when paternally-derived. CONCLUSIONS The interaction of sense and antisense transcripts can be interpreted as a form of communication between maternally-derived and paternally-derived RTL1 alleles that possesses many of the features of a greenbeard effect. This interaction is evolutionary stable, unlike a typical greenbeard effect, because of the necessary complementarity between microRNAs and mRNA transcribed from opposite strands of the same double helix. We conjecture that microRNAs and mRNA cooperate to reduce demands on mothers when an allele is paired with itself in homozygous offspring. REVIEWERS This article was reviewed by Eugene Berezikov and Bernard Crespi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avantika Mainieri
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - David Haig
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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2
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Trans-allelic mutational effects at the Peg3 imprinted locus. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206112. [PMID: 30335829 PMCID: PMC6193732 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
How one allele interacts with the other for the function of a gene is not well understood. In this study, we tested potential allelic interaction at the Peg3 imprinted locus with several mutant alleles targeting an Imprinting Control Region, the Peg3-DMR. According to the results, maternal deletion of the Peg3-DMR resulted in 2-fold up-regulation of two paternally expressed genes, Peg3 and Usp29. These trans-allelic mutational effects were observed consistently throughout various tissues with different developmental stages. These effects were also associated mainly with the genetic manipulation of the Peg3-DMR, but not with the other genomic changes within the Peg3 locus. The observed trans-allelic effects were unidirectional with the maternal influencing the paternal allele, but not with the opposite direction. Overall, the observed mutational effects suggest the presence of previously unrecognized trans-allelic regulation associated with the Peg3-DMR.
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Silent IL2RG Gene Editing in Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. Mol Ther 2015; 24:582-91. [PMID: 26444081 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2015.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Many applications of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) require efficient editing of silent chromosomal genes. Here, we show that a major limitation in isolating edited clones is silencing of the selectable marker cassette after homologous recombination and that this can be overcome by using a ubiquitous chromatin opening element (UCOE) promoter-driven transgene. We use this strategy to edit the silent IL2RG locus in human PSCs with a recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV)-targeting vector in the absence of potentially genotoxic, site-specific nucleases and show that IL2RG is required for natural killer and T-cell differentiation of human PSCs. Insertion of an active UCOE promoter into a silent locus altered the histone modification and cytosine methylation pattern of surrounding chromatin, but these changes resolved when the UCOE promoter was removed. This same approach could be used to correct IL2RG mutations in X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency patient-derived induced PSCs (iPSCs), to prevent graft versus host disease in regenerative medicine applications, or to edit other silent genes.
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Lieberman-Lazarovich M, Melamed-Bessudo C, de Pater S, Levy AA. Epigenetic alterations at genomic loci modified by gene targeting in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLoS One 2013; 8:e85383. [PMID: 24386472 PMCID: PMC3873452 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene Targeting (GT) is the integration of an introduced vector into a specific chromosomal site, via homologous recombination. It is considered an effective tool for precise genome editing, with far-reaching implications in biological research and biotechnology, and is widely used in mice, with the potential of becoming routine in many species. Nevertheless, the epigenetic status of the targeted allele remains largely unexplored. Using GT-modified lines of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, we show that the DNA methylation profile of the targeted locus is changed following GT. This effect is non-directional as methylation can be either completely lost, maintained with minor alterations or show instability in the generations subsequent to GT. As DNA methylation is known to be involved in several cellular processes, GT-related alterations may result in unexpected or even unnoticed perturbations. Our analysis shows that GT may be used as a new tool for generating epialleles, for example, to study the role of gene body methylation. In addition, the analysis of DNA methylation at the targeted locus may be utilized to investigate the mechanism of GT, many aspects of which are still unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Lieberman-Lazarovich
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Plant Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Sylvia de Pater
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Avraham A. Levy
- Department of Plant Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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Krueger C, King MR, Krueger F, Branco MR, Osborne CS, Niakan KK, Higgins MJ, Reik W. Pairing of homologous regions in the mouse genome is associated with transcription but not imprinting status. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38983. [PMID: 22802932 PMCID: PMC3389011 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Although somatic homologous pairing is common in Drosophila it is not generally observed in mammalian cells. However, a number of regions have recently been shown to come into close proximity with their homologous allele, and it has been proposed that pairing might be involved in the establishment or maintenance of monoallelic expression. Here, we investigate the pairing properties of various imprinted and non-imprinted regions in mouse tissues and ES cells. We find by allele-specific 4C-Seq and DNA FISH that the Kcnq1 imprinted region displays frequent pairing but that this is not dependent on monoallelic expression. We demonstrate that pairing involves larger chromosomal regions and that the two chromosome territories come close together. Frequent pairing is not associated with imprinted status or DNA repair, but is influenced by chromosomal location and transcription. We propose that homologous pairing is not exclusive to specialised regions or specific functional events, and speculate that it provides the cell with the opportunity of trans-allelic effects on gene regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christel Krueger
- Epigenetics Programme, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (CK); (WR)
| | - Michelle R. King
- Epigenetics Programme, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Felix Krueger
- Bioinformatics Group, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Miguel R. Branco
- Genome Function Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College School of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cameron S. Osborne
- Nuclear Dynamics Programme, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kathy K. Niakan
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Anne McLaren Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J. Higgins
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Wolf Reik
- Epigenetics Programme, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (CK); (WR)
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6
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Small fragment homologous replacement: evaluation of factors influencing modification efficiency in an eukaryotic assay system. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30851. [PMID: 22359552 PMCID: PMC3281040 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 12/26/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Homologous Replacement is used to modify specific gene sequences of chromosomal DNA in a process referred to as “Small Fragment Homologous Replacement”, where DNA fragments replace genomic target resulting in specific sequence changes. To optimize the efficiency of this process, we developed a reporter based assay system where the replacement frequency is quantified by cytofluorimetric analysis following restoration of a stably integrated mutated eGFP gene in the genome of SV-40 immortalized mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF-SV-40). To obtain the highest correction frequency with this system, several parameters were considered: fragment synthesis and concentration, cell cycle phase and methylation status of both fragment and recipient genome. In addition, different drugs were employed to test their ability to improve technique efficiency. SFHR-mediated genomic modification resulted to be stably transmitted for several cell generations and confirmed at transcript and genomic levels. Modification efficiency was estimated in a range of 0.01–0.5%, further increasing when PARP-1 repair pathway was inhibited. In this study, for the first time SFHR efficiency issue was systematically approached and in part addressed, therefore opening new potential therapeutic ex-vivo applications.
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Brideau CM, Kauppinen KP, Holmes R, Soloway PD. A non-coding RNA within the Rasgrf1 locus in mouse is imprinted and regulated by its homologous chromosome in trans. PLoS One 2010; 5:e13784. [PMID: 21072176 PMCID: PMC2970558 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2010] [Accepted: 10/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Rasgrf1 is imprinted in mouse, displaying paternal allele specific expression in neonatal brain. Paternal expression is accompanied by paternal-specific DNA methylation at a differentially methylated domain (DMD) within the locus. The cis-acting elements necessary for Rasgrf1 imprinting are known. A series of tandem DNA repeats control methylation of the adjacent DMD, which is a methylation sensitive enhancer-blocking element. These two sequences constitute a binary switch that controls imprinting and represents the Imprinting Control Region (ICR). One paternally transmitted mutation, which helped define the ICR, induced paramutation, in trans, on the maternal allele. Like many imprinted genes, Rasgrf1 lies within an imprinted cluster. One of four noncoding transcripts in the cluster, AK015891, is known to be imprinted. Methodology/Principal Findings Here we demonstrate that an additional noncoding RNA, AK029869, is imprinted and paternally expressed in brain throughout development. Intriguingly, any of several maternally inherited ICR mutations affected expression of the paternal AK029869 transcript in trans. Furthermore, we found that the ICR mutations exert different trans effects on AK029869 at different developmental times. Conclusions/Significance Few trans effects have been defined in mammals and, those that exist, do not show the great variation seen at the Rasgrf1 imprinted domain, either in terms of the large number of mutations that produce the effects or the range of phenotypes that emerge when they are seen. These results suggest that trans regulation of gene expression may be more common than originally appreciated and that where trans regulation occurs it can change dynamically during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea M. Brideau
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Krista P. Kauppinen
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Rebecca Holmes
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Paul D. Soloway
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
DNA methylation in mammals has long been implicated in the epigenetic mechanism of parental imprinting, in which selective expression of one allele of specific genes is based on parental origin. Methyl CpG binding protein 2 (MeCP2) selectively binds to methylated DNA and mutations in the MECP2 cause the autism-spectrum neurodevelopmental disorder Rett syndrome. This review outlines the emerging story of how MeCP2 has been implicated in the regulation of specific imprinted genes and loci, including UBE3A and DLX5. The story of MeCP2 and parental imprinting has unfolded with some interesting but unexpected twists, revealing new insights on the function of MeCP2 in the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine M LaSalle
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA.
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Wu MY, Tsai TF, Beaudet AL. Deficiency of Rbbp1/Arid4a and Rbbp1l1/Arid4b alters epigenetic modifications and suppresses an imprinting defect in the PWS/AS domain. Genes Dev 2006; 20:2859-70. [PMID: 17043311 PMCID: PMC1619944 DOI: 10.1101/gad.1452206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) and Angelman syndrome (AS) are caused by deficiency of imprinted gene expression from paternal or maternal chromosome 15q11-q13, respectively. Genomic imprinting of the PWS/AS domain is regulated through a bipartite cis-acting imprinting center (PWS-IC/AS-IC) within and upstream of the SNRPN promoter. Here, we show that two Rb-binding protein-related genes, Rbbp1/Arid4a and Rbbp1l1/Arid4b, are involved in the regulation of imprinting of the IC. We recovered these two genes from gene trap mutagenesis selecting for altered expression of an Snrpn-EGFP fusion gene strategy. RBBP1/ARID4A is an Rb-binding protein. RBBP1/ARID4A interacts with RBBP1L1/ARID4B and with the Snrpn promoter, implying that both are part of a protein complex. To further elucidate their roles on regulation of imprinting, we deleted the Rbbp1/Arid4a and Rbbp1l1/Arid4b genes in mice. Combined homozygous deficiency for Rbbp1/Arid4a and heterozygous deficiency for Rbbp1l1/Arid4b altered epigenetic modifications at the PWS-IC with reduced trimethylation of histone H4K20 and H3K9 and reduced DNA methylation, changing the maternal allele toward a more paternal epigenotype. Importantly, mutations of Rbbp1/Arid4a, Rbbp1l1/Arid4b, or Rb suppressed an AS imprinting defect caused by a mutation at the AS-IC. These data identify Rbbp1/Arid4a and Rbbp1l1/Arid4b as new members of epigenetic complexes regulating genomic imprinting at the PWS/AS domain.
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MESH Headings
- Alleles
- Animals
- Antigens, Neoplasm/genetics
- Antigens, Neoplasm/physiology
- Carrier Proteins/genetics
- Carrier Proteins/physiology
- Crosses, Genetic
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/physiology
- Embryo, Mammalian/cytology
- Epigenesis, Genetic
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Genomic Imprinting
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Models, Genetic
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/physiology
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Retinoblastoma-Binding Protein 1
- Stem Cells/cytology
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Yi Wu
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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10
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Ogawa H, Wu Q, Komiyama J, Obata Y, Kono T. Disruption of parental-specific expression of imprinted genes in uniparental fetuses. FEBS Lett 2006; 580:5377-84. [PMID: 16987518 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2006.08.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2006] [Revised: 06/12/2006] [Accepted: 08/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, imprinted genes show parental origin-dependent expression based on epigenetic modifications called genomic imprinting (GI), which are established independently during spermatogenesis or oogenesis. Due to GI, uniparental fetuses never develop to term. To determine whether such expression of imprinted genes is maintained in uniparental mouse fetuses, we analyzed the expression of 20 paternally and 11 maternally expressed genes in androgenetic and parthenogenetic fetuses. Four genes of each type were expressed in both groups of fetuses. Furthermore, quantitative analysis showed that expression levels deviated from the presumed levels for some imprinted genes. These results suggest that mechanisms acting in trans between paternal and maternal alleles are involved in the appropriate expression of some imprinted genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidehiko Ogawa
- Department of Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
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11
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Yan ZH, Deng GH, Wang YM. Analysis on expression and imprinting style of small nuclear ribonucleoprotein polypeptide N in hepatic cancer cell line HepG2. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2005; 13:2545-2548. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v13.i21.2545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the expression and imprinting style of small nuclear ribonucleoprotein polypeptide N (SNRPN) in hepatic cancer cell line HepG2.
METHODS: Human hepatic cancer cell line HepG2 was cultured in vitro by routine method. The expression of SNRPN gene in the cells was detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of SNRPN at exon 4 nt 1654312 (numbered according to NT_026446, SNP rs705) was genotyped in a genomic DNA sample and a cDNA sample of HepG2 cell line with restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) based on RT-PCR.
RESULTS: SNRPN was stably expressed in HepG2 cells. The heterozygote C/T was found at exon 4 nt 1654312 of SNRPN. In cell lines heterozygous with respect to this SNP, only one of the two alleles (T allele) present in the genomic DNA produced an mRNA transcript.
CONCLUSION: SNRPN mRNA is expressed in HepG2 cells, and there is no loss of imprinting.
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12
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Landers M, Calciano MA, Colosi D, Glatt-Deeley H, Wagstaff J, Lalande M. Maternal disruption of Ube3a leads to increased expression of Ube3a-ATS in trans. Nucleic Acids Res 2005; 33:3976-84. [PMID: 16027444 PMCID: PMC1178004 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gki705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Angelman syndrome (AS) is a neurogenetic disorder characterized by severe mental retardation, ‘puppet-like’ ataxic gait with jerky arm movements, seizures, EEG abnormalities, hyperactivity and bouts of inappropriate laughter. Individuals with AS fail to inherit a normal active maternal copy of the gene encoding ubiquitin protein ligase E3A (UBE3A). UBE3A is transcribed predominantly from the maternal allele in brain, but is expressed from both alleles in most other tissues. It has been proposed that brain-specific silencing of the paternal UBE3A allele is mediated by a large (>500 kb) paternal non-coding antisense transcript (UBE3A-ATS). There are several other examples of imprinting regulation involving antisense transcripts that share two main properties: (i) the sense transcript is repressed by antisense and (ii) the interaction between sense and antisense occurs in cis. We show here that, in a mouse model of AS, maternal transmission of Ube3a mutation leads to increased expression of the paternal Ube3a-ATS, suggesting that the antisense is modulated by sense rather than the reciprocal mode of regulation. Our observation that Ube3a regulates expression of Ube3a-ATS in trans is in contrast to the other cases of sense–antisense epigenetic cis-interactions and argues against a major role for Ube3a-ATS in the imprinting of Ube3a.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Joseph Wagstaff
- Clinical Genetics Program, Carolinas Medical CenterCharlotte NC 28232-2861, USA
| | - Marc Lalande
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +1 860 679 8349; Fax: +1 860 679 8345;
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Thatcher KN, Peddada S, Yasui DH, Lasalle JM. Homologous pairing of 15q11-13 imprinted domains in brain is developmentally regulated but deficient in Rett and autism samples. Hum Mol Genet 2005; 14:785-97. [PMID: 15689352 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddi073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rett syndrome (RTT), caused by mutations in MECP2 (encoding methyl CpG binding protein 2), and Angelman syndrome (AS), caused by maternal deficiency of chromosome 15q11-13, are autism-spectrum neurodevelopmental disorders. MeCP2 is a transcriptional repressor of methylated genes, but MECP2 mutation does not directly affect the imprinted expression of genes within 15q11-13. We tested a potential role for MeCP2 in the homologous pairing of imprinted 15q11-13 alleles in human brain tissue and differentiated neurons by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). FISH analysis of control cerebral samples demonstrated a significant increase in homologous pairing specific to chromosome 15 from infant to juvenile brain samples. Significant and specific deficiencies in the percentage of paired chromosome 15 alleles were observed in RTT, AS and autism brain samples when compared with normal controls. SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells also showed a significant and specific increase in the percentage of chromosome 15q11-13 paired alleles following induced differentiation in vitro. Transfection with a methylated oligonucleotide decoy specifically blocked binding of MeCP2 to the SNURF/SNRPN promoter within 15q11-13 and significantly lowered the percentage of paired 15q11-13 alleles in SH-SY5Y cells. These combined results suggest a role for MeCP2 in chromosome organization in the developing brain and provide a potential mechanistic association between several related neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen N Thatcher
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology and Rowe Program in Human Genetics, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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14
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Samaco RC, Hogart A, LaSalle JM. Epigenetic overlap in autism-spectrum neurodevelopmental disorders: MECP2 deficiency causes reduced expression of UBE3A and GABRB3. Hum Mol Genet 2004; 14:483-92. [PMID: 15615769 PMCID: PMC1224722 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddi045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism is a common neurodevelopmental disorder of complex genetic etiology. Rett syndrome, an X-linked dominant disorder caused by MECP2 mutations, and Angelman syndrome, an imprinted disorder caused by maternal 15q11-q13 or UBE3A deficiency, have phenotypic and genetic overlap with autism. MECP2 encodes methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 that acts as a transcriptional repressor for methylated gene constructs but is surprisingly not required for maintaining imprinted gene expression. Here, we test the hypothesis that MECP2 deficiency may affect the level of expression of UBE3A and neighboring autism candidate gene GABRB3 without necessarily affecting imprinted expression. Multiple quantitative methods were used including automated quantitation of immunofluorescence and in situ hybridization by laser scanning cytometry on tissue microarrays, immunoblot and TaqMan PCR. The results demonstrated significant defects in UBE3A/E6AP expression in two different Mecp2 deficient mouse strains and human Rett, Angelman and autism brains compared with controls. Although no difference was observed in the allelic expression of several imprinted transcripts in Mecp2-null brain, Ube3a sense expression was significantly reduced, consistent with the decrease in protein. A non-imprinted gene from 15q11-q13, GABRB3, encoding the beta3 subunit of the GABAA receptor, also showed significantly reduced expression in multiple Rett, Angelman and autism brain samples, and Mecp2 deficient mice by quantitative immunoblot. These results suggest an overlapping pathway of gene dysregulation within 15q11-q13 in Rett, Angelman and autism and implicate MeCP2 in the regulation of UBE3A and GABRB3 expressions in the postnatal mammalian brain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Janine M. LaSalle
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +1 5307547598; Fax: +1 5307528692;
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